The Dilemmas Of

The Victors

Henry Kissinger Diplomacy Presentation

Who is Henry
Kissinger?
Kissinger is an American politician, diplomat, and
geopolitical consultant who served as United
States Secretary of State and National Security
Advisor under the presidential administrations of
Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He won a Nobel
prize for his actions on a ceasefire negotiation in
Vietnam. Two of the committee members are
resigned and protested the decision.
The Dilemmas of
the Victors
➔ Key Terms and Treaties

➔ Collective Security

➔ Balance of Power in Europe

➔ Entente Cordiale (1904)

➔ Brest-Litovsk (1918)

➔ Treaty of Versailles (1919)

➔ Genoa Conference (1922)

➔ Treaty of Rapallo (1922)

The Dilemmas of
the Victors
➔ Key Terms and Treaties

➔ Geneva Protocol (1924)

➔ No War, No Peace
Collective Security:
Collective security is a term used to define a vast
peace. Unlike traditional European alliances
collective security tries to ensure the
peace without defining any Tip
"Alliances always
particular threat to the peace. presume a specific
potential adversary, while
collective security
defends international law
in the abstract"
Collective Security:
"Collective security contributes to security only if
all nations share nearly identical views about the
nature of the challenge and are
prepared to use force or apply Tip
Collective security is
sanctions on the 'merits' of the case". unnecessarily idealistic
and way far away from
-Henry Kissinger being practical.
Balance of Power In Europe.
Balance of Power was very important at the time.
France did not want a powerful Germany
and suffered her a lot with Treaty of Tip
Balance of Power is the

Versailles. key term for all the

treaties and WW II. False
observations led Britain

Great Britain was very sceptical against

to support Germany and
that later led to a chaos.

France.
Balance of Power In Europe.
Great Britain mostly exaggerated France's strength
and thought that she is trying to rule the
whole Europe. In that sense she Tip
Many people saw

backed Germany up. Germany as a balancing

power to France.
Entente Cordiale:
Entente Cordiale is a series of agreements signed
on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom
and the French Republic which
saw a significant improvement Tip

It is mostly
in Anglo-French relations. It had no about imperial
impact on military ties between sides. interests of
these countries.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk:
Brest Litovsk was a separate peace treaty signed
on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik
government of Russia and the
Central Powers, that ended Russia's Tip

According to the
participation in World War I. treaty, Soviet
Russia defaulted
In the treaty, Russia ceded hegemony on all of Imperial
over the Baltic states to Germany. Russia's
commitments to
the Allies.
Treaty of Versailles:
Treaty of Versailles is the treaty that ended the
war between Germany and Allieds. Treaty left
Germany under really harsh conditions.
France nearly used the treaty as a tool Tip

Treaty required
to undermine Germany’s power in Germany to
the region. take
responsibility
for the losses of
the war.
Treaty of Versailles:
“It was not until 1921-two years after the signing
of the Versailles Treaty- that a figure for
reparations was finally established. It was
absurdly high: 132 billion Goldmarks (some $40
billion, which amounts approximately $323 billion
in present value), a sum which would have
necessitated German payments for the rest of the
century.”
Genoa Conference:
An international conference that has been called
by British Prime Minister Lloyd George. It’s main
Subjects was war debts, reparations
and a European recovery package. Tip

Germany and
Soviet Union
are invited to
the conference
but it did not
work out well.
Treaty of Rapallo:
At Genoa Conference, Germany and Soviet Union
was mostly ignored. They were invited but
attempts to settle was vain. So the
Soviet Union and Germany signed a Tip

They also
separate treaty. Both renounced all agreed to
territorial and financial claims against normalise
diplomatic
their

each other after the Treaty of relations.

Brest-Litovsk and the First World War. Coexistence.
Lenin on Coexistence:
“By concluding a separate peace, we are freeing
ourselves in the largest measure possible at the
present moment from both warring imperialist
groups; by utilizing their mutual enmity we utilize
the war, which makes a bargain between them
against us difficult.”
Geneva Protocol:
The Geneva Protocol of 1924 required League
arbitration for all international conflicts and
established three criteria for a
universal obligation to assist victims Tip

They also
of the aggression. agreed to
normalise their
diplomatic
relations.
Coexistence.
Geneva Protocol:
“The Geneva Protocol, however, failed as well for
the same reason of the Treaty of Mutual
Assistance and all the other schemes for
collective security in the 1920s had failed. It went
too far for Great Britain and not nearly far enough
for France.”
-Kissinger
3 Criteria of Geneva
Protocol:
1. aggressors refusal to permit counsel to settle
the dispute
2. Aggressor's failure to submit the issue to
judicial settlement or arbitration
3. Victim's membership in scheme for general
disarmament.
No War No Peace:
“Trotsky advocated the policy of "no war, no
peace". Yet the weaker side has the option of
playing for time only against and adversary that
considers negotiations as operating according to
their own internal logic.”
Soviet Union used peace rhetoric for their
communist ideal.
Closing
Conclusion:
- Britain was afraid of France and did not want it
to become powerful and rule the Europe.
- As Britain backed Germany, Germany started
to play time. She also inflated her currency and
paid war debts nearly for free.
- European balance of power was very
important for British people but they had
unskilled diplomats.
Conclusion:
- Because of these diplomats, they evaluated
the balance wrongfully.
- Many country did not honor disarmament rule
of Versailles.
- Britain decreased the size of its army which is
not vital or important at all. Naval forces are
the primary mechanism for British sovereignty.
Conclusion:
- Because of these diplomats, they evaluated
the balance wrongfully.
- Many country did not honor disarmament rule
of Versailles.
- Britain decreased the size of its army which is
not vital or important at all. Naval forces are
the primary mechanism for British sovereignty.
Conclusion:
- For the better part of the period nations
displayed incoherences.
- Collective security couldn’t be formed but
they also did not want Germany or France to
get more powerful.
- These impacts formed a relationship between
Germany and Soviet Union.
Conclusion:
This being the case, there was always the possibility
that the two Continental giants might opt to partition
Eastern Europe between themselves rather than join a
coalition directed against the other. Thus it remained to
Hitler and Stalin, unfettered by the past and driven by
their lusts for power, to blow away the house of cards
assembled by the well meaning, peace loving, and
essentially timid statesmen of the interwar period.
-Kissinger
Sources
- Kissinger, Henry, Diplomacy. New York
et al.: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ki
ssinger
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_o
f_Rapallo_(1922)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_
Protocol_(1924)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_
Conference_(1922)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_o
f_Versailles
-