TRIGONOMETRY

3
Problem 3: How many grads is π rad?
TOPIC 1 ANGLES 4
Solution:
Angle is the space between 2 rays  400 mils 
3 3  
intersecting at a point called the vertex. The π rad = π rad  2π rad 
4 4  
first ray where the measurement starts is
called the initial side and the second ray 3
π rad = 150 grads
where the measurement ends is the terminal 4
side.
Problem 4: What is the complement of
Terminal side 1
π rad?
3

 Solution:
1 1
Initial side Complement = π- π
2 3
Note: counterclockwise ---( + ) angle 3π  2π
Complement =
Clockwise ------------ ( – ) angle 6
1
Complement = π rad
 Units and Conversions 6

1 revolution = 360o
Problem 5: Find an angle in grad unit that is
I revolution = 2 rad
1 revolution = 400 grads two – thirds of its explement.
1 revolution= 6,400 mils
Solution:
 Angle Pairs
Let: x = the explement
Let A and B be 2 angles.
Complementary: A + B = 90o 2
x = the angle
Supplementary: A + B = 180o 3
Explementary: A + B = 360o
2
x+ x = 400
Problem 1: How many degrees is equivalent 3
to 640 mils? x = 240 grads ( explement )
Solution: 2
x = 160 grads ( the angle )
 360o  3
 
640 mils = 640 mils  6,400 mils 
 
Problem 6: Find an angle in degree unit
640 mils = 36o whose supplement exceeds five times its
complement by 30o?
Problem 2: Convert 120o to radian.
Solution:
Solution:
 2π 
  Let: x = the angle
120o = 120o  360 o 
180o – x = 5( 90o – x ) + 30o

120o =
2
π x = 75o
3
1
TOPIC 2: RIGHT TRIANGLE
3 + 5 = 8 > 7 ( ok )
A right triangle is one that has a right 3 + 7 = 10 > 5 ( ok )
angle. There are 6 parts, the 3 sides a, b and
c, and the 3 angle A, B and C. 5 + 7 = 12 > 3 ( ok )
The answer is C. ( 3, 5, 7 )

B
a c Example 8: Given the 2 legs of a triangle,
a = 5 cm and b = 12 cm.
C = 90o A 1. Compute the hypotenuse.
2. Compute the values of the 6 trigonometric
b functions of angle A.
Note: a and b are called the legs, and 3. Compute the angle at A and B
c is the hypotenuse
Solution:
 The Pythagorean Theorem: c2 = a2 + b2
 In any triangle, the sum of the 3 angles is B
equal to 180o. c
A + B + C = 180o a=5

For a right triangle: A + B = 90o A

 In any triangle, the sum of any 2 sides is b = 12
always greater than the 3rd side.
a + b > c, a + c > b, b + c > a 1. c2 = a2 + b2
c2 = ( 12 )2 + ( 5 )2
 The six trigonometric functions c2 = 169
a c c = 13 cm
sinA = cscA =
c a
b c a c
cosA = secA = 2. sinA = cscA =
c b c a
a b 5 13
tanA = cotA = sinA = cscA =
b a 13 5
b c
 The Inverse Trigonometric Functions cosA = secA =
c b
If sinA = y, then A = arcsin of y ( sin-1y )
12 13
If cosA = y, then A = arccos of y ( cos-1y ) cosA = secA =
13 12
If tanA = y, then A = arctan of y ( tan-1y )
If cotA = y, then A = arccot of y ( cot-1y ) a b
tanA = cotA =
If secA = y, then A = arcsec of y ( sec-1y ) b a
If cscA = y, then A = arccsc of y ( csc-1y ) 5 12
tanA = cotA =
12 5
Example 7: Which set of numbers could
represent the lengths of the sides of a
triangle?
3. sinA =
5
 
--------- A = sin1 135
13
A. ( 3, 3, 6 ) C. ( 3, 5, 7 ) A = 22.62o
B. ( 3, 9, 14 ) D. ( 1, 2, 3 )

Solution: sinB =
12
 
--------- B = sin1 13
12
13
The sum of any 2 sides is greater than the 3rd B = 67.38o
side. By checking the given choices, only
choice C forms a triangle.
2
Example 9: A ladder rests against the top of
the vertical wall of a building and makes an
angle of 68o with the ground. If the foot of the
ladder is 1.6 m from the wall, calculate the
height of the wall.
Solution:
Example 10: A tower is standing on a
horizontal ground. To calculate the height of
the tower, a surveyor at A, due east of the
tower, measures the angle of elevation of the
top of the tower and found it to be 28.4
degrees. He then moves to point B, directly
south of A, and measures the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower and found it to
be 23.6 degrees. Point B is 72.8 m from A.
Calculate the height of the tower.

Solution:
h
D N
W
E
68o
1.6 m S

h h
tan( 68o ) =
1 .6
h = 3.96 m

TOPIC 3: ANGLE OF ELEVATION &

ANGLE OF DEPRESSION
28.4o
A
Angle of elevation is the angle between the C
o
23.6
horizontal at eye level and the line of sight
when the object observed is above the line of 72.8 m
sight.

Triangle ACD has a right angle at C:

h
tan 28.4o  ------ AC = 1.85h --------- ( 1 )
Angle of AC
elevation eye level
Triangle BCD has a right angle at C:
Angle of depression is the angle between h
the horizontal at eye level and the line of sight tan 23.6o  -------- BC = 2.29h --------- ( 2 )
BC
when the object observed is below the line of
sight. Triangle BAC has a right angle at A:

BC2 = AC2 + AB2

eye level
Angle of ( 2.29h )2 = ( 1.85h )2 + 72.82
depression h = 53.94 m
Example 11: From the third floor of a building,
the angle of depression of an object on the
ground is 34o43’, while from the 6th floor
window 8.25 m above the 3rd floor, the angle
of depression is 52o25’. How far is the object
from the building?

3
Solution: Bearing of lines

B Line PA: N 45o W

52o25’
Line PB: N 50o E
Line PC: S 40o E
8.25 m
Line PD: S 70o W

34o43’ 2. The course or direction traveled by a

C
ship or an airplane is the clockwise
y
angle from the north or south direction
52o25’
to the line. In this text we specify
34o43’ A
course from the north only. Figure B
D x shows the course of 3 lines referred
from the north.
ADC: N
o y C
tan34 43’ = ------ y = 0.693x ------ ( 1 )
x A
ADB:
y  8.25 50o
tan52o25’ = ------ ------------ ( 2 ) W 134o
x
Substitute ( 1 ) to ( 2 ): P

315o
o 0.693x  8.25
tan52 25’ =
x
A
x = 13.60 m B

TOPIC 4: COURSE & BEARING S

Figure B
1. The Bearing of a line is the acute
angle from the N – S line or the E – W The course of PA is 50o, of PB is 134o and
line to the line. As shown in Figure A, of PC 315o.
the plane is divided into 4 quadrants by
the N – S and the E – W lines. The Problem 12: A motorist runs at a constant
bearings of 4 lines originating from rate 50 kph. From point A, he travels in the
point P are given as shown in Figure 8. direction due east to B for 2 hours. Then he
N shifted to the north direction and travel to C for
1.5 hours. Then he shifted to the direction 30o
A east of north and travels to D for 1 hour. Find
B the distance from A to D.

Solution:
45o 50o
x = 100 + 50( sin30o ) = 125 m
W E
P
y = 75 + 50( cos30o ) = 118.30 m
D 70o 40 o

D 2 = x2 + y2
D2 = ( 125 )2 + ( 118.30 )2
C D = 172.10 km
Figure A
S
4
 5( 3 ) = 15 NM
N

32o
D 122o
y x



6( 3 ) = 18 NM
50( 2 ) = 100 

Problem 13: Two ships leave a port at the

same time. Ship A on a course of 32o at 5
knots and ship B on a course of 122o at 6 TOPIC 5: OBLIQUE TRIANGLE
knots. How far apart are they after 3 hours?
At this instant, what is the bearing of ship A Oblique Triangle is a triangle with no right
from ship B? 1 knot = 1 nautical mi/hr = 1.852 angle.
km/hr.

Solution: C
Solving for the distance x: a b

x2 = 152 + 182
x2 = 549 B A
x = 23.43 NM c
Solving for : 1. The Sine Law
15 a b c
tan =  
18 sin A sinB sinC
 = 39.81o
Case 1: Given 2 angles and one side.
Solving for :
 = 180o – 132o Example 9: Given the 3 parts of a triangle:
 = 58o A = 48o, B = 74o, and a = 15 cm. Find the
measure of side b.
Solving for β:
β=- Solution:
β = 58o – 39.81o
β = 18.19o

Therefore the bearing of A from B at C = 58o

this instant is N 18.19o W. b a = 15

A = 48o B = 74o
c

5
 b a 2. If h = a, a right triangle is formed

sinB sinA
b 15

sin74o sin48o b
h a
b = 19.40 cm A
Example 14: A pole casts a shadow 15 ft long
when the angle of elevation of the sun is 61o. 3. If h < a and b > a, 2 triangles are formed
If the pole has leaned 15o from the vertical
directly towards the sun, determine the length
of the pole.
b
a
h
Solution:
A
1st triangle
14o
L b
o 105 o a h
61
A
15
L 15 2nd triangle

sin61o sin14 o 4. If h < a and b < a, 1 triangle is formed
L = 54.23 cm

Case 2: Given 2 sides and one angle opposite b a

h
one of the given 2 sides.
A

Example 15: For the given the parts of a

b triangle, how many triangles are possible.
a
h
1. A = 30o, a = 8 cm and b = 12 cm.
A 2. B = 60o, b = 5 cm and c = 12 cm
3. C = 40o, c = 15 cm and a = 10 cm
h
sinA = or h = bsinA
b Solution:

1.
The 4 possibilities:
b = 12 cm a = 8 cm
1. If h > a, no triangle formed h

A = 30o
b
a h = bsinA = 12sin30o
h
h = 6 cm
A h < a and b > a
Therefore there are 2 triangles.
6
2. 8 12
 ------------------- B = 48.59o
sin30o sinB

c = 12 cm b = 5 cm
h C = 180o – 30o – 48.59o ------- C = 101.41o

B = 60o 8 c
 ------------ c = 15.68 cm
sin30o sin101.41o
h = csinB = 12sin60o
h = 6 cm
a<h 2nd triangle:

Therefore no triangle is possible.

C
3. b = 12 cm
a = 8 cm
B
a = 10 cm A = 30o
c = 15 cm
h
B = 180o – 48.59o ---------------- B = 131.41o
o
C = 40
C = 180o – 30o – 131.41o ------ C = 18.59o
o
h = asinC = 10sin40 8 c
 ------------ c = 5.10 cm
h = 6.43 cm sin30o sin18.59o
a < h and a > c

Therefore there is one triangle. 2. The Cosine Law

Example 16: For the given parts of a triangle, c2 = a2 + b2 – 2abcosC

A = 30o, a = 8 cm and b = 12 cm, solve for the b2 = a2 + c2 – 2accosB
possible values of the parts. a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bccosA

Solution: Case 1: Given 2 sides and included angle

Example 17: A ship P sails at a steady speed

b = 12 cm of 45 kph in a direction N 32o W from a port.
a = 8 cm At the same time, another ship Q leaves the
h
port at a steady speed of 35 kph in a direction
A = 30o N 15o E. Determine their distance apart after
4 hours.
h = bsinA = 12sin30o
h = 6 cm Solution:
6 < 8 and 12 > 8 x

Therefore there are 2 triangles.

st
1 triangle:

C
b = 12 cm a = 8 cm
x2 = ( 140 )2 + ( 180 )2 – 2( 140 )( 180 )cos47o
o
A = 30 B x = 132.77 km

7
Case 2: Given 3 sides The sign Chart

Example 18: Triangle ABC has sides a = 9 II ( 90o <  < 180o ) I ( 0 <  < 90o )
cm, b = 7.5 cm, and c = 5 cm. Find the
measure of the 3 angles. Sin and Csc All trigo. functions
are + are +
Solution:
Note: If 3 sides are given, solve for first the III ( 180o <  < 270o ) IV ( 270o <  < 360o )
biggest angle opposite the longest side.
Tan and Cot Cos and Sec
are + are +
B
a = 9 cm c = 5 cm
Example 19: An angle in standard position
has the point ( - 3, 5 ) on its terminal side.
C A Find the cosine of the angle.
b = 7.5 cm
Solution:
( 9 )2 = ( 5 )2 + ( 7.5 )2 – 2( 5 )( 7.5 )cosA
A = 89.81o P( - 3, 5 )
5 9 r
 y=5
sin C sin 89.81o

C = 33.75o
x=-3
7.5 9

sin B sin 89.81 o r= x2 y2 =   3 2   5 2
B = 56.44o r= 34
x
TOPIC 6: ANGLE IN STANDARD cos =
r
POSITION
3
cos =
The six trigonometric functions of  34
y r
sin  = csc  = 3 34
r y cos = 
34
x r
cos  = sec  =
r x Example 20: Given an angle in standard
y x position. Determine which quadrant the
tan  = cot  = terminal side of the given angle falls if
x y
1. cscD < 0 and cosD > 0
2. tanX < 0 and secX < 0
terminal 3. tany > 0
side P( x, y )
Solution:
initial
r side 1. 4th quadrant ( +x and – y )
y
 2. 2nd quadrant ( - x and +y )

x 3. 1st and 3rd quadrants

( +x and +y or – x and – y )
where r = x2  y2 .

8
TOPIC 7: TRIGONOMETRIC 1  cos A
3. tan2 21 A 
IDENTITIES 1  cos A

 Eight Fundamental Identities  Product to Sum Identities

1. sin2A + cos2A = 1 1. 2sinAcosB = sin( A + B ) + sin( A – B )
2. sec2A = 1 + tan2A 2. 2cosAsinB = sin( A + B ) – sin( A – B )
3. csc2A = 1 + cot2A 3. 2cosAcosB = cos( A + B ) + cos( A – B )
sin A 4. –2sinAsinB = cos( A + B ) – cos( A – B )
4. tanA =
cos A
cos A  Sum to Product Identities
5. cotA =
sin A  A B  A B
1. sinA + sinB = 2 sin  cos 
1  2   2 
6. cscA =
sin A
1  A B  A B
7. secA = 2. sinA – sinB = 2 cos  sin 
cos A  2   2 
1
8. cotA =  A B  A B
tan A 3. cosA + cosB = 2 cos  cos 
 2   2 
 Sum and Difference Identities
 A B  A B
4. cosA – cosB =  2 sin  sin 
1. sin( A  B ) = sinAcosB  cosAsinB  2   2 
2. cos( A  B ) = cosAcosB  sinAsinB
tan A  tan B Example 21: Given that A and B are acute
3. tan( A  B ) =
1  tan A tan B angles. If cosA = 0.42 and sinB = 0.73,
evaluate
 Double Angle Identities 1. cos( A – B )
2. tan( A + B )
1. sin2A = 2sinAcosA
2. cos2A = cos2A – sin2A Solution 1: Using trigonometric Identities
3. cos2A = 2cos2A – 1
4. cos2A = 1 – 2sin2A From angle A:
2 tan A 0.42 adjacent
5. tan2A = cos A  
1  tan2 A 1 hypotenuse

 sin2A, cos2A, and tan2A in terms of cos2A

1 cos2A
1. sin2A =
2 1
2 1 cos2A 12   0.42  2  0.9075
2. cos A =
2 A
2 1  cos2A
3. tan A = 0.42
1  cos2A
opposite 0.9075
sin A    0.9075
 Half Angle Identities hypotenuse 1

1  cos A opposite 0.9075

1. sin2 21 A  tan A    2.1607
2 adjacent 0.42
1  cos A
2. cos 2 A 
2 1
2

9
From angle B: Solution:
0.73 opposite
sinB   Angle A: sin is ( + ) and tan is ( - ) ---- A in QII.
1 hypotenuse 1 y
sin A   ----- y = 1, and r = 2.
2 r
Solve for x: x = r2 y2
1
0.73
B x=   2 2   1 2
12  0.73  2 x=  3 ( - x in QII )

= 0.683 x  3
cos A  
r 2
adjacent 0.683
cos B    0.683 Angle B: cos is ( - ) and cot is ( + ) --- B in QIII.
hypotenuse 1
 2 x
opposite 0.73 cos B   --- x =  2 , and r = 2.
tan B    1.0688 2 r
adjacent 0.683
Solve for y: y = r2 x2

1. cos(A–B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB

= (0.42)(0.683) + (0.9075)(0.73)
y=   2 2    2 
2

= 0.9493 y=  2 ( - x in QIII )

tan A  tan B y  2
2. tan( A + B ) = sinB  
1  tan A tan B r 2
2.1607  1.0688
tan( A + B ) = 1. sin2A = 2sinAcosA
1  2.1607 1.0688 
 1   3 
tan( A + B ) = – 2.47 = 2  
 2  2 

Solution 2: Solving for the angles  3
sin2A =
1. cosA = 0.42 ----- A = 65.165o 2
sinB = 0.73 ------ B = 46.886o
1
2. Note: B in QIII, so B is in QII. cos 21 B is
cos( A – B ) = cos( 65.165o + 46.886o ) 2
negative.
cos( A – B ) = cos( 112.051o )
cos( A – B ) = 0.9495 2 
cos 1 B = 
1 cos B
2
2. tan( A + B ) = tan( 65.165o + 46.886o )  2
tan( A + B ) = tan( 112.051o ) 1
=  2

tan( A + B ) = – 2.47 2
2 2
Example 22: Given that sinA = 1/2 and
=  2

2 2
tanA < 0; cosB =  and cot B > 0.
2
Find 2 
cos 1 B = 
2
2
2
1. sin2A 3. sin( B – A )
2. 2 
cos 1 B

10
3. sin(B – A) = sinBcosA – cosBsinA Example 25: The interior angles of a triangle
 are A, B and C. If tanAtanBtanC = 8.24, find
2   3   2   1 
=       the value of tanA + tanB + tanC.
 2   2   2   2 
    
Solution:
6 2
=
4 The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180o.

A + B + C = 180o
1  tan 2 
Example 23: Simplify: A + B = 180o – C
1  tan 2  tan( A + B ) = tan( 180o – C )
tan A  tan B tan 180 o  tan C
A. 1 + 2sin C. 1- 2cos2 =
B. 1 – 2sin2 D. 1 + cos2 1  tan A tan B 1  tan 180 o tan C
tan A  tan B
Solution: = – tan C
1  tan A tan B
tanA + tanB = - tanC + tanAtanBtanC
1  tan 2  1 sin2 θ
cos 2 θ tanA + tanB + tanC = tanAtanBtanC
=
1  tan 2  1 sin2 θ
cos 2 θ tanA + tanB + tanC = 8.24
cos 2 θ  sin2 θ
2
cos θ
=
cos 2 θ  sin2 θ TOPIC 8: CONDITIONAL EQUATIONS
cos 2 θ

cos 2 θ  sin2 θ Example 26: Solve 1.5tanx – 1.8 = 0 for

= 0 ≤ x ≤ 360o.
1
A. 50.19o, 331.58o C. 50.19o, 129.81o
1  tan 2  B. 50.19o, 230.19o D. 50.19o, 219.81o
= 1 – 2sin2
1  tan 2 
Solution:

Example 24: If sin2A = cos4B, find the value 1.5tanx – 1.8 = 0

of A + 2B. 1.5tanx = 1.8
A. 30o C. 60o tanx = 1.2
B. 45o D. 90o
Since tanx is positive, x can be in QI or in QIII.
Solution:
In QI: tanx = 1.2
x = 50.19o
90o – U c In QIII: x = 180o + 50.19o
a
x = 230.19o
U
b
Example 27: Solve cosx – sin2x = 0 for
a a 0 ≤ x ≤ 360o.
Note: sinU = and cos( 90o – U ) = A. 30o, 90o, 120o, 270o
c c
C. 60o, 150o, 180o, 300o
Therefore: sin U = cos( 90o – U ) B. 45o, 75o, 135o, 315o
D. 15o, 90o, 225o, 330o
sin2A = cos4B Solution:
sin2A = sin( 90o – 4B )
2A = 90o – 4B cosx – sin2x = 0
2A + 4B = 90o cosx – 2sinxcosx = 0
A + 2B = 45o cosx( 1 – 2sinx ) = 0
cosx = 0 and 1 – 2sinx = 0
11
Consider: cosx = 0. Add ( 1 ) and ( 2 ):
o o
x = 90 or x = 270 x + y = 55o
x – y = 25o
Consider: 1 – 2sinx = 0.
2x = 80o
sinx = ½
x = 40o
x = 30o or x = 120o
Example 30: If arcsin( 3x – 4y ) = 1.571 and
Therefore: x = 30o, 90o, 120o, 270o. arcos( x – y ) = 1.047, find x.
A. 1 C. 3
Example 28: Solve 2sin2t – cost – 1 = 0 for B. 2 D. 4
0 ≤ t ≤ 360o.
Solution:
Solution:
arcsin( 3x – 4y ) = 1.571
2sin2t – cost – 1 = 0
3x – 4y = sin( 1.571 )
2( 1 – cos2t ) – cost – 1 = 0
3x – 4y = 1 --------- ( 1 )
2 – 2cos2t – cost – 1 = 0
– 2cos2t – cost + 1 = 0 arcos( x – y ) = 1.047

2cos2t + cost – 1 = 0 x – y = cos( 1.047 )

( 2cost – 1 )( cost + 1 ) = 0 x – y = 0.50 ------ ( 2 )

2cost – 1 = 0 and cost + 1 = 0

Add ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) times 4:
Consider: 2cost – 1 = 0 3x – 4y = 1
cost = ½ 4x – 4y = 2
t = 60o or t = 300o –x =–1
x=1
Consider: cost + 1 = 0
cost = – 1
t = 180o

Therefore: t = 60o, 180o, 300o.

Example 29: If sin( x + y ) = 0.819152 and

sin( x – y ) = 0.422618, find x.
A. 15o C. 30o
o
B. 20 D. 40o

Solution:

sin( x + y ) = 0.819152
x + y = sin- 1( 0.819152 )
x + y = 55o ------- ( 1 )

sin( x – y ) = 0.422618
x – y = sin- 1 ( 0.422618 )
x – y = 25o ------- ( 2 )

12