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Purposive Communication Reviewer

Accountancy (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila)

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PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION symbols, we are not the only creatures that engage in
nonverbal communication.
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES • Tends to do the work of communicating emotions
more than verbal.
David Berlo’ SMCR Model of Communication • no official grammar guides govern our use of
nonverbal signals.
• we are not the only creatures that engage in
nonverbal communication.

Verbal Communication

 Communication includes sounds, words, language, and

speech. Speaking is an effective way of communicating and
helps in expressing our emotions in word
Westley & Maclean Model
4 Types of Verbal Communication

1. Intrapersonal Communication
o This form of communication is extremely private
and restricted to ourselves
o It includes the silent conversations we have with
ourselves, wherein we juggle roles between the
sender and receiver who are processing our
thoughts and actions
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
o This process of communication when analyzed
Communication -a two-way process of giving and receiving can either be conveyed verbally to someone or
information through any number of channels. stay confined as thoughts.
2. Interpersonal Communication
Whether one is speaking informally to a colleague, addressing a o This form of communication takes place
conference or meeting, writing a newsletter article or formal report, between two individuals and is thus a one-on-
the following basic principles apply: one conversation.
o The two individuals involved will swap their roles
• Know your audience. of sender and receiver in order to communicate
• Know your purpose. in a clearer manner.
• Know your topic. 3. Small Group Communication
• Anticipate objections. o This type of communication can take place only
• Present a rounded picture. when there are more than two people involved.
• Achieve credibility with your audience. o the number of people will be small enough to
• Follow through on what you say. allow each participant to interact and converse
• Communicate a little at a time. with the rest
• Present information in several ways. o Press conferences, board meetings, and team
• Develop a practical, useful way to get feedback. meetings are examples of group communication.
• Use multiple communication techniques o *Unless a specific issue is being discussed, small
group discussions can become chaotic and
STYLES OF COMMUNICATION difficult to interpret by everybody. This lag in
understanding information completely can result
• Friendly, Sociable in miscommunication.
• Directive,Persuasive, Demanding, Blaming 4. Public Communication
• Speculative, Intuitive, Searching, Exploring, or o This type of communication takes place when
Intellectual one individual addresses a large gathering of
• Disclosing, Revealing, Explicit, Responsive, Accepting, people
and Aware o Election campaigns and public speeches are
example of this type of communication.
Non-verbal Communication o In such cases, there is usually a single sender of
information and several receivers who are being
• a process of generating meaning using behavior other
addressed.
than words.
• typically governed by the right side of the brain and Principles of Verbal Communications
verbal, the left.
• In terms of composition, although there are rules of 1. Language Has Rules - Language is a code, a collection of
grammar that structure our verbal communication, symbols, letters, or words with arbitrary meanings that are
no such official guides govern our use of nonverbal arranged according to the rules of syntax and are used to
signals. communicate.
• Whereas we humans are unique in our capacity to o Syntactic rules - govern the order of words
abstract and transcend space and time using verbal in a sentence.

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o Semantic rules - govern the meaning of • Respectful – values other as an integral part
words and how to interpret them. • Credit
o Contextual rules - govern meaning and
word choice according to context and social
custom.
2. Our Reality Is Shaped by Our Language
3. Language Is Arbitrary and Symbolic
2 type of word meanings:
o Denotative - the common meaning, often found
in the dictionary
o Connotative - not found in the dictionary but in
the community of users itself. It can involve an
emotional association with a word, positive or COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
negative, and can be individual or collective, but
is not universal. Globalization
4. Language Is Abstract
Language Organizes and Classifies Reality • Can be seen as referring to a process whereby the
o We all use systems of classification to navigate introduction of external elements changes the context in
through the world. which a given collectivity has hitherto evolved (Raboy,
o Imagine how confusing life would be if we had 2002)
no categories such as male/female, young/old, • Described as a structural phenomenon of increasing
tall/short, doctor/nurse/teacher. interdependence among various parts of the world, for
o These categories only become problematic when which the effects of an action feel at a distance has
we use them to uphold biases and ingrained produced a variety of economic, cultural, and social
assumptions that are no longer valid. changes that have shaped the world over the past 50 years
5. Language Organizes and Classifies Reality (Cornalli & Tirocchi, 2016)
o We all use systems of classification to navigate
through the world. Imagine how confusing life Globalization (baxter, 2018)
would be if we had no categories such as
male/female, young/old, tall/short, • we have the opportunity to view diverse perspectives that
doctor/nurse/teacher. These categories only were outside of our scope before; opens up your sense of
become problematic when we use them to what parts of the world are accessible to you, which in
uphold biases and ingrained assumptions that turn lays the foundation for an evolved worldview.
are no longer valid. • the world becomes more accessible and equitable in
general; Globalization creates a space for ideas to
ETHICAL COMMUNICATION transcend borders and social strata.
• When you can see the world through new eyes, you have
Ethics - The study of values & morals, of what is right and wrong. the opportunity to innovate and really develop new
educational opportunities, rethink how and why we
Communication - The impairing or exchanging of information or communicate and create new systems to do both.
news.
WORLD ENGLISHES
Ethical communication
• All are equal in the sense that each is best suited to the
• Is fundamental to thoughtful decision making and communication needs of its speakers.
responsible thinking • Some varieties, however, are more prestigious than others
• It is about developing and nurturing relationships and because of social attitudes about the speakers of these
building communities within & across context, cultures, varieties.
channels and media • The idea, in writing, is to adhere to the Standard English of
• Accepting responsibilities for the message you convey to one’s country because each variety, including those of the
others and the short term / long term consequences of US and UK, has its own peculiar or individual features.
your communication
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Principles of Ethical communication
Ways to Become Effective Intercultural Communicators:
• Beneficence – to promote good
• Nonmaleficence – to do no harm 1. Understanding what a culture is
• Autonomy – respect for others 2. Identifying how cultures differ from one another
• Veracity – honesty 3. Realizing how those differences influence communication
• Justice – fairness
Culture and Related Concepts:
Characteristics of an Ethical communicator
• Culture - is the system of shared values, beliefs, attitudes,
• Honesty – encourages free flow of ideas and norms that guide what is considered appropriate
• Confidentiality – protecting the privacy among an identifiable group of people. (Samovan,Porter,&
• Courtesy – sensitivity to cultural values / belief McDaniel, 2009)

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• Values - are the commonly accepted standards of what is Chronemics

considered right and wrong, good and evil, fair and unfair,
just and unjust. • Monochronic cultures - view time as a series of small units
• Intercultural Communication - refers to interactions that that occur sequentially. These cultures value punctuality,
occur between people whose cultures are so different that uninterrupted task completion, meeting deadlines,
the communication between them is altered. following plans, and doing things one thing at a time.
• Dominant culture - refers to the learned system of norm • Polychronic cultures - view time as a continuous flow.
held by the majority group of empowered people in a People who abide by this time orientation are comfortable
society. doing several things at once, having a flexible schedule or
• Co-culture - is a group comprised of a smaller number of none at all, and disregarding deadlines to satisfy other
people who have common values, beliefs, attitudes and needs.
customs that differ from those of the dominant culture.
• Cultural identity - is the part of our self-concept that is a Uncertainty Avoidance
based on how closely we associate with both the dominant
culture and various co-cultures • is the extent to which people desire to predict what is
• Ethnicity - is a classification of people based on going to happen.
combinations of shared characteristics such as nationality, • Low uncertainty avoidance cultures - tolerate uncertainty
geographic origin, language, religion, ancestral customs, and are less driven to control unpredictable people,
and traditions relationships, or events.
• High uncertainty avoidance cultures - have low tolerance
Factors that Contribute to the Formation of Co-cultures: for uncertainty and a high need to control unpredictable
people, relationships, or events.
1. Race
2. Ethnicity Masculinity/Femininity
3. Sex and Gender
4. Sexual Orientation • Masculine culture - members are expected to adhere to
5. Religion traditional gender roles.
6. Socioeconomic Status • Feminine culture - people assume a variety of roles and
7. Age/Generation are valued for doing so regardless of sex.
8. Disability
Long-term /Short-term Orientation
How Cultures Differ:
• Short-term oriented culture - tends to value rewards in
Individualism / Collectivism the here and now and thus, emphasizes quick results,
fulfilling social obligations, and getting to the bottom line
• Individualistic Cultures - value personal rights and efficiently.
responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s opinion, freedom, • Long-term oriented culture - emphasizes potential future
innovation, and self-expression. rewards that will eventually be realized after slow and
• Collectivist Cultures - value community, collaboration, steady perseverance toward achieving a mutually
shared interests, harmony, the public good, and avoiding acceptable result.
embarrassment.
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence:
Influence of Individualism / Collectivism on communication:
Potential Barriers
1. These affect self-concept and self-esteem
1. Anxiety
2. Highly individualistic cultures lead members to be assertive 2. Assumed Similarity or Difference
3. Ethnocentrism
3. These influence how people make group decisions 4. Stereotyping
5. Incompatible Communication Codes
Context 6. Incompatible Norms and Values

• Low-context cultures - speakers use words to convey most Competent Communication Strategies
of the meaning; verbal messages are direct, specific and
detailed. 1. Acquire Accurate Knowledge
• High-context cultures - speakers’ messages are a) Formal Study
understood from the context. b) Observation
• Low-context communicators to High - Be mindful that c) Immersion
building a good relationship first is important for long-term 2. Adopt an Appropriate Attitude
effectiveness; NV messages and gestures will probably be a) Tolerate ambiguity
more important than what is actually said. b) Be open-minded
• High-context communicators to Low - Recognize that the c) Be altruistic
verbal message should be taken at face value and direct 3. Develop Culture-Centered Skills
questions, assertions, and observations are not meant to a) Practice Listening
be offensive; Recognize that they might not notice or b) Practice Intercultural Empathy
understand indirect contextual cues. c) Develop Flexibility

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