CHAPTER 3: PLANE GEOMETRY

POLYGONS

Polygon is derived from two Greek following are some of the names of the
words, “ poly “ meaning many and “ gonia “ polygons.
meaning angle. Thus, a polygon is a
closed plane figure bounded by line Number of sides Name
segments as the sides and with three or 3 Triangle
more angles. There are as many sides as 4 Quadrilateral
many angles in a polygon. The figure below or Quadrangle
shows examples of polygons. 5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon
11 Undecagon
12 Dodecagon
13 Tridecagon
(a) (b) 14 Tetradecagon
15 Pentadecagon
or Quindecagon
16 Hexadecagon
17 Heptadecagon
18 Octadecagon
19 Nondecagon
20 Icosagon
30 Triacontagon
(c)
40 Tetracontagon
50 Pentacontagon
60 Hexacontagon
Figure 1
70 Pentacontagon
80 Octacontagon
A convex polygon is a polygon having
90 Enneacontagon
each interior angle less than 180o. A
100 Hectagon
concave polygon is a polygon having one
1000 Chillagon
or more angles greater than 180o. Figure 1
10,000 Myriagon
( a ) is an example of a convex polygon and
Figure 1 ( b ) is an example of a concave
Other names can be formed by the
polygon. A polygon is regular if all the sides
following prefixes and suffixes listed below.
are equal and all the interior angles are
equal, otherwise it is irregular. Figure 1 Prefix Suffix
( c ) is an example of a regular polygon.
The polygons on Figure 1 ( a ) and ( b ) are Icosikai ( 20 + __ ) heangon ( 1 )
irregular. Triacontakai ( 30 + __ ) digon ( 2 )
Tetracontakai ( 40 + __ ) trigon ( 3 )
Polygons are named according to the Pentacontakai ( 50 + __ ) tetragon ( 4 )
number of sides that they have. The Hexacontakai ( 60 + __ ) pentagon ( 5 )

44
 Heptakontakai ( 70 + __ ) hexagon ( 6 ) Number of Diagonals ( D )
Octacontakai ( 80 + __ ) heptagon ( 7 )
Enneacontakai ( 90 + __ ) octagon ( 8 ) D=
n
n  3 
2
enneagon ( 9 )

So for example, a polygon with 37 4. Circumscibed circle – a circle drawn

sides is called a tricontakaiheptagon, with 54
sides is called pentacontakaitetragon and a
polygon with 82 sides is called an
octacontakaidigon.
which touches all the vertices of a
regular polygon. The radius of this
circle is the distance from any vertex to
the center.

 Properties of a Polygon

A α β

D circumscribed circle of circumcircle

E 5. Inscribed circle – a circle drawn inside

a regular polygon which is tangent to all
its sides. The radius of this circle is the
perpendicular distance from any side to
the center. This radius is called the
apothem of the polygon.
1. Interior Angle – is the angle inside the
polygon bounded by 2 adjacent sides.
Angle α is an example of an interior
angle.

Sum of Interior Angles ( Si )

Si = ( n – 2 )180o

2. Exterior Angle – is the angle outside

the polygon bounded by a side and the
prolongation of the adjacent side. r
Angle β is an example of an exterior apothem
angle.

Sum of Exterior Angles ( Se )

Se = 360o inscribed circle or incircle

3. Diagonal – a line segment connecting 2

adjacent vertices. Segment BE is a
diagonal of the polygon above.

45
Illustrative Examples: b) The polygon is a dodecagon.

1. Given a 14 – sided polygon. c) S = ( n – 2 )180o

a) Compute the sum of its interior S = ( 12 – 2 )180o
angles. S = 1,800o
b) Compute the number of diagonals
of the polygon. 1,800 o
Each interior angle =
c) If it is a regular polygon, what is 12
the measure of each exterior
angle. Each interior angle = 150o.

Solution: 3. A regular octagon is inscribed in a

circle of radius 20 inches.
a) S = ( n – 2 )180o a) Find the area of the octagon.
b) Find the perimeter of the octagon.
S = ( 14 – 2 )180o c) Compute the angle between two
S = 2,160o adjacent sides.

Solution:
D = n  3
n
b)
2 a) Divide the octagon into 8 equal
triangles as shown below.
D=
14
14  3
2
D = 77

360o
c) Each exterior angle =
14
Each exterior angle = 25.714o
20 45o 20

2. A regular polygon has 54 diagonals. x

a) How many sides are there in the
polygon?
b) What is the name of the polygon? The area of the octagon is 8 times the
c) What is the measure of each area of one triangle.
interior angle?

Solution: A=8  1
2
 20 2 sin 45o 
A = 1,131.37 in2

a) D=
n
n  3 b) Consider one triangle. By cosine
2
law
54 = n  3 
n
2
x2 = 202 + 202 – 2( 20 )( 20 )cos45o
108 = n2 – 3n x = 15.31 in
n2 – 3n – 108 = 0
( n + 9 )( n – 12 ) = 0 Perimeter ( P ) = 8x
n = - 9 and n = 12 P = 8( 15.31 )
n = 12 sides P = 122.48 in

46
 c) The angle between two adjacent b) Divide the hexagon into six equal
vertices is the interior angle of the triangles. Each triangle is
octagon. equilateral.

S = ( n – 2 )180o
S = ( 8 – 2 )180o
S = 1,080o

6 a
1,080
Each interior angle =
8
60o
Each interior angle = 135o
a
sin60o 
4. Two equilateral triangles each with 18 6
cm sides overlap each other such that a = 5.20 cm
the overlapping area is a regular
hexagon.
c) The area of the hexagon is 6
a) Find the length of each side of the times the area of the smaller
hexagon. equilateral triangular parts.
b) Find the apothem.
c) Compute the overlapping area.
1
A  6 (6)(5.2)
Solution: 2
A = 93.60 cm2
a) The overlapping area is shaded
as shown.

TRIANGLES

A triangle is a three – sided polygon.

The three sides denoted by a, b, and c; and
the three interior angles denoted by A, B,
and C.

a C b

B
A
c

The length of the side of the hexagon

is one – third of the side of the triangle.  Area of a Triangle

1. General formula:
18
Length of side = The area of a triangle is equal to one –
3
half the product of the base and the
Length of side = 6 cm altitude to that side.

47
 B

h
A C
b
b b 2 sin A sin C
A= .
2 sin B
1
A= bh
2
5. Three sides are given:
( Heron’s Formula )
2. Area of a right triangle:
The area of a right triangle is equal to
one – half the product of the two legs.
a
c

a
b

b A= s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)

1
A = ab
2 abc
where S = called the
2
semi – perimeter.
3. Two sides and their included
angle are given:
The area of a triangle is equal to the
Illustrative Examples:
one – half the product of 2 given sides
and the sine of their included angle. 1. Two sides of a triangle measure 12 cm
and 18 cm, and intersect at an angle of
48o. Compute the area of the triangle.

a Solution:


12 cm
b
1 48o
A= ab sin 
2
18 cm
1
4. Two angles and any side are given: A  (12)(18) sin48o
If two angles are given, the third angle 2
can be computed, and the area of the A = 80.26 sq. cm.
triangle is given by the formula
2. Two interior angles of a triangle
measure 86o and 72o. The measure of
the longest side is 15 inches. What is
the area of the triangle?

48
 Solution: c/2
a/2 centroid

h
86o c/2
a/2
h/3

 72o
b/2 b/2
15
Note: The centroid of the triangle is at
 = 180 - ( 86 + 72 )
o o o a distance of h/3 from any side,
where h is the altitude to that
 = 22o side.
The longest side is opposite the
largest interior angle, thus, the 15 3. Angle bisector – is a line segment
cm side is opposite the 86o angle. drawn from a vertex to the opposite
side and bisecting the vertex angle.
There are three angle bisectors of a
(15 )2 sin 22 o sin 72 o
A given triangle. The angle bisectors
2 sin 86 o intersect at a common point called the
A = 40.18 sq. in. incenter. The incenter is the center of
the inscribed circle of the given triangle.

B
 Properties of a Triangle
B/2
B/2 incenter
1. Altitude – is a line segment drawn
from a vertex perpendicular to the
opposite side. There are three
altitudes to a given triangle. The
altitudes intersect at a common point A/2
C/2
called the orthocenter.
C/2 A/2 A
C
x y
orthocenter

a c
relationship between sides: 
x y
Area of the triangle: A = r S
Where: A is the area of the triangle
r is the radius of the inscribed circle
abc
2. Median – is a line segment drawn from S= ( semi - perimeter )
a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite 2
side. There are three medians of a
given triangle. The medians intersect 4. Perpendicular bisector – is a line
at a common point which is the segment drawn perpendicular to a side
centroid of the triangle. passing through the midpoint. There
are three perpendicular bisectors of a
given triangle. The perpendicular
bisectors intersect at a common point
called the circumcenter. The
circumcenter is the center of the

49
 circumscribed circle of the given 6. The line segment joining the midpoints
triangle. of two sides is parallel to the third side.
The length of this segment is one – half
of the third side to which it is parallel.

b
R
b/2 c
a a
a/2
c/2
c
b

incenter

Illustrative Examples:

1. The sides of a triangle measure 12 cm,

abc
Area of the triangle: A=
4R
Where: a, b, and c are the 3 sides
R is the radius of the circumscribed
circle.
5. Excircle or Escribed Circle
An excircle or escribed circle of the
triangle is a circle lying outside the
triangle, tangent to one of its sides and
tangent to the extensions of the other
two. Every triangle has three distinct
excircles, each tangent to one of the
triangle's sides.
18 cm, and 10 cm.
a) Find the length of the altitude to
the longest side.
b) Find the length of the median to
the longest side.
c) Find the length of the angle
bisector of the largest angle.
d) Find the length of the line
segment joining the midpoints of
the 12 – cm and 18 – cm sides.
Solution:
a)

10 12
h
bisector of 

 bisector of A
18

a r excircle By cosine law:

A ( 12 )2 = ( 10 )2 + ( 18 )2 – 2(10 )( 18 )cos
β  = 38.94o
bisector of β h
sin =
10
h
Area of the triangle: A = r( s- a ) sin 38.94o =
10
Where: s = semiperimeter
r = radius of the excircle h = 6.29 cm
a = the side the excircle is
tangent to

50
b) b) Find the radius of the inscribed
circle.
c) Find the radius of the circmscribed
10 12 circle.
x d) Find the radius of the excircle
tangent to side AB.
 e) Find the distance from vertex C to
9 9 the incenter.

By cosine law: Solution:

x2 = ( 10 )2 + ( 9 )2 – 2( 10 )( 9 )cos38.94o
a) B
x = 6.40 cm

15 12
c)
angle bisector
C A
18
10 12
y By Heron’s Formula:

18 – a abc
a S
2
10 12 12  15  18
 S
a 18  a 2
8 = 8.18 cm S = 22.5

By cos law:
A  s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c )
y2 = (10)2 + (8.18)2 – 2(10)(8.18)cos38.94o
A  22.5(22.5  12)(22.5  15)(22.5  18)
y = 6.30 cm
A = 89.29 sq. in
d)
b)
B
10 12
L
15
r 12
18

10
L=
2 C A
18
L = 5 cm A = rs
89.29 = r( 22.5 )
r = 3.97 in
2. Three sides of a triangle are AB = 12
in, BC = 15 in, and AC = 18 in.
a) Find the area of the triangle.

51
c) r
sin( C/2 ) =
d
3.97
sin20.705o =
15 12 d
d = 11.23 cm

18 QUADRILATERALS

A Quadrilateral is a four – sided

polygon. The figure below shows a
quadrilateral.

abc B
A
4r
C
12(15)(18)
89.29 
4r
r = 9.07 in
A

d) D

The four segments

AB , BC, CD, and DA are called the
sides, and the points A, B, C, and D are
15 r called the vertices. The angles
c = 12
A, B, C, and D are called the
18 interior angles and the segments
A = r( s – c ) AC and BD are called the diagonals.
89.29 = r( 22.5 – 12 )
r = 8.50 cm  Parallelogram
A Parallelogram is a quadrilateral with
e) two sets of opposite sides that are equal and
B parallel.

B C

15 12

d
r
C/2
C A A D
18
By cos law:
The following are the properties of a
122 = ( 15 )2 + ( 18 )2 – 2( 15 )( 18 )cosC parallelogram:
C = 41.41o 1. opposite sides are equal and parallel,

52
2. diagonals bisect each other, and a) Find the area of the parallelogram.
3. adjacent angles are supplementary. b) Find the measure of the longer
side.
c) Find the measure of the smaller
Area of Parallelograms: angle of the parallelogram.

1. The area of a parallelogram is equal to Solution:

the product of the base (side) and the
corresponding altitude.

8
10 α 12
h
12  8

b
a) By cos law:
A = bh 102 = 82 + 122 – 2( 8 )( 12 )cos

2. The area of a parallelogram is equal to  = 55.77o

the product of the two sides and the 1
sine of their included angle. A d1d2 sin
2
1
A  (16)(24) sin55.77o
2
a
A = 158.74 sq. cm.

b)
b  = 180o – 55.77o
 = 124.23o
A = absin

3. The area of a parallelogram is equal to By cosine law:

one – half the product of the diagonals
and the sine of their included angle. b2 = 82 + 122 – 2( 8 )( 12 )cos124.23o
b = 17.78 cm

d1 c)

d2 
10
16

1 
A= d1d2 sin 
2 17.78

Illustrative Example: By cosine law:

1. The diagonals of a parallelogram 162 = 102 + 17.782 – 2( 10 )( 17.78 )cos

measure 16 cm and 24 cm. The  = 63.24o
shorter side measures 10 cm.

53
 Rhombus
d1
A Rhombus is a parallelogram with four
equal sides.
d2
B a C

1
A= d1d2
a a 2

Illustrative Example:
A a D
1. The side and the longer diagonal of a
The following are the properties of a rhombus measure 100 m and 160 m
rhombus: respectively.
1. opposite sides are equal and parallel, a) Find the length of the shorter
2. diagonals bisect and perpendicular to diagonal.
each other, and b) Find the area of the rhombus.
3. adjacent angles are supplementary. c) Find the smaller interior angle of
the rhombus.

Area of Rhombus: Solution:

1. The area of a rhombus is equal to the

product of the side and the altitude to 80
that side.
100
x

a)
By Pythagorean Theorem:
a
A = ah x2 + ( 80 )2 = ( 100 )2
x2 = 3600
2. The area of a rhombus is equal to the
product of the two sides and the sine of x = 60
their included angle. Shorter diagonal = 2x = 120 m

b)
a 1
A= d1d2
2

a A
1
160120
2
A = a2sin
A = 9600 sq. m.

3. The area of a rhombus is equal to one

– half the product of the diagonals.

54
 c) b) Find the perimeter of the rectangle.
c) Find the area of the rectangle.
Solution:
100
Let: x = the width of the rectangle
y = the length of the rectangle


100 a)

A = a2sin
9,600 = ( 100 )2sin
 = 73.74o x+5 x

y
 Rectangle
A Rectangle is a parallelogram with all y+5
the angles are right. The shorter side is
called the width and the longer side is ( x + 5 )( y + 5 ) = xy + 50
called the length. xy + 5y + 5x + 25 = xy + 50
5x + 5y = 25
x + y = 5 --------- ( 1 )

L x x+3
y
A = LW

The following are the properties of a y–2

rectangle:
( x + 3 )( y – 2 ) = xy + 5
1. opposite sides are equal and parallel,
2. adjacent sides are perpendicular to xy – 2x + 3y – 6 = xy + 5
each other, and
3. all the angles are right. – 2x + 3y = 11 ---------- ( 2 )

( 1 ) x 2 and ( 2 ) eliminate x:
Illustrative Example:
2x + 2y = 10
–
1. If the length and width of a rectangle – 2x + 3y = 11
are each increased by 5 inches, the
5y = 21
area will increase by 50 sq. in. If the
width is increased by 3 in. and the y = 4.2 in
length is decreased by 2 in., the area
will increase by 5 sq. in. substitute to ( 1 )
x+ y=5
a) Find the dimensions ( length and x + 4.2 = 5
width ) of the rectangle. x = 0.8 in

55
 The dimensions are 4.2 in by 0.8 in. x

b)
P = 2x + 2y y

P = 2( 0.8 ) + 2( 4.2 ) x

P = 10 in. y
no fence
c)
A = xy x y
A = 0.8( 4.2 )
From the total length of fence:
A = 3.36 sq. in.
4x + 2y = 500
2x + y = 250
 Square y = 250 – 2x ------- ( 2 )
A Square is a rectangle with four equal
sides. Substitute ( 2 ) to ( 1 ):

x2 + ( 250 – 2x )2 = 12,500
x + ( 62,500 – 1,000x + 4x2 ) = 12,500
2

a 5x2 – 1,000x + 50,000 = 0

x2 – 200x + 10,000 = 0

a ( x – 100 )2 = 0
x – 100 = 0
A = a2
x = 100 m
The following are the properties of a Substitute to ( 2 ):
square: y = 250 – 2( 100 )
1. four sides are equal,
y = 50 m
2. adjacent sides are perpendicular to
each other, and The sides of the lots are 50m and 100 m
3. all the angles are right angles

Illustrative Example:
1. Two square lots lie adjacent to each
other. The total area of the two lots is
12,500 m2. To enclose the two lots by a
single enclosure will require 500 m of
fence. Find the length of the sides of
each lot.
 Trapezoid
A Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one
set of opposite sides that are parallel. The
parallel sides a and b are called the bases
and the perpendicular distance h between
them is the altitude of the trapezoid. The
segment connecting the midpoints of the two
non – parallel sides is called the median.

Solution: The following are the properties of a

trapezoid:
From their areas: 1. one set of opposite sides are parallel,
2. adjacent angles are supplementary, and
x2 + y2 = 12,500 ------------ ( 1 ) 3. the median is parallel to the bases and

56
 its length is equal to one half the sum of  Cyclic Quadrilateral
the bases.. A Cyclic Quadrilateral is a quadrilateral
with all four of its vertices lying on the
a circumference of a circle. The four sides are
denoted by a, b, c, and d; the interior angles
by A, B, C, and D. The circle is called the
h circumscribed circle.
c d

b
a A b
median = 1 (a  b)
2
D d2
 B
1
A  (a  b)h d1
2 d c

or A = mh C

Illustrative Example:

1. A trapezoid has parallel sides 13 cm cimcumcircle
and 21 cm long. The longer of the two
nonparallel sides is 17 cm, and the Properties of a Cyclic Quadrilateral
shorter is perpendicular to the parallel 1. The opposite angles are
sides. What is the area of the supplementary.
trapezoid?
A + C = 180o and B + D = 180o
Solution:
2. An exterior angle is equal to the
measure of the opposite interior angle.
a = 13
 = A and 

17 3. The product of the diagonals is equal to

h the sum of the products of the opposite
sides.( Ptolemy’s Theorem )
8
d1d2 = ac + bd
b = 21
Area of a Cyclic Quadrilateral
h2 + ( 8)2 = ( 17 )2 ( Bramaguptha’s Formula )
h2 = 225 A s  as  bs  cs  d ,
h = 15
abcd
A
1
(a  b)h where s  .
2 2

1 Radius of the circumscribed circle:

A (13  21)(15)
2 ab  cdac  bd ad  bc 
r
2 4A
A = 255 m
where A is the area of the quadrilateral.

57
Illustrative Example: ab + cd = 414.28
ac + bd = 310.4
1. Three sides of a cyclic quadrilateral ad + bc = 295.04
ABCD are AB = 6 cm, BC = 10 cm and
CD = 17 cm. The diagonals AC and BD  414.28  310.4  295.04 
are 14.66 cm and 21.17 cm respectively.
r
4( 146.11)
a) Find the 4th side AD
b) Find the area of the quadrilateral r = 10.54 cm
c) Find the radius of the circumscribed
circle.
 General Quadrilateral
Solution:
A General Quadrilateral is a
D
quadrilateral with no equal sides and does
not qualify on any of the preceding
classifications on quadrilaterals. The four
sides are denoted by a, b, c, and d; the
interior angles by A, B, C, and D.
17 d
21.17
a b
A
14.66
d1
C A B
10 6 D

B d2
d c
a) By Ptolemy’s Theorem: C

d1d2 = ac + bd
( 21.17 )( 14.66 ) = 6( 17 ) + 10d
d = 20.84 cm Area of a General Quadrilateral
1. Given two diagonals and their included
angle
b) 1
A  d1d 2 sin 
abc d 2
s
2
2. Given four sides and sum of 2 opposite
6  10  17  20.84
s angles
2
s = 26.92 A s  as  bs  cs  d  abcd cos2 

A s  as  bs  c s  d where  

AC
or  
BD
.
2 2
A  20.92  16.92  9.92  6.08 
Illustrative Examples:
A = 146.11 cm2
1. Find the area of a quadrilateral with
c) diagonals measure 24 inches and 30

r
ab  cdac  bdad  bc  inches and intersect at an angle of 52o.
4A

58
 Solution:  Quadrilateral Circumscribing a
Circle

d1 = 24 A Quadrilateral circumscribes a circle if

52o there is a circle that can be drawn inside the
quadrilateral which is tangent to the four
d2 = 30 sides. The circle is called the inscribed
circle. The four sides are denoted by a, b, c,
and d.

a
1
A d1d2 sin
2

A  2430 sin 52o

1
2
b
A = 238.68 in2 d
r

2. A quadrilateral has sides a = 12 cm,

b = 18 cm, c = 20 cm, and d = 22.12 c
cm. The sum of 2 opposite angles is
170o. Find the area of the quadrilateral.

Solution: A property of this quadrilateral is shown in

the figure below.
b = 18

A
a = 12 z x

c = 20

x
C d = 22.12 z

AC y
 r
2
170o w
 y
2
 = 85o
w
abc d
s
2
12  18  20  22.12
s Area: A abcd
2
s = 36.06 A
Radius of the inscribed circle: r 
s
A s  as  bs  c s  d  abcd cos 2  abcd
where s .
2
A = 310.73 cm2

59
Illustrative Example:
A quadrilateral circumscribing a circle
has sides a = 16.21 in, b = 11 in,
c = 13.52 in and d = 18.73 in.
a) Find the area of the quadrilateral.
b) Find the radius of the inscribed
circle.
Solution:
line segment whose endpoints lie on the
circle. A diameter of a circle is a chord
containing the center. A line which
intersects the circle in two points is called a
secant of the circle. A coplanar line which
intersects the circle in one and only one
point is called a tangent of the circle. The
point of intersection between the circle and
its tangent is called the point of tangency.
secant

a = 16.21 chord
diameter

r circle
b = 11 radius

point of
d = 18.73 tangency tangent

c = 13.52 The following are the properties of a Circle:

1. A radius drawn from the center to the

a) point of tangency is perpendicular to
A  abcd the tangent.

A 16.211113.5218.73
r tangent
A = 212.49 in2
C
b)
abc d
s
2
16.21  11  13.52  18.73
s 2. The angle between a tangent and a
2 chord ( or secant ) is equal to one half
s = 29.73 the measure of the intercepted arc.
A
r secant
s
212.49
r
29.73  intercepted arc

r = 7.15 in 
tangent


2
CIRCLE
A circle is a set of points in a plane that The measure of the arc of a circle
is equidistant from a fixed point called the can be expressed in terms of its arc
center. The fixed distance is called the
length ( S ) if the radius of the circle is
radius of the circle. A chord of a circle is a

60
 given. If the radius is unknown, the 6. Let L1 and L2 be any two secants drawn
measure of the arc can be expressed in to a circle as shown.
terms of its central angle (  ).
C

L1 B
 S 
A 
L2 D
E

Thus, a 45o arc means that the central

( AB )( AC ) = ( AD )( AE )
angle of the arc is 45o. A 90o arc is a quarter
of a circle and a 180o arc is a semicircle.
CE  BD

3. Inscribed angle in a circle is equal to 2
one half of its intercepted arc.
CE  BD

2
Intercepted arc
7. Let L1 be a tangent and L2 be a secant
 drawn to a circle as shown.
 inscribed angle D


 C
2 L2
4. Any angle inscribed in a semicircle is a
right angle. 
A
B L1

( AB )2 = ( AC )( AD )

BD  BC

2

8. Let L1 and L2 be two tangents drawn to

inscribed angle in a semicircle a circle as shown.

5. The products of the segments of two

chords are equal. L1

  
c
a
b L2
d



ab = cd 2

61
 The area of a circle is given by the formula 3. Two tangents to a circle form an angle
whose measure is 72o. What is the
measure in degrees of each
d 2
A = r2 or A= , intercepted arc?
4
The circumference can be computed Solution:
using the formula

C = 2r or C = d

where r is the radius and d is the diameter. A   

Illustrative Examples:

1. Find the area and circumference of a

circle with radius 22 cm.  = 72o

Solution:  36o
2
A = r 2

Consider right triangle ABC:

A = ( 22 )2

A = 1,520.53 cm2  90o  36o
2
C = 2r

 54o
C = 2( 22 ) 2
C = 138.23 cm  = 108o
 = 360o – 108o
2. One cm from one end of a 37 – cm
 = 252o
diameter of a circle, the diameter
intersects a chord 4 cm from one end of
the chord. How long is the chord? 4. A tangent and a secant segments are
drawn to a circle from the same
Solution: external point. If the tangent is 12
inches long and the internal segment of
the secant is 18 inches, how long is the
4 chord secant segment?
1
36 Solution:
x
diameter
18

4( x ) = 36( 1 )
x
x=9
length of the chord = 9 + 4
12
length of the chord = 13 cm
( 12 )2 = x( x + 18 )
144 = x2 + 18x

62

x2 + 16x – 144 = 0
( x + 24 )( x – 6 ) = 0
x = - 24 and x = 6
use x = 6
length of secant segment = 6 + 18
length of secant segment = 24 in.

Sector of a Circle
A Sector of a Circle is a plane figure
bounded by two radii of a circle and an arc.
Figure below shows examples of Sectors.
The radius of the sector is denoted by r,  is
the central angle, and S is the length of the
arc.

5. A triangle is inscribed in a circle with

radius 10 cm. If the area of the triangle r
is 96 cm2 and one of its sides is 20 cm,
what is the measure of the other 2  S
sides of the triangle?
r
Solution:

Since one side of the triangle is 20 cm,

it coincides with the diameter of the
circle and the inscribed triangle is right.

 S
y r
x

20
The area of the sector is obtained by
proportion to the area of the circle. Let A be
the area of the sector and Ac be the area of
the circle, then
From the area: 96 = 1 xy
2

192 A Ac
x= ------ ( 1 ) 2
y

A  r 2
From Pythagorean Theorem: 2
1 1
x2 + y2 = 202 ---------------- ( 2 ) A  r 2 or A  rS
2 2
Substitute ( 1 ) to ( 2 ):
Similarly, let S be the length of the arc
2
 192  and C be the circumference of the circle,
   y 2  400 then
 y 
y = 12 cm and y = 16 cm 
S C
2
Substitute to ( 1 ):

S  2r
If y = 12, x = 16 and if y = 16, x = 12 2
S = r.
Therefore the 2 sides are 12 cm and
16 cm. In the above formulas, the angle  is in
radian unit.

63
Illustrative Examples: r = 0.588( 12 – r )
r = 7.05 – 0.588r
1. Find the area and the length of the arc 1.588r = 7.05
of a sector with radius 10 cm and
r = 4.44
central angle 68o.

Solution: A = r2
A = ( 4.44 )2
A = 61.98 cm2
r = 10
3. Given a coin with 5 – cm diameter and
a large supply of a coin 2 – cm
 = 68 o
diameter. How many smaller coins can
be arranged tangentially around the
bigger without any overlap?

Solution:

1 2
a) A r 
2
1 
A  (10)2 (68o ) 
2 180o
A = 59.34 cm2

b) S = r 
 3.5
S = ( 10 )( 68o )  o 1
180
S = 11.87 cm

2. A circle is inscribed in a sector with

radius 12 cm and central angle 72o.
Find the area of the circle.
 1
sin 
Solution: 2 3.5
 = 33.20o
360 o
Number of circles =
33.20 o
A
Number of circles = 10.84
12 – r r
36o B
Number of circles = 10
r

 Segment of a Circle

Segment of a Circle is a plane figure

bounded by an arc of a circle and the chord
Consider triangle ABC: of the arc. The figure shows examples of
r Segments.
sin36o 
12  r

64
 Illustrative Examples:

r 1. A circle of radius 10 cm is cut into 2

segments by a chord 14 cm long. Find
 the area of the bigger segment.

r Solution:

7
(a)

10

r 

 

r
 7
sin 
2 10

(b)  = 88.85o
 = 360o – 88.85o
The area of the Segment in Figure ( a ) is
obtained by subtracting the area of the  = 271.15o or 4.732 radians
sector BCA and the area of triangle BCA.
r   sin
Let A be the area of the Segment, AS be the 1 2
A
area of the sector, and AT be the area of the 2
triangle. Then,
2
1
A 
(10)2 4.732  sin88.85o 
A = AS – AT A = 286.60 cm2
1 2 1
A r   r 2 sin 2. The chord of a circular segment
2 2
measures 20 in and the distance from
r   sin .
1 2 the center of this chord to the center of
A
2 the arc is 8 in. Find the area of the
The area of the Segment in Figure ( b ) is segment.
obtained by adding the area of the bigger
sector BCA and the area of triangle BCA. Solution:
Let A be the area of the Segment, AS be the
area of the sector, and AT be the area of the
triangle. Then,
r
A = AS + A T 
r r–8
1 1
A  r 2  r 2 sin
2 2

r   sin .
1 2
A
2

65
  10 Common area = 2(Asegment )
sin 
2 10.25 Common area = 2(61.42 )
 = 154.64o or 2.7 radians Common area = 122.84 m2

( r – 8 )2 + ( 10 )2 = r2
b) Total water surface area is equal to the
r – 16r + 64 + 100 = r2
2
area of the two circles minus the
16r = 164 common area.
r = 10.25
A = 2[ ( 10 )2 ] – 122.84
A  r 2   sin
1
A = 505.48 m2
2

A
1
2

(10.25)2 2.7  sin154.64o  c) The perimeter of the pool is equal to the
circumference of the 2 circles minus the
2
A = 119.34 in lengths of the two arcs.

3. A swimming pool is shaped from two S = r

intersecting circles S = ( 10 )( 2/3 )
10 m in radius with their centers 10 m
apart. S = 20.94 m
a) Compute the area common to the
two circles. Perimeter ( P ) = 2C – 2S
b) Compute the total water surface P = 2[ 2( 10 ) ] – 2( 20.94 )
area of the swimming pool.
P = 83.78 m
c) Compute the perimeter of the pool.

Solution: PARABOLIC SEGMENT

A Parabolic Segment is a plane figure

bounded by a parabolic arc and a chord that
is perpendicular to the axis of the parabola.
10 Figure 19 shows a parabolic segment. The
chord is called the base and perpendicular
 distance from the base to the vertex is called
the altitude.

 5
a) cos  h
2 10
 = 120o or 2/3 radian

r   sin
1 2
Asegment =
2 b
1
2

Asegment = (10)2 2 / 3  sin120o  Area: A
2
bh
3
Asegment = 61.42 m2

66
Illustrative Example: Illustrative Example:

1. A window is in the form of a parabolic 1. An ellipse has major axis 12 cm and

segment with base width 36 in and an minor axis 10 cm.
altitude 48 in. Find the area of the a) Find its area
window. b) Find the perimeter
c) Compute the approximate
Solution: perimeter

Solution:

h = 48 a=6

b=5

b = 36

2
A bh a) A = ab
3
A = ( 6 )( 5 )
2
A (36)( 48) A = 94.25 cm2
3
A = 1,152 in2
a2  b2
b) P  2
ELLIPSE 2

P  2
62  52
An Ellipse is a closed curve and
2
symmetrical with respect to two axes. The
longer axis is called the major axis and of P = 34.70 cm
length 2a. The shorter axis is called the
minor axis and of length 2b. c) Approximate Perimeter:

Pa = ( a + b )
b Pa = ( 6 + 5 )
a a
Pa = 34.46 cm
b

Area: A = ab

a2  b2
Exact Perimeter: P  2 ,
2

Approximate Perimeter: P = ( a + b )

67