II) REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN EAST AFRICA .

A political party is a club of citizens with a common understanding and ideology.

There are many political parties in east Africa such as Democratic Party DP, Uganda Peoples Congress
UPC, etc in Uganda, Kenya African Union KANU, Kenya Afriican Democratic Union KADU, in Kenya and
Tanganyika African National Union TANU, in Tanganyika etc.
1. Presence of many religious groups, for example Catholics formed DP, Protestants formed UPC
in Uganda.
2. Ideological differences for example socialists’ ideology encouraged the formation of chama
cha mapinduzi (socialist party) in Tanzania.
3. Western education also led to the formation of political parties.
4. Political parties were formed in east Africa to fight for independence of their countries.
5. Some parties wanted to demand for either greater or equal African representation.
6. They wanted to advocate for the expansion of Eastafrica franchise (right to vote).
7. The spirit of Pan-Africanism which drove people towards self governance.
8. The mistakes or evils of colonialism like forced labour, loss of land. Etc
9. Some political parties were formed to fight European exploitation of African resources like
minerals.
10. Cold war politicians in countries like USA and USSR encouraged colonies to form political
parties which they supported in order to sell capitalists and socialists.
11. Ex-service men that had been exposed to political party systems during the war also
encouraged the formation of political parties in east Africa.
12. Rise and growth of nationalism encouraged the formation of political parties.
13. Manchester conference of 1945 encouraged the formation of political parties.
14. Colonial oppression and exploitation such as forced labour, land alienation. Taxation also led
to the formation of political parties.
15. Trade unions eg parties like TANU and KANU began as trade unions and later became political
parties.
16. New influence of donor counties, which dictated their former colonies to go multi-party or
single party.
17. Other political parties were formed to fight fro the release of imprisoned African Nationalist
like Jomo Kenyatta.
18. Political parties were also formed to fight against segregation and discrimination in education,
employment etc.
19. They were formed as mouth piece to air out African grievances.

III) FACTORS THAT DELAYED THE FORMATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN UGANDA UP TO 1952 OF
FACTORS THAT DELAYED THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM IN UGANDA.

1. Lack of national pressing issues for example white settlers, racial issues etc led to the delay in
the information of political parties.
2. Use of indirect rule, which cooled Ugandans, led to the delay of political parties.
3. Lack of common language delayed the formation of political parties in Uganda.
4. Religious disunity also delayed the formation of political parties in Uganda.
5. Ethnical differences delayed the formation of political parties in Uganda.
6. Divide and rule policy of the British that is division according to tribe, region also delayed
formation of political parties in Uganda.
7. Party leaders emerged in 1952, for example Ignatius Musaazi Kangave led the delay in the
formation of political parties in Uganda.
8. Asians and foreigners dominated trade unions of 1940s , and delayed the formation of
political parties in Uganda.
 9. Absence of a common culture. Uganda was a multicultural state; this also delayed formation
of political parties.
10. Absence of a common history of origin also delayed the formation of political parties in
Uganda.
11. Economic backwardness, for example poverty delayed the formation of political parties in
Uganda.
12. Use of violence by colonialists to suppress early resistors also delayed the formation of
political parties in Uganda.
13. Legal banning of political parties by the colonial government e.g the bataka Party and Uganda
national movement (UNM) were banned in 1950.
14. Massive ignorance and high illiteracy rate delayed the formation of political parties in Uganda.
15. Poor transport and communication to reach all the people delayed the formation of political
parties in Uganda.
16. Lack of full time politicians in Uganda unlike Tanzania and Kenya also delayed the formation
of political parties in Uganda.
17. Unbalanced development for example northern and southern parties of Uganda was labour
reserves.
18. Such areas were locked out of political party activities during the early days.
19. Lack of exposure to revolutionary ideas in other countries not until World War ii led to the
delay in the formation of political parties in Uganda.
20. Lack uneducated class that could spearhead the formation of political parties.
21. Conservation of traditional chiefs, who wanted to retain power, saw the rise of new
politicians as a threat.

IV) PROBLEMS FACED BY POLITICAL PARTIES IN EAST AFRICA

1. Poor organization of the political parties, at times they clashed.

2. Leadership conflicts eg between Obote and Musaazi over UNC.
3. Legal banning of political parties by the colonial government.
4. Competition and rivalry for power among the different political parties.
5. Disunity ie each party operated individually.
6. Tribal differences eg KANU was mainly for Kikuyu and Luos DP and KY were mainly for
Baganda.
7. Party members differed about the means to be used to achieve independence. Some
preferred peace full means while other preferred violent means.
8. Some parties lacked strong leadership like the case of Uganda.
9. Differences in political ideology especially between a unitary government and a Federal
government.
10. Lack of a national language to act as a unifying factor.
11. Death of some party leaders like general china one of the Mau Mau movement leaders.
12. Lack of support from masses because some leaders lacked a national outlook .
13. Some political parties suffered from inferiority complex of some leaders and the subjects.
14. Some Africans collaborated with colonialists.
15. The colonial government and foreign interference disturbed the activities of the political
parties.
16. Poor transport and communication in Eastafrica also hampered the work of political parties.
17. Poor mobilization because most political parties were urban centered.
18. Detention and imprisonment of some nationalists for example I.K Musaazi , Jomo Kenyattta
etc
19. The British policy of divide and rule divided up people and political parties.
20. Lack of manifestos and programmes for solving National issues reduced the popularity of the
political parties.
21. Party leaders had different interests as this increased disunity.
 22. Political parties were religious based eg DP for Catholics and UPC for protestants, therefore
they promoted religious discrimination.
23. Ignorance and illiteracy of the people who would be followers.
24. Political parties lacked finance to foster their activities.
25. Language problems made it difficult for some ethnic parties to sell their ideas outside their
locality.
26. There was development of ethnic Nationalism as a result of the formation of tribal parties.
27. The death of some African nationalists eg General China of the maumau.
28. The influence of capitalism and communism from USA and USSR confused party leaders.

V) THE ACHIEVEMENTS OR ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN EAST AFRICA

1. They greatly contributed to the achievement of independence of their countries.

2. They united different people and tribes for a common cause.
3. Political parties fought for freedom in all its aspects.
4. They advocated for the release of political prisoners such as Jomo Kenyatta.
5. They taught people their rights in their own countries.
6. They made their countries popular nationality and internationally.
7. Political parties were platforms for airing out the evils of colonialism.
8. They exerted some pressure that enabled Africans to get employment.
9. Political parties led their respective countries to a level of becoming republics.
10. Political parties advocated for the expansion of the franchise (right to vote).

VI) THE STAGES IN THE COURSE OR STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN TANGANYIKA

The struggle for independence in Tanganyika was slow, peaceful and steady.
1. The first two Africans to sit on the legislative council (LEGCO) of Tanganyika were in 1945
2. In 1946 the number was increased from two to three.
3. The African representation on both the legislative and the executive councils rose seriously
between 1947-1951.
4. In 1951, the legislative council was comprised of 15 official members and the unofficial
members were 7 Europeans, 4 Africans and 3 Asians.
5. At the same time, the executive council was composed of 8 official members and the
unofficial members were 3 Europeans, 1 African and 1 Asian.
6. In 1953, a speaker was appointed to start presiding over the legislative council instead of the
governor as it had been.
7. In 1953, Dr Julius Kambarage Nyerere was elected president of the Tanganyika African
Association (TAA).
8. Again in 1953, the local government ordinance which ordered the replacement of the
traditional authority by elected councils was passed.
9. By 1954, a unofficial side of the legislative council had two Europeans, 3 Africans and 2 Asians.
10. Tanganyika African national Union (TANU) was formed on the 7th July 1954 at Dar-es-salaama.
11. In 1954 a united nations mission was sent to Tanganyika to listen to TANU self rule it was
impressed by Nyerere`s determination and recommended a time table for independence.
12. Dr Julius Nyerere visited the United Nations trusteeship committee and demanded for
independence in 1955.
13. In 1955, the legislative council of 31 officials, 9 elected unofficial members of each race and 1
nominated member of each race was elected.
14. In 1956 , the opponents of TANU formed the United Tanganyika Party (UTP)
15. These two rival powers attacked always each other bitterly.
16. In 1957, Dr Julius Kambarage Nyerere was appointed president of the legislative council to
reconcile TANU and UTP.
 17. Unfortunately, he resigned after 2 months because of disagreement over the constitution.
18. Elections to the legislative council were organized in September 1958 and all the candidates
TANU supported from various places and races went through.
19. The terrible defeat UTP suffered forced its founder to disband it.
20. Sir Richard turnbull was appointed new governer to Tanganyika in 1958.
21. Turnbull came with an agenda of speeding up constitution advances in Tanganyika.
22. He became a good friend of Nyerere with whom they always discussed government
problems.
23. A committee, chaired by Sir Richard Ramage was appointed in 1959 to decide on more
constitutional changes.
24. It recommended a legislative council with more Africans than any other race.
25. Its other recommendation was to replace the executive council by a council of elected
ministers.
26. In July 1959, a council of elected ministers was established on which TANU had 5
representatives.
27. In August 1960, elections for a legislative council comprised of 71 seats for Africans, 10
Europeans and 11 Asians were organized.
28. Out of the 71 seats of Africans TANU won 70 seats having promised African independence the
following year, safeguarding their interest and expanding the franchise to include all the
adults.
29. Tanganyika got internal self rule on the 1st May 1961 with Dr Julius Kambarage Nyerere as the
first prime minister, the council of ministers became the cabinet and the legislative council
became the parliament.
30. On 9th December 1961, Tanganyika got full independence with Dr Julius Kambarage Nyerere as
the first president.
31. In 1962, Tanganyika became a republic.
32. In 1964 Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar to form the present day Tanzania.
33. When the two merged, Dr Julius Kambarage Nyerere remained the president and Shiek Obeid
Karume of the former Zanzibar became the Vice president.

VII) REASONS FOR THE FORMATION OF TANGANYIKA AFRICAN NATIONAL UNION (TANU)

1. TANU is Tanganyika African national Union.

2. It evolved from Tanganyika African Association (TAA) formed in 1929.
3. It was formed to prepare the people of Tanganyika for self governance and independence.
4. It was formed on the 7th July 1954 in a meeting at Dar-es-salaam and by then it was called
SabaSaba
5. It was meant to destroy tribalism.
6. It was also meant to struggle for national unity for the whole of Tanganyika.
7. To struggle for a democratic government and have representatives in the local district and
central government.
8. It was also formed in order to do away with racism and discrimination
9. To encourage worker to form trade unions.
10. To fight against European exploitation of African resources like land labour and minerals.
11. To act as a mouth piece or a platform for airing out Africans discontent against Europeans
rule.
12. To fight for the extension of franchise or right of the Africans since the Africans had been
denied the right to vote.

VII) THE CONTRIBUTION OF TANU IN THE HISTORY OF TANGANYIKA

1. TANU made it clear that Tanganyika was mainly African and therefore it had to have an
African majority government.
 2. In 1954, TANU presented a report to a UNO visiting team proposing a palnned
constitution towards independence over the next 20 to 25 years.
3. in 1955, Nyerere as the president visited United Nations in New York to explain TANU`s
aims and press for support, he won much sympathy and respect.
4. In 1957, it deanded for independence within 2 years.
5. It demanded for one man one vote and when it was rejected, Nyerere resigned his seat
on the legco.
6. Largely owing to its multiracial policy , TANU won a landslide victory during the legco
elections in 1958.
7. In 1960 TANU won the elections and Nyerere became the chief minister.
8. TANU also promoted education.
9. It also brought national unity because it was a mass party for both the literate and the
illiterates.
10. In 1961, TANU called for independence and it was granted.
11. Tanu also improved infrastructures eg roads, schools etc.
12. It africanised civil service and introduced a special training scheme to acceralate a change
over.
13. TANU successfully led Tanganyika to independence on the 9 th December 1961.
14. It identified and nurtured good leaders like Julius Nyerere a capable, hardworking,
forward looking patriotic and non sectarian leader.
15. It mobilized for support from trade unions even surrendered their offices to the party.
16. Its peaceful approach pleased the British who reacted positively by effecting political and
constitutional reforms.
17. TANU got ministerial posts ie in 1959 , the British appointed five TANU supporters to form
part of the 12 man-council of ministers.
18. TANU worked closely with and cooperated with Governor Sir Richard Turnbull to speed
up the independence process.
19. In 1963, it made Tanganyika a one party state.
20. In 1964 TANU united Tanganyika with Zanzibar to form Tanzania.
21. In 1977, Tanu merged with Afro – shirazi party (Zanzibar’s only legal party to form Chama
Cha mapinduzi (CCM) Tanzania ruling party.

IX) HOW DID MODERN TANZANIA ATTAIN HER INDEPENDENCE?

1. Tanzania republic formally known as Tanganyika was the first east African country to get
independence in 1961 followed by Uganda and Kenya
2. The struggle was gradual but helped by many factors within the country at that time.
3. TAA (Tanganyika African Association) was formed in 1929 to fight fro African social and
economic rights.
4. After World War II Africans gained gradual representation at colonial executive councils ie in
1945 2 members were elected to the legislative council, in 1946 3 Africans members were
elected to legislative council.
5. Between 1945-1949 Julius Nyerere enrolled for a diploma at Makerere College in Uganda. His
education greatly assisted him to fight for independence.
6. Later he left for further studies in Edinburgh (Scotland) where he studied economics, history
and philosophy which shaped his political career.
7. Julius Nyerere later returned to Tanganyika in 1952.
8. In 1953, Dr Nyerere was elected president of Tanganyika African association (TAA).
9. In July 1954 he transformed TAA into TANU (Tanganyika African National Union).
10. In 1955, he became the first president of TANU.
11. He used TANU as the voice for asking Tanganyika s` independence.
 12. He won African greater representation in the legislative council and this gave him more
platforms to demand for immediate independence.
13. He represented Tanganyika in the UN trusteeship council which recommended s fixed time
for Tanganyika’s independence.
14. In 1955, he returned and spoke violently and strongly for independence.
15. He advocated for peaceful means rather than violence as a means to achieve independence.
16. The arrival of Sir Gerald Turnbull in 1958-1960 who had the same views as Nyrerere, they
worked and co-operated easily , quickened the process of getting Tanganyika’s`
independence
17. In 1958, the Richard ramage committee was appointed to discuss further constitutional
changes in 1960.
18. In the same year, TANU won sweeping victories in the legislative council.
19. In August 1960, elections were held and TANU won 70 out of 71 seats.
20. On May 1st, 1961 Tanganyika attained her first internal self governance with doctor nyerere as
the first prime minister
21. On December 9th 1961 Tanganyika fully became independent.
22. In 1962,Tanganyika became a republic with Nyerere as its` first president
23. April 1964 Tanganyika made a union with Zanzibar under the courtesy of Doctor Nyerere and
Doctor Abeid Karume, hence the name Tanzania.
24. The modern republic of Tanzania had been born.
25. Nyerere ruled as president, assited by Abeid Karume as the first vice president and Rashid
Kawawa as second vice president.

X) WHY TANGANYIKA WAS ABLE TO ACHIEVE INDEPENDENCE FASTER THAN ANY COUNTRY IN
EASTAFRICA
Tanganyika was able to get her independence so fast because:
1.