Unit 1

Module 1
Preliminary

Learning Outcome

1. Write and synthesize 5 research papers using APA format.

Learning Objectives

1. Read 5 research papers.

2. Synthesize the research papers.
3. Cite the papers.

How to cite an article in APA Format

Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or

quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be
a corresponding entry in your reference list.
APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of
publication, for example: (Field, 2005) or for 2 authors (Smith & Bruce, 2018). For
direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p.
14) or with more than 1 page (Smith & Bruce, 2018, pp. 25-26). For sources such
as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number,
for example: (Field, 2005, para. 1). More information on the direct quotation of
sources without pagination is given on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines
web page.

Example paragraph with in-text citation

A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs
designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech
(Derwing et al., 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their training techniques are based on the
research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure
to non-native speech. Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with students
preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with
non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program.

References
Derwing, T. M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002). Teaching native speakers
to listen to foreign-accented speech. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural
Development, 23(4), 245-259.
Thomas, H. K. (2004). Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of
foreign-accented speech (Doctoral dissertation). University of Colorado, Boulder.

Citing Web Pages In Text

Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author and date if
known. Keep in mind that the author may be an organization rather than a
person. For sources with no author, use the title in place of an author.

For sources with no date use n.d. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.).
For more information on citations for sources with no date or other missing
information see the page on missing reference information on the APA Style and
Grammar Guidelines web page. 
Below are examples of using in-text citation with web pages.

Web page with author:

In-text citation
Heavy social media use can be linked to depression and other mental disorders
in teens (Asmelash, 2019).

Reference entry
Asmelash, L. (2019, August 14). Social media use may harm teens' mental
health by disrupting positive activities, a study says.
CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/13/health/social-media-mental-health-
trnd/index.html

Web page with organizational author:

In-text citation
More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by depression (World Health
Organization, 2018).

Reference entry
World Health Organization. (2018, March 22). Depression. 
https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression

Web page with no date:

In-text citation
Establishing regular routines, such as exercise, can help survivors of disasters
recover from trauma (American Psychological Association [APA], n.d.).

Reference entry
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Recovering emotionally from
disaster. http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/recovering-disasters.aspx General

Guidelines
In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which
they are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or
sentences. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. Below
are examples of using in-text citation.

Author's name in parentheses:

One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-
native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984).

Author's name part of narrative:

Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in
comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.

The group as an author:

First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2015)
Subsequent citation: (APA, 2015)
Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons)
Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension
of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech Thomas, 2004).

Direct quote: (include the page number and place quotation marks around the direct quote)
One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse
greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis,
1984, p. 85).
Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of
discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85).

Note: For direct quotations of more than 40 words, display the quote as an indented block of
text without quotation marks and include the authors’ names, year, and page number in
parentheses at the end of the quote. For example:
This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is
not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect.
That is, prior experience with nonnative speech, such as that gained by
listening to the reading, facilitates comprehension. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p.
77)

Works by Multiple Authors

APA style has specific rules for citing works by multiple authors. Use the following guidelines to
determine how to correctly cite works by multiple authors in text. For more information on
citing works by multiple authors see the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines page on the in-text
citation.

Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in parentheses,
always spell out the word and. For multiple authors' names within a parenthetic citation, use &.
One author: (Field, 2005)
Two authors: (Gass & Varonis, 1984)
Three or more authors:  (Tremblay et al., 2010)
The Reference List:
All in-text references should be listed in the reference list at the end of your document.
The purpose of the reference list entry is to contain all the information that a reader of
your work needs to follow-up on your sources. An important principle in referencing is
to be consistent.
When compiling your APA Reference List, you should:

 List references on a new page with a centered heading titled: References.

 Include all your references, regardless of format, e.g. books, journal articles,
online sources, in one alphabetical listing from A - Z.
 Order entries alphabetically by surname of author(s).
 List works with no author under the first significant word of the title.
 Indent second and subsequent lines of each entry (5-7 spaces).
 Use double spacing.
 Note that all references in APA end with a full stop except when the reference
ends with a URL or a DOI.

Journal article
A basic reference list entry for a journal article in APA must include:

 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.

 Year of publication of the article (in round brackets).
 Article title.
 Journal title (in italics).
 Volume of journal (in italics).
 Issue of journal (no italics).
 Page range of article.
 DOI (presented as a hyperlink, for example https://doi.org/xxxxx).
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is
indented 5-7 spaces.

Example: 
Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health benefits. Primary Health
Care, 26(8), 34-42. https://doi.org/10.7748/phc.2016.e1162

Book
A basic reference list entry for a book from a library database in APA must include:

 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.

 Year of publication of the book (in round brackets).
 Book title (in italics).
 Edition (in round brackets), if other than first edition.
 Publisher.
 DOI (where a book has a DOI this must be included, even if you are referring to
a print book).
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is
indented 5-7 spaces.
 Example: 
Arnott, G. D. (2017). The disability support worker (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. 

Paraphrasing in APA 7th

Paraphrasing is when you are summarising the words or expressing the ideas of the author(s) in
your own words. When paraphrasing you must acknowledge the original source in the text of
your writing. Include the author's surname and year of publication in round brackets, or if
including the author(s) name anywhere in the sentence, place the year of publication in round
brackets next to the author's name.
(Leskowitz, 2017)
OR
Leskowitz (2017)
When paraphrasing there is more than one way to place the citation within your text.
Citation at the beginning
Leskowitz (2017) describes the transcendent states that athletes
experience …
Citation in the middle
… sport viewed as a spiritual path (Leskowitz, 2017), and one that is
frequently followed in the west.
Citation at the end
… athletes using techniques adapted from holistic and complementary
medicine (Leskowitz, 2017).
Different referencing methods may highlight the importance of the author, or give more
weighting to the information.
Author-prominent citations
In his research, Leskowitz (2017) explores mindfulness, biofeedback …
Information-prominent citations
… applying up-to-the-minute advances in holistic and complementary
medicine (Leskowitz, 2017).
Including page numbers in a paraphrase citation
Although APA 7th does not require page numbers when paraphrasing another's
work, you may choose to include page numbers particularly when dealing with
a lengthy or complex document.
A number of holistic practices and dispositions can be applied when
training or coaching athletes to increase the likelihood of athletes getting
into 'the Zone' (Leskowitz, 2017, p. 324).
Direct Quotes in APA 7th

For direct quotes of less than 40 words, incorporate them into the text and enclose the
quote with double quotation marks, e.g.
Narrative quote (where the authors are named in your sentence):
Webber (2018) concludes that “addressing the issue of school dropout not only
affects the education system, but may also serve as a prevention effort for the
welfare, mental health, and corrections systems” (p. 82).
Parenthetical quote (where the citation details are presented in parentheses following the quote):
"Addressing the issue of school dropout not only affects the education system,
but may also serve as a prevention effort for the welfare, mental health, and
corrections systems" (Webber, 2018, p. 82).
For direct quotes of 40 or more words start on a new line and indent the whole block
~1cm from the left, do not add any additional space before or after the quote. The
entire quote should be double-spaced. Quotation marks are not required e.g.:
     Others have contradicted this view, suggesting:
These overload issues can reach across the lifespan and affect individuals in
many ways. As related issues continue to emerge, counselors will need to be
aware of potential mental health problems stemming from technology overload
and continue to research and develop the skills needed for effective
interventions. In the digital age, these capabilities will be crucial in helping
clients regain and maintain a healthy balance of life, work, and technology.
(Scott et al., 2017, p. 605)
*NOTE: Use paragraph numbers if no page numbers are available. 
Ellipses '…' and Quotes
It is common when writing to use an ellipsis (3 fullstops in a row '…') to indicate where
words have been omitted from a sentence. This is not permitted in quotes in APA:
'Regardless of quotation length, do not insert an ellipsis at the beginning and/or
end of a quotation unless the original source includes an ellipsis" (APA, 2020, p.
271).
This Guide makes use of ellipses in some paraphrasing examples due to limited space. To avoid
confusion we have removed them from all quote examples.
Secondary Sources

APA discourages the use of secondary sources unless the original work is unavailable. If you read an
article or book which references some information that you also want to reference and you have been
unable to locate the original source, cite the source you have read in the Reference list; in text, name
the original work and give the citation for the source where you found the information.  Where the year
of publication for the original work is known, include it. For example:
Sue reads an article by Chris Brown in the Journal of Library Administration in which he cites or
refers to statements made by Ulrich Boser in his 2017 book ‘Learn Better’. Sue wants to refer to
Boser’s statement in her assignment.
Sue would acknowledge Boser in her text but her reference is to the source where she
saw the information. Sue might write as her in-text reference:
... (Boser, 2017, as cited in Brown, 2018)
                        OR 
Boser (2017, as cited in Brown, 2018) states ...
In her reference list Sue would write a reference for Brown's article because that's
where she sourced the information. The entry in her References would be:
Brown, C. (2018). Creating better learners through learning science: A sample of
methods. Journal of Library Administration, 58(4), 375-381.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2018.1448652

What is a DOI?

A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a unique, permanent identification number that will take you
straight to a document no matter where it is located on the Internet. You can find out more about DOIs
in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (pp. 298 –300).
DOIs figure prominently in the APA 7th edition referencing style, and where a book, journal, report
or other publication has a DOI, it must be included in the reference.
DOIs must always be presented in the format https://doi.org/xxxxxx, for
e.g. https://doi.org/10.7748/phc.2016.e1162. 
It is also acceptable to use http://doi.org/xxxxxx (rather than https).  However, if the
item you are referencing has a DOI in a format other than these, it will need to be
changed to the above format.  It is a good idea to check that the link works correctly
before submitting.
Note that a DOI will usually link to a record on a publisher's website, and may not
always include full text, even though the Library may have full text access. It's always
worthwhile checking the Library catalogue or databases & e-journals page to see if full
text is available.
https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7GettingStarted

Do it on your own!
Choose and Synthesize 5 articles from
Google Scholar about the given topic below.
Note: The articles’ publication date should be
within the last 5 years.

Task: Write an article about “Accountancy

research” using the 5 articles you chose in the
internet.

Use the appropriate citation rules of APA format.