Kori bustard

The kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) is arguably the largest flying bird
native to Africa. It is a member of the bustard family, which all Kori bustard
belong to the order Otidiformes and are restricted in distribution to
the Old World. It is one of the four species (ranging from Africa to
India to Australia) in the large-bodied genus Ardeotis. In fact, the
male kori bustard may be the heaviest living animal capable of
flight.

This species, like most bustards, is a ground-dwelling bird and an

opportunistic omnivore. Male kori bustards, which can be more
than twice as heavy as the female, attempt to breed with as many
females as possible and then take no part in the raising of the young. Nominate subspecies, taken in
The nest is a shallow hollow in the earth, often disguised by nearby
Etosha National Park, Namibia
obstructive objects such as trees.
Conservation status

Contents
Taxonomy Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Description
Scientific classification
Size
Similar species Kingdom: Animalia
Distribution and habitat Phylum: Chordata
Behaviour Class: Aves
Voice
Order: Otidiformes
Sociality
Feeding Family: Otididae
Breeding Genus: Ardeotis
Interspecies interactions
Species: A. kori
Status
Binomial name
See also
Ardeotis kori
References
(Burchell, 1822)
External links

Taxonomy
English naturalist William John Burchell described the kori bustard in 1822. The specific epithet kori is derived
from the Tswana name for this bird – Kgori.[2]

Two subspecies are currently recognized:

 Ardeotis kori kori – the relatively pale nominate race from Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia,
southern Angola, South Africa and Mozambique.[3]
Ardeotis kori struthiunculus – the "Somali kori" distributed in Ethiopia, Uganda, South Sudan,
Kenya and Tanzania. The two races are separated by the miombo woodlands of central
Africa.[4] This race has a more boldly patterned head and slightly more black and white
patterning on the wings. The two races are similar in size, though A. k. struthiunculus may be
slightly larger. This may be a distinct species.[5]

Description
The kori bustard is cryptically coloured, being mostly grey and
brown, finely patterned with black and white coloring. The upper
parts and neck are a vermiculated black and greyish-buff
colour.[2] The ventral plumage is more boldly colored, with
white, black and buff. The crest on its head is blackish in
coloration, with less black on the female's crest. There is a white
eye stripe above the eye. The chin, throat and neck are whitish
with thin, fine black barring.[6] A black collar at the base of the
hind-neck extends onto the sides of the breast.[7] The feathers
around the neck are loose, giving the appearance of a thicker
neck than they really have.[8] The belly is white and the tail has
broad bands of brownish-gray and white coloration.[2] Their
feathers contain light sensitive porphyrins, which gives their
feathers a pinkish tinge at the base- especially noticeable when
the feathers are shed suddenly.[9] The head is large and the legs
are relatively long. The eye is pale yellow, while the bill is light
greenish horn coloured, relatively long, straight and rather
flattened at the base. The legs are yellowish. The feet have three
forward facing toes.[6] Females are similar in plumage but are
much smaller, measuring about 20-30% less in linear A C. G. Finch-Davies illustration (1912)
measurements and often weighing 2-3 times less than the male.
The female is visibly thinner legged and slimmer necked.[6] The
juvenile is similar in appearance to the female, but is browner with more spotting on the mantle, with shorter
crest and neck plumes.[10] Male juveniles are larger than females and can be the same overall size as the adult
male but tends to be less bulky with a thinner neck, shorter head crest, paler eyes and a darker mantle.[9]

Size

The male kori bustard has a length of 105 to 128 cm (3 ft 5 in to 4 ft 2 in)[11] and a wingspan of 230 to
275 cm (7 ft 7 in to 9 ft 0 in).[12] Male birds may typically weigh between 7 and 18 kg (15 and 40 lb). The
average weight of adult males of the nominate race in Namibia (20 specimens) was 11.3 kg (25 lb), while A. k.
struthiunculus males were found to average 10.9 kg (24 lb). The larger excepted males can scale up to 16 to
19 kg (35 to 42 lb) and a few exceptional specimens may weigh up to at least 20 kg (44 lb).[9][13][14][15]
Reports of outsized specimens weighing 23 kg (51 lb),[6] 34 kg (75 lb)[16] and even "almost" 40 kg (88 lb)[17]
have been reported, but none of these giant sizes have been verified and some may be from unreliable sources.
Among bustards, only male great bustards (Otis tarda) achieve similarly high weights (the mean mass of males
in these species is roughly the same) making the male kori and great not only the two largest bustards but also
arguably the heaviest living flying animals. As a whole, other species, such as Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus
crispus), Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) and trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), in which the larger males
might match the average weight of the largest bustards and may weigh more on average between the sexes as
they are less sexually dimorphic in mass than the giant bustards. Other than a 23 kg (51 lb) mute swan
(Cygnus olor), the maximum size of the large bustards exceeds that of other flying birds.[14][16] Other flying
African birds (excluding rare vagrant pelicans and vultures to northernmost Africa) rival the average weight
between the sexes of Kori bustards, namely great white pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus) and Cape vultures
(Gyps coprotheres) while wattled cranes (Bugeranus carunculatus) lag slightly behind these on average.[14]
The female kori bustard weighs an average of 4.8 to 6.1 kg (11 to 13 lb), with a full range of 3 to 7 kg (6.6 to
15.4 lb). Females of the nominate race (35 specimens) in Namibia weighed a mean of 5.62 kg (12.4 lb), while
females from A. k. struthiunculus weighed a mean of 5.9 kg (13 lb).[15] Female length is also from 105 to
128 cm (3 ft 5 in to 4 ft 2 in), though their wingspan is shorter at 180 cm (5 ft 11 in).[11] The standard
measurements of the male include a wing chord of 69.5 to 83 cm (27.4 to 32.7 in), a tail measures from 35.8–
44.7 cm (14.1–17.6 in), a culmen from 9.5 to 12.4 cm (3.7 to 4.9 in) and a tarsus from 20 to 24.7 cm (7.9 to
9.7 in). Meanwhile, the female's standard measurements are a wing chord of 58.5 to 66.5 cm (23.0 to 26.2 in),
a tail of 30.7 to 39.5 cm (12.1 to 15.6 in), a culmen from 7 to 10.4 cm (2.8 to 4.1 in) and a tarsus from 16 to
19.5 cm (6.3 to 7.7 in).[3][13][14][16][18] Body mass can vary considerably based upon rain conditions.[19]

Similar species

The size and dark crest are generally diagnostic amongst the bustards found in the kori bustard's range.[20]
However, East Africa holds the greatest diversity of bustards anywhere, including some other quite large
species, and these have the potential to cause confusion. Kori bustards are distinguished from Denham's
bustard (Neotis denhamii) and Ludwig's bustard (Neotis luwigii), both of which they sometimes forage with,
by their greyer appearance and by their lack of a tawny red hind-neck and upper mantle. In flight it can be
distinguished from both of these somewhat smaller bustards by not displaying any white markings on the
upperwing, which is uniformly grey here. Both Stanley's and Ludwig's bustards lack the kori's dark
crest.[2][21][20] More similar to, and nearly the same size as, the kori is the closely related Arabian bustard
(Ardeotis arabs) (despite its name, the latter species ranges well into East Africa). However, the Arabian
species has white-tipped wing coverts, a browner back and very fine neck vermiculations and also lacks the
black base to the neck and the black in the wing coverts as seen in the kori.[2][5]

Distribution and habitat

The kori bustard is found throughout southern Africa, except in
densely wooded areas. They are common in Botswana and Namibia,
extending into southern Angola and marginally into southwestern
Zambia. In Zimbabwe they are generally sparse but locally common,
particularly on the central plateau. Their distribution range extends
along the Limpopo River valley into southern Mozambique and the
eastern lowveld of South Africa. In South Africa they are also
infrequent to rare in the Free State, North West and Northern Cape
Provinces, extending southwards into the interior of the Western and
Eastern Cape Provinces. Kori bustards are absent from the coastal
lowlands along the south and east of South Africa and from high
mountainous areas. This species is common in Tanzania at
A. k. struthiunculus in Amboseli,
Ngorongoro National Park, Kitulo National Park and Serengeti
Kenya
National Park. A geographically disjunct population also occurs in the
deserts and savanna of northeastern Africa. Here, the species ranges
from extreme southeast South Sudan, north Somalia, Ethiopia through
all of Kenya (except coastal regions), Tanzania and Uganda.[5] Kenya may hold the largest population of kori
bustards of any country and it can even border on abundant in the North Eastern Province.[21] They are
usually residential in their range, with some random, nomadic movement following rainfall.[21]
This species occurs in open grassy areas, often characterized by sandy soil, especially Kalahari sands, and
short grass usually near the cover of isolated clumps of trees or bushes.[21] It may be found in plains, arid
plateaus, highveld grassland, arid scrub, lightly wooded savanna, open dry bushveld and semi-desert.[10]
Where this species occurs, annual rainfall is quite low, between 100 and 600 mm (3.9 and 23.6 in).[10]
Breeding habitat is savanna in areas with sparse grass cover and scattered trees and shrubs. When nesting they
sometimes use hilly areas.[22] They follow fires or herds of foraging ungulates, in order to pick their various
foods out of the short grasses. They may also be found in cultivated areas, especially wheat fields with a few
scattered trees.[21] This bustard is not found in well-wooded and forested areas due to the fact that it needs a
lot of open space in which to take off.[21] In arid grassland areas it is found along dry watercourses where
patches of trees offer shade during the heat of the day.[9]

Behaviour
Kori bustards spend most of
their time on the ground, with
up to 70% of their time being
on foot,[2] although they do
occasionally forage in low
bushes and trees. There is a
lone report of a bird sighted
A close-up of the plumage of a
in Kenya perched at the top
captive male
of a tree.[23] This bustard is a
watchful and wary bird. Ardeotis kori kori flying near
Their behavior varies however, and they are usually very shy, running Windhoek, Namibia
or crouching at the first sign of danger; at other times they can be
completely fearless of humans.[2] They have a hesitant, slow manner
of walking, and when they detect an intruder they try to escape detection by moving off quietly with the head
held at an unusual angle of between 45° and 60°.[21] Being a large and heavy bird, it avoids flying if possible.
When alarmed it will first run and, if pushed further, will take to the air on the run with much effort, its wings
making heavy wingbeats. Once airborne it flies more easily with slow, measured wingbeats, with the neck
extended and the legs folded. It usually remains low and lands again within sight.[19] When they land, kori
bustards keep their wings spread and only fold them when the bird has slowed down to a walking speed.[21]
Kori bustards have no preen gland, so to keep clean, they produce a powder down. Sun bathing and dust
bathing are practiced.[9] This bird has a loud, booming mating call which is often uttered just before dawn and
can be heard from far away. Mostly residential, kori bustards may engage in nomadic movements.[20] These
migratory movements are probably influenced by rainfall and there is no evidence suggesting any regular
pattern. These local migrations take place at night but have not been mapped. In the Etosha National Park
these birds have been recorded moving up to 85 km (53 mi) from mopane woodland to open grassland plains
and returning again the following season.[21] Trial satellite tagging of one male kori bustard by the National
Museums of Kenya demonstrated a migration along the Rift Valley between Tanzania and southeastern South
Sudan.[24] Additionally, adult and juvenile males move after the breeding season, whereas females do not
appear to do so.[25] Generally the kori bustard feeds during the morning and in the evening, spending the rest
of the day standing still in any available shade.[21]

Voice

Less vocal than other bustards, the kori bustard is generally silent but, when alarmed, both sexes emit a loud
growling bark. This is described as a ca-caa-ca call, repeated several times for up to 10 minutes. This call
carries long distances. This call is most often given by females with young and males during agnostic
encounters.[2] Chicks as young as two weeks will also emit this alarm call when startled.[9] The male's mating
call is a deep, resonant woum-woum-woum-woum[21] or oom-oom-oom[5] or wum, wum, wum, wum,
wummm.[6] This call ends with the bill snapping which is only audible at close range.[21] Outside of the
breeding display, kori bustards are often silent. A high alarm call, generally uttered by females, is sometimes
heard. They may utter a deep vum on takeoff.[10]

Sociality

During the mating season, these birds are usually solitary but for the breeding pair. Otherwise, they are
somewhat gregarious, being found in groups often including 5 to 6 birds but occasionally groups can number
up to 40 individuals. Larger groups may be found around an abundant food source or at watering holes. In
groups, birds are often fairly far apart from each other, often around a distance of 100 m (330 ft). Foraging
groups are often single-sex. Such groups do not last long and often separate after a few days. These groups are
believed advantageous both in that they may ensure safety in numbers against predation and may bring the
bustards to prime food sources.[5]

Feeding

Walking slowly and sedately, they forage by picking at the ground

with the bills and are most active in the first and last hours of daylight.
Kori bustards are quite omnivorous birds. Insects are an important
food source, with common species such as locusts, grasshoppers,
dung beetles (Scarabaeus ssp.) and caterpillars being most often
taken. They may follow large ungulates directly to catch insects
flushed out by them or to pick through their dung for edible
invertebrates. During outbreaks of locusts and caterpillars, kori
bustards are sometimes found feeding on them in numbers. Other
Female of the nominate race near
insect prey can include bush-crickets (Tettigonia ssp.), termites,
Etosha National Park, Namibia.
hymenopterans and solifuges. Scorpions and molluscs may be taken
opportunistically as well.[21]

Small vertebrates may also be taken regularly, including lizards, chameleons, small snakes, small mammals
(especially rodents) and bird eggs and nestlings. They may occasionally eat carrion, especially from large
animals killed in veld fires. Plant material is also an important food. Grasses and their seeds are perhaps the
most prominent plant foods, but they may also eat seeds, berries, roots, bulbs, flowers, wild melons and green
leaves. This bustard is very partial to Acacia gum. This liking has given rise to the Afrikaans common name
Gompou or, literally translated, "gum peacock".[21] They drink regularly when they can access water but they
can be found as far as 40 km (25 mi) from water sources.[21] Unusually, they suck up rather than scoop up
water.[25]

Breeding

The breeding seasons of the two subspecies of Kori bustards are distinguishable. In general, A. k.
struthiunculus breeds from December to August and A. k. kori breeds from September to February.[25]
Breeding is closely tied with rainfall, and in drought years, may be greatly reduced or not even occur.[27]

Kori bustards engage in lek mating. All bustards have polygynous breeding habits, in which one male displays
to attract several females, and mates with them all.[28] Males display at regularly used sites, each male utilizing
several dispersed leks or display areas. These displays usually take place in the mornings and evenings. The
courtship displays of the males are impressive and elaborate, successfully advertising their presence to potential
mates.[22] The males hold their heads backwards, with cheeks bulging, the crest is held erect, the bill open and
they inflate their gular pouches, forming a white throat "balloon".
During this display the oesophagus inflates to as much as four times
its normal size and resembles a balloon. They also puff out their
frontal neck feathers which are splayed upwards showing their white
underside. The white may be visible up to 1 km (0.62 mi) away
during display.[28] Their wings are drooped and their tails are raised
upwards and forwards onto their backs like a turkey, the rectrices
being held vertically and their undertail coverts fluffed out. They
enhance their performance with an exaggerated bouncing gait. When
displaying they stride about with their necks puffed out, their tail Male kori bustard (A. k.
fanned and their wings planed and pointed downward.[29] They also struthiunculus) displaying in
emit a low-pitched booming noise when the neck is at maximum Ngorongoro Conservation Area
inflation and snap their bills open and shut. Several males dispersed
over a wide area gather to display but usually one is dominant and the
others do not display in his presence and move away. The displaying
males are visited by the females who presumably select the male with
the most impressive display.[30] Occasionally fights between males
can be serious during the mating season when display areas are being
contested, with the two competitors smashing into each other's bodies
and stabbing each other with their bills. They may stand chest-to-
chest, tails erect, bills locked and 'push' one another for up to 30
minutes.[10]

Following the display, the copulation begins with the female lying
down next to the dominant displaying male. He stands over her for 5–
10 minutes, stepping from side to side and pecking her head in a slow,
deliberate fashion, tail and crest feathers raised. She recoils at each
peck. He then lowers himself onto his tarsi and continues pecking her
until he shuffles forward and mounts with wings spread. Copulation
lasts seconds after which both stand apart and ruffle their plumage.
The female then sometimes barks and the male continues with his
display.[22][9] Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden

As with all bustards, the female makes no real nest. The female kori
bustard lays her eggs on the ground in a shallow, unlined hollow,
rather than the typical scrape. This nest is usually located within 4 m
(13 ft) of a tree or shrub, termite mound or an outcrop of rocks. The
hollow may measure 300–450 mm (12–18 in) in diameter and be
almost completely covered by the female when she's incubating.[22]
Due to their ground location, nests are often cryptic and difficult for a
human to find, unless stumbled onto by chance.[22] The same site is
sometimes reused in successive years. The kori bustard is a solitary
nester and there is no evidence of territoriality amongst the
females.[22] Usually two eggs are laid, though seldom 1 or 3 may be
laid. Clutch size is likely correlated to food supply.[22][27] They are
Chick in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier
cryptically colored with the ground color being dark buff, brown or Park. A chick travels with its mother
olive and well marked and blotched with shades of brown, grey and for more than a year, and may cover
pale purple. Eggs are somewhat glossy or waxy and have a pitted- a kilometre a day while she rears it
looking surface. Egg size is 81 to 86 mm (3.2 to 3.4 in) in height and on grasshoppers and beetles.[26]
58 to 61 mm (2.3 to 2.4 in) width. The eggs weigh individually about
149 g (5.3 oz), with a range of 121 to 178 g (4.3 to 6.3 oz).[21][22][28]
The female, who alone does all the brooding behavior without male help, stays at the nest 98% of the time,
rarely eating and never drinking.[29] Occasionally she stretches her legs and raises her wings overhead. The
female regularly turns the eggs with her bill. The female's plumage is drab and earth-colored, which makes her
well camouflaged. She occasionally picks up pieces of vegetation and drops them on her back to render her
camouflage more effective.[22] If they need to feed briefly, the females go to and from the nest with a swift,
silent crouching walk.[29] If approached the incubating bird either slips unobtrusively from the nest or sits
tight, only flying off at the last moment.[22] The incubation period is 23 to 30 days, though is not known to
exceed 25 days in wild specimens.[29] The young are precocial and very well camouflaged. The lores are
tawny, the crown tawny mottled black. A broad white supercilium bordered with black meets on the nape,
extending down the centre of the nape. The neck is white with irregular black stripes from behind the eye and
from the base of the lower mandibles. The upper parts are tawny and black with 3 black lines running along
the back. The underparts are whitish.[22] When the chicks hatch, the mother brings them a steady stream of
food, most of it soft so the chicks can eat it easily.[31] Captive hatchlings weigh 78 to 116 g (2.8 to 4.1 oz) on
their first day but grow quickly.[28] The precocial chicks are able to follow their mother around several hours
after hatching.[9] After a few weeks, the young actively forage closely with their mothers. They fledge at 4 to
5 weeks old, but are not self-assured fliers until 3 to 4 months.[10] On average, around 67% of eggs
successfully hatch (testimony to the effective camouflage of nests) and around one of the two young survive to
adulthood. In Namibia and Tanzania, breeding success has been found to be greatly reduced during times of
drought.[27] Most young leave their mothers in their second year of life, but do not start breeding until they are
fully mature at three to four years old in both sexes in studies conducted both of wild and captive
bustards.[10][9] The lifespan of wild kori bustards is not known but they may live to at least 26 or possibly 28
years old in captivity.[9][28]

Interspecies interactions

The kori bustard is often found in areas with a large quantity of

antelope and other game. In Tanzania, kori bustards regularly attend
blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) herds and feed on the small
mammals and insects disturbed by them.[32] Sometimes kori bustards
are found with southern carmine bee-eaters (Merops nubicoides) and
northern carmine bee-eaters (Merops nubicus) riding on their backs as
they stride through the grass.[33] The bee-eaters make the most of
their walking perch by hawking insects from the bustard's back that Shock display of A. kori kori at
are disturbed by the bustard's wandering. This is regularly seen in Pilanesberg Game Reserve – the
Chobe National Park, Botswana but has only been reported once head is lowered, the wings are
elsewhere. There is also one record of fork-tailed drongos (Dicrurus opened with their upper surface
adsimilis) perching on their backs in a similar manner.[21] Kori angled forward, and the tail is raised
bustards have been observed to behave aggressively to non- and fanned.[26]
threatening animals at watering holes, as they may raise their crests,
open their wings and peck aggressively. They have been seen acting
aggressively towards red-crested korhaans (Eupodotis ruficrista), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis), plains
zebra (Equus quagga), and gemsbok (Oryx gazella).[21] When kept in captivity, kori bustards have been kept
together with numerous other (typically African) species in close quarters. Fifteen other bird species and 12
mammals successfully cohabitated with them (including rhinoceros). However, the bustards sometimes injure
or kill the young of everything from waterfowl to dik-diks and may be killed by larger species from ostriches
(Struthio camelus) to zebras (Equus spp.).[28]

Being a large, ground-dwelling bird species, the kori bustard is vulnerable to many of Africa's myriad of
formidable terrestrial predators. Leopards (Panthera pardus), caracals (Caracal caracal), cheetahs (Acinonyx
jubatus), lions (Panthera leo), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), African rock pythons (Python sebae), jackals
(Canis spp.), Verreaux's eagle (Aquila verreauxii) and martial eagles (Polemaetus bellicosus) are amongst their
potential natural predators. Young bustards are most at risk even to bigger predators, but animals of similar
body mass to a bustard, such as jackals or caracals, or larger also capably kill adults. Additionally, warthogs
(Phacochoerus spp.), mongoose and baboons (Papio ssp.) may eat eggs and small chicks. Chicks of up to
largish size may be vulnerable to raptors such as tawny eagles (Aquila rapax), Verreaux's eagle-owls (Bubo
lacteus) and Cape eagle-owls (Bubo capensis) as perhaps rarely an adult female.[21][9][28] When alarmed, kori
bustards make barking calls and bend forward and spread their tail and wings to appear larger.[9] Adults will
growl when their young are threatened by predators.[25] Chicks tend to be the most vulnerable to predators by
far. Many, despite their cryptic camouflage and the mother's defenses, are regularly picked off by jackals and
leopards at night.[21] Up to 82% of kori bustard chicks die in their first year of life.[27] When found with
carmine bee-eaters, the smaller birds may incidentally provide some protection from predators due to their
vigilance.[34] The display of the adult male may make it more conspicuous to larger predators, such as hyenas
or lions.[22] A shock display may be performed when a bird is alarmed. While too large to be prey for most
predatory birds, it is known that the martial eagle is a serious natural enemy even for adult bustards. In one
documented attack by a martial eagle on an adult kori bustard, both birds ended up wounded, the eagle with a
bleeding leg from the bustard's counterattack, but the bustard more seriously injured, with a broken wing and
several open wounds. Although it walked away, the injured bustard in the confrontation was found dead the
next morning, being fed on by a jackal.[35]

Status
The kori bustard is generally a somewhat scarce bird. Appendix II of
CITES and the 2000 Eskom Red Data Book for Birds lists the status
of the nominate race as Vulnerable, estimating that in the next three
generations, it is expected to decline by 10% in South Africa.[10][36]
In protected areas, they can be locally common.[5] Viable populations
exist in unprotected areas as well (e.g. Ethiopia and Sudan, and in
Tanzania around Lake Natron and in the foothills of Mount
Kilimanjaro) but in these areas, the birds are hunted.[9] They have
been much reduced by hunting, having been traditionally snared in
Acacia gum baits and traps. Although no longer classified as game
birds, they are still sometimes eaten.[6] In Namibia, they are indicated
as game as they are called the “Christmas turkey” and in South
Africa, the “Kalahari Kentucky".[9][27] Hunting of bustards is difficult
to manage.

The kori bustard is now generally uncommon outside major protected Richard Meinertzhagen holds a shot
areas. Habitat destruction is a major problem for the species, kori bustard near Nairobi in 1915,
compounded by bush encroachment due to overgrazing by livestock illustrating the bird's huge size.
and agricultural development. [37] Poisons used to control locusts may
also effect and collisions with overhead power wires regularly claim
kori bustards.[5] One 10 km (6.2 mi) stretch of overhead powerlines in the Karoo killed 22 kori bustards
during a five-month period.[9] Kori bustards tend to avoid areas used heavily by humans.[31] Nonetheless,
because it has such a large range and its rate of decline is thought to be relatively slow, the kori bustard is not
currently listed in a threatened category on the IUCN Red List.

The species is prominent in many native African cultures, variously due to its imposing, impressive size,
spectacular displays by adult males or the cryptic nature of the nesting female. The kori bustard features in
dances and songs of the San people of Botswana, and paintings of these bustards feature in ancient San rock
art.[5] It was associated with royalty in Botswana since they reserved it for their own consumption, and since
2014 it is also the national bird of Botswana.[38]
See also
Sara Hallager - ornithologist who specializes in kori bustard

References
1. BirdLife International (2016). "Ardeotis kori" (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22691928/933
29549). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T22691928A93329549.
doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691928A93329549.en (https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIU
CN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691928A93329549.en). Retrieved 26 November 2019.
2. Williams, J.G. 1995. Collins Field Guide: Birds of East Africa. HarperCollins, Hong Kong.
3. Johnsgard, Paul A. 1990. Bustards: Stalkers of the Dry Plains. Zoonooz 63(7): 4-11.
4. del Hoyo, J; Elliot, A; Sargatal, J (1996). Handbook of the Birds of the World. 3. Barcelona: Lynx
Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-20-2.
5. Sinclair I. & Ryan P. 2003. A comprehensive illustrated field guide : Birds of Africa south of the
Sahara. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
6. Newman, K. 1992. Newman's Birds of Southern Africa : Expanded Edition, Fourth Edition.
Southern Book Publishers (Pty) Ltd., Halfway House.
7. Alden, P.C., Estes, R.D., Schlitter, D. and McBride, B. (1996) Collins Guide to African Wildlife.
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External links
Kori Bustard - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds (http://sabap2.adu.org.za/doc
s/sabap1/230.pdf)
Kori Bustard videos, photos & sounds (http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/kori-bustard-ardeotis-kor
i), The Internet Bird Collection
[1] (http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Birds/NewsEvents/kobu.cfm), Smithsonian National
Zoological Park Kori Bustard News
[2] (http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Birds/Facts/FactSheets/fact-koribustard.cfm), Smithsonian
National Zoological Park Kori Bustard factsheet
[3] (http://www.koribustardssp.org) Kori Bustard Species Survival Plan website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kori_bustard&oldid=1025885547"

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