Advance Communication Lab - 2020

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB -17ECL76 2019
ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB

B.E., VII Semester, Electronics & Communication Engineering
[As per Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) scheme]
Subject Code 17ECL76 IA Marks 40
Number of Lecture Hours/Week: 01Hr Tutorial Exam Marks 60
(Instructions) + 02 Hours Laboratory = 03
RBT Levels L1, L2, L3 Exam Hours 03
CREDITS – 02
Course objectives: This course will enable students to:
• Design and demonstrate the digital modulation techniques
• Demonstrate and measure the wave propagation in micro-strip antennas
• Characteristics of micro-strip devices and measurement of its parameters.
• Model an optical communication system and study its characteristics.
• Simulate the digital communication concepts and compute and display various
parameters along with plots/figures.
Laboratory Experiments
PART-A: Following Experiments No. 1 to 4 has to be performed using discrete

components.
1. Time Division Multiplexing and De-multiplexing of two band limited signals.
2. ASK generation and detection
3. FSK generation and detection
4. PSK generation and detection
5. Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and attenuation in
microwave test bench.
6. Measurement of directivity and gain of micro-strip dipole and Yagi antennas.
7. Determination of
a. Coupling and isolation characteristics of micro-strip directional coupler.
b. Resonance characteristics of micro-strip ring resonator and computation of dielectric
constant of the substrate.
c. Power division and isolation of micro strip power divider.
8. Measurement of propagation loss, bending loss and numerical aperture of an optical fiber.
BIT. Dept. Of ECE, Bangalore-04 Page 1

PART-B: Simulation Experiments using SCILAB/MATLAB/Simulink or Lab View

1. Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye diagram for
binary polar signaling.
2. Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and display the waveforms.
3. Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. Plot the signals and its constellation diagram.
4. Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system by simulating the
non-coherent detection of binary DPSK.
COURSE OUTCOMES: On the completion of this laboratory course, the students will be
able to:
• Determine the characteristics and response of microwave devices and optical waveguide.
• Determine the characteristics of micro-strip antennas and devices and compute the
parameters associated with it.
• Simulate the digital modulation schemes with the display of waveforms and computation of
performance parameters.
• Design and test the digital modulation circuits/systems and display the waveforms.
Conduct of Practical Examination:

• All laboratory experiments are to be considered for practical examination.
• For examination one question from PART-A and one question from PART-B or only one
question from PART-B experiments based on the complexity, to be set.
• Students are allowed to pick one experiment from the lot.
• Strictly follow the instructions as printed on the cover page of answer script for breakup of
marks.
• Change of experiment is allowed only once and Marks allotted to the procedure part to be
made zero.

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
QUESTION BANK: VII Semester BE(E&C)
ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB (17ECL76)
IA MARKS: 40 EXAM: 60 EXAM HOURS: 03
1. a) Design and demonstrate the working of TDM and De-multiplexing

using CD4051.
b) Simulate NRZ, RZ and Half sinusoidal waveform for a pulse width T=64ms using
MATLAB.
2. a) Design and develop an ASK system to transmit 1Kbps of binary data use the carrier
frequency fc=2KHz and message frequency fm=500Hz and demodulate the same to
recover the original message signal.
b) Simulate PCM system and display the waveforms.
3. a) Design and implement an FSK system for transmission of binary data of rate
500bps to 2Kbps, demodulate the same to recover the original signal.
b) Simulate NRZ, RZ and Half sinusoidal waveform for a pulse width
T=64ms using MATLAB.
4. a) Design and implement BPSK modulation system with a suitable circuit and
demodulate the same.
b) Obtain eye diagram for binary polar NRZ, RZ signals using MATLAB.
5. a) With an input sinusoidal signal of 2VP-P, 2KHz, conduct an experiment for the
measurement of propagation loss, bending loss and numerical aperture for a given
length of optical fiber. Plot the graph for variation in bending loss.
6. a) Conduct an experiment for measurement of frequency of waveguide, wavelength,

power, VSWR and attenuation in a microwave test bench using reflex klystron.
MATLAB.
7. a) Evaluate the following parameters with respect to micro-strip devices.

i. Ring resonator – measurement of resonant frequency and dielectric constant
of the substrate.
ii. Directional coupler – measurement of coupling factor and isolation.
b) Test the performance of a binary DPSK system by simulating the non-coherent
detection of binary DPSK.
8. a) Evaluate the following parameters with respect to micro-strip devices

i. Ring resonator – measurement of resonant frequency and dielectric constant of

the substrate.
ii. 3dB power divider – measurement of power division and isolation.
b) Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver system signals using

MATLAB and plot the signals.
9. a) Conduct an experiment to measure the directivity of Yagi antenna.

10. a) Measure the half power beam width from radiation pattern of Yagi
antenna in H-plane.
MATLAB.
11. a) Measure the half power beam width from radiation pattern of Yagi antenna in E-
plane.
12. a) With an input sinusoidal signal of 2VP-P, 2KHz, conduct an experiment

for the measurement of propagation loss and numerical aperture for a
given length of optical fibre.

for the measurement of bending loss and numerical aperture for a given
length of optical fiber. Plot the graph for variation in bending loss.

For the measurement of propagation loss & bending loss for a given
Length of optical fiber. Plot the graph for variation in bending loss.
b) Test the performance of a binary DPSK system by simulating the non-coherent
detection of binary DPSK.
15. a) Evaluate the following parameters with respect to micro-strip devices.
 Ring resonator – measurement of resonant frequency and dielectric constant of the
substrate.
b) Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver system and plot the signals.

LIST OF CYCLES OF EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE - 1
1. ASK generation and detection.

2. FSK generation and detection.
4. Measurement of propagation loss, bending loss and numerical aperture of an optical
fiber.
CYCLE – 2
1. Time Division Multiplexing and De-multiplexing of two bandlimited signals.

2. PSK generation and detection.
4. Determination of
a) Coupling and isolation characteristics of micro-strip directional coupler.
b) Resonance characteristics of micro-strip ring resonator and computation of
dielectric constant of the substrate.
c) Power division and isolation of micro-strip power divider.
CYCLE – 3 (USING MATLAB)
1. Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye diagram
for binary polar signaling.
2. Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and display the
waveforms.
3. Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. Plot the signals and its constellation
diagram.
4. Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system by simulating
the non-coherent detection of binary DPSK.

CYCLE - 1
1. ASK generation and detection.

2. FSK generation and detection.
4. Measurement of propagation loss, bending loss and numerical aperture of an optical
fiber.

EXPERIMENT No - 1: ASK GENERATION & DETECTION
AIM: Design & Demonstrate an ASK system to transmit digital data using a suitable carrier.
Demodulate the signal with suitable circuit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: ASK GENERATION
Design:
Assume Icsat = 5mA , hfe(min) = 20 , VCEsat = 0.2V , VBE = 0.7V
IB = IC / hfe =____mA
RE = VE / IE = (VC - VCEsat) / Ic =____ Ω
RB= (Vm - VBE - VE) / IB =____Ω
Select carrier frequency so as to be an integer multiple of bit duration fc = n/Tb
Fm = 1/2 Tb = 500Hz ; Tb = 1ms ; take n = 2, fc=2khz

DETECTION:
 Envelope Detector   Comparator 
Design: Envelope detector
1/fc < RC < 1/fm
Let C = 0.47μf RC>>Tc; RC = 10 Tc; so R ~ 10 KΏ pot
Using modulation index, RC can be calculated as follows:
1 / RC ≥ Wmµ / (1- µ2)1/2
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Provide message signal m(t) and carrier signal c(t) using signal generator.
3. Observe the ASK signal at the Emitter and note down the readings i.e Voltage &
Time period.
4. Connect the detection circuit as shown and supply the ASK signal
5. Carefully vary Vref and observe the detected signal, note down its voltage level and
time period.

WAVE FORMS
EXPERIMENT No - 2: FSK GENERATION AND DETECTION

AIM: Design & Demonstrate an FSK system to transmit digital data using a suitable carrier
and demodulate the signal with suitable circuit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: GENERATION
DETECTION:
 Inverter   Adder  Envelope  Comparator 

Detector 
GENERATION

Assume bit duration of message, Tb = 1ms.
fc = n/Tb
Assume Tb = 1ms, n = 2 and fc = 2KHz.
f1 = (n+1)fc, f2 = (n+2)fc
= 3KHz = 4KHz
Depending on binary 1 or 0, the output switches between frequencies f1 & f2.
DETECTION
Design:
Rf
I. Inverting Amp: c1'(t) = - ( ) c1(t) let |gain|=1 so Rf=R1(say 1kΩ)
R1
Rf
II. Adder: v(t) = - ( )[fsk + c1'(t)] let |gain| =1 so Rf=R1(say 1kΩ)
R1
III. Envelope detector : 1/fc < RC < 1/fm
Let C = 0.47μf RC>>Tc; RC = 10 Tc so R ~ 10 KΏ pot
Using modulation index, RC can be calculated as follows:
1 / RC ≥ Wmµ / (1- µ2)1/2
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram
2. Provide message signal m(t) and carrier signals C1(t) and C2(t) using signal generator
3. Observe the FSK signal at the pin 3 of IC CD4051 and note down the readings
(Voltage and Time period)

4. Connect the detection circuit as shown and supply the FSK signal and C1(t)
5. Carefully vary Vref, observe the intermediate ASK signal and finally observe detected
signal, note down its voltage level and time period.

WAVE FORMS


EXPERIMENT No - 3: MICROWAVE TEST BENCH
AIM: Conduct an experiment to find frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and
Attenuation in a microwave test bench.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROWAVE TEST BENCH
Klystron Variable Cavity resonator

power supply Klystron Isolator Attenuator or Frequency
Source meter
Isolator section Detector CRO
Load or short
PROCEDURE:
1. Initial set up has to be made before switching ON the power supply
2. The conditions are :
a. Repeller – maximum position
b. Beam – minimum position
c. Select switch – voltage
d. Modulation – AM
3. Power supply – OFF
4. Switch on the supply and make sure that fan is towards the source.
5. Switch on the klystron source and put the switch to Current position.
6. Increase the beam voltage knob until current is 18mA.
7. Turn voltage knob to Repeller position (-272).
8. Reduce the Repeller (-200) until maximum output is obtained on CRO, V1 max.

9. Vary the frequency meter till a dip is obtained in the output voltage. Measure the frequency
on frequency meter.
10. Terminate the sliding carriage with matched termination and observe the output on CRO,
V2.
V2 V1
11. Calculate the attenuation power using, Attenuation Power¿ 20 log ⁡(
).
2
12. Note down the maximum and minimum values at the output produced for matched
termination and calculate VSWR.
13. Vary the sliding carriage from load to source and measure d1 min for first cycle and d2min for
next consecutive cycle. Calculate λg and λ0.
14. Measure the cross section of waveguide i.e. ‘a’ to find λ0.
15. Remove matched termination and use other loads like horn antenna, short, coupler etc to
calculate VSWR for each load.
RESULT CALCULATION:
1. VSWR = Vmax/Vmin
Vmin
Demodulated output @ dip
Vmax
2. d1min = MSD+(CVSD*LC ) Where LC is the least count =0.01
3. d2min = MSD+(CVSD*LC)
4. λg = 2(d1min~d2min)
5. λc = 2*a where ‘a’ is the cross-section of the waveguide
6. λ0 = (λg*λc)/(√(λg2+λc2))
7. f0 = C/λ0s
8. Attenuation = 20log((V2~V1)/2)
9. Power = 20log(V1/2)

EXPERIMENT No - 4: LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER
AIM: To conduct an experiment to find:

i) Propagation Loss
ii) Bending Loss
iii) Numerical Aperture of a given optical fiber.
Equipment Required: experiment kit, 20 MHz dual channel oscilloscope, Function
generator,
1 and 3 meter fiber cable.

i) To find Losses in Fiber:
PROCEDURE:
 To find Power loss:
1. Take 1 meter fiber and connect one end of fiber to the FO-TX and the other end to
the FO-RX.
2. Connect the analog multiplexed signal output TP1 to TP3 (FO-TX).
3. Keep all analog signals amplitude to zero except 500Hz using corresponding
Potentiometers.
4. Measure the amplitude of input signal using the oscilloscope at the test point TP20
and note down as Vi (input voltage).
5. Measure the amplitude of output signal using the oscilloscope at the test point
TP67 and note down as Vo (output voltage).
6. Calculate the Power loss in dB using the formula P = 10log (Vo/Vi).
 To find Propagation Loss.

1. Consider the reading Vo of 1meter cable as voltage, V1.
2. Remove 1 meter cable and connect 3 meter cable between FO-TX and FO-RX.
3. Now note down the output signal at TP67 as voltage, V2.
4. Calculate the propagation loss using, P1/P2 = V1/V2 = exp (-α (L1+L2))
5. αdB = (10/L1-L2) log(v2/v1)
6. Where α = propagation loss in nepers/m
ii) Measurement of Bending Loss:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the 3 meter FO cable between FO-TX and FO-RX.
2. Loop the FO cable as a circle and observe the voltage at TP67.
3. Now vary the loop diameter of cable and measure the inner diameter of the loop
as well as the corresponding voltage at TP67.

4. Repeat step 3 for various diameter of the loop and tabulate the readings.
5. Plot a graph of the received signal amplitude i.e voltage versus the loop diameter.
Measurement of bending loss:
SL Loop diameter (Cm) Voltage (V)

No
iii) Numerical Aperture (NA):
Equipment for measuring numerical aperture: Equipment kit, 1m optical fiber

cable, numerical aperture measurement jig, ruler.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the analog signal multiplexed output TP1 to TP3 (FO-TX).
2. Connect one end of the cable (1 meter FO-Cable) to FO LED and the other end to the
NA Jig.
3. Plug the AC mains. Low intensity light should appear at the end of the fiber on the
NA Jig.
4. Hold the white screen with the concentric circles (10, 15, 20, and 25mm diameter)
vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot from the emitting fiber coincide
with the 10mm circle.
5. Now measure distance (d) of the screen from the fiber end and note the diameter (r) of
the spot accurately.
6. Compute the Numerical Aperture using the formula;
NA =( Sinθmax )=r /( √ 4 d 2 +r 2 )
Where
θmax is the maximum angle at which the light incident is properly transmitted through the
fiber.

Optical fibre cable
Screw
m Screen
p o n
r
Illuminated circular
patch
Emitter of Q32N2907 +5V
Cathode of SFH756v SFH756v

ANODE
Collector of Q1 2H3904 +9V
Cathode of SFH450v
NUMERICAL APERTURE MEASUREMENT SET UP
RESULT:
1. The propagation loss α =
2. Numerical aperture (NA) =
3. Launching angle θmax = Sin-1 (NA)

CYCLE – 2
1. Time Division Multiplexing and De-multiplexing of two bandlimited signals.

2. PSK generation and detection.


4. Determination of
a) Coupling and isolation characteristics of micro-strip directional coupler.
b) Resonance characteristics of micro-strip ring resonator and computation of
dielectric constant of the substrate.
c) Power division and isolation of micro-strip power divider.
EXPERIMENT N0-1: Time Division Multiplexing and De-multiplexing of two bandlimited

signals.
AIM: To study the TDM of two band limited signals.

GENERATION OF TDM SIGNALS:
PROCEDURE:
2. Apply bandlimited signals m1(t) and m2(t) to pin number 13 and 14 respectively and
control signal c(t) to pin number 11 using signal generator.
3. Set control signal c(t)=(8KHz,VP-P) and check the signals m1(t) and m2(t) by
connecting pin 11 to positive and negative of the supply one by one.
4. Now set control signal C(t) = (16KHz,3VP-P) and observe TDM signal on CRO.
5. Record the results on the graph sheet.
DE-MULTIPLEXING OF TDM SIGNAL.

Design of low-pass filter1: Assume C=0.1uf :

f1=1KHz
f1=1/2ПR1C
R1 1/2Пf1 C=1.59 Ω
Design of low-pass filter2: Assume C=0.1Uf :

f2=2KHz
f2=1/2ПR2C
R2= 1/2Пf2C=796Ω
PROCEDURE:
1. Rig-up the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Apply the TDM signal to pin number 3.
3. Apply control signal to pin number 11.
4. Observe the output signal m1(t), m2(t) on the CRO.
5. Note down the results on graph sheet.
EXPERIMENT N0-2: PSK GENERATION AND DETECTION

AIM: Design & Demonstrate a PSK system to transmit digital data using a suitable carrier.
Demodulate the above signal with suitable circuit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: GENERATION
Design:
Rf
Inverting Amp: c'(t) = - ( ) c (t) let |gain|=1 so RF=R1 (say 1kΩ)
R1
Detection
Design:
Rf
I. Adder: v(t) = - (
R1
)[fsk + c1'(t)] let |gain| =1 so Rf=R1(say 1kΩ)
II. Envelope detector : 1/fc < RC < 1/fm
Let C = 0.47μf RC>>Tc ; RC = 10 Tc ; R ~ 10 KΏ pot
Using modulation index RC can be calculated as follows:
1 / RC ≥ Wmµ / (1- µ2)1/2

DETECTION:
 Adder  Envelope detector  Comparator 
PROCEDURE:
2. Provide message signal m(t) and carrier signal c(t) using signal generator
3. Observe the BPSK signal at the pin 3 of IC CD4051 and note down the readings
(voltage and time period)

4. Connect the detection circuit as shown and supply the BPSK signal and c(t)
5. Vary Vref carefully, observe the intermediate ASK signal and finally observe
detected signal, note down its voltage level and time period.


EXPERIMENT No-3: MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN OF MICRO-

STRIP DIPOLE AND YAGI ANTENNAS.
AIM: Measurement of directivity and gain of an antenna: Standard dipole

(or Printed dipole), Micro-strip patch antenna and Yagi antenna (Printed).
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect output of receiver (down converter) to RF input through the cable.
2. Connect input of source (up converter) to RF output through the cable.
3. Connect output of source (up converter) to transmitter of antenna through 20dB

attenuator.
4. Connect the input of receiver (down converter) to the receiver antenna through 20dB
attenuator
5. Keep the transmitter & receiver of antenna at a distance of 1 to 1.5 meters apart &
make sure its inline.
6. Vary the angle of the transmitter starting from 0 degrees in steps of 10degrees up to
180.
7. Note down the value of gain in dBm for every 10 degrees.
8. Calculate the directivity with the gain values noted.
9. Find half power angles, HP both in H-Plane (ΦHP) and E-Plane (θHP).
4π ❑
10. Directivity , D= ; θHP & ΦHP are in radians.
θ HP φ HP
OR
4 1253 ❑
11. Directivity , D= ; θHP & ΦHP are in degrees.
θHP φ HP

Tabular Column
SL Angle Power
No Degrees dBm

EXPERIMENT- 4:
Determination of
a).Coupling and isolation characteristics of micro-strip directional coupler.
b).Resonance characteristics of micro-strip ring resonator and computation of dielectric
constant of the substrate.
c).Power division and isolation of micro-strip power divider.
a) Coupling and isolation characteristics

AIM: Determination of coupling and isolation characteristics of a strip line (or micro strip
line) directional coupler.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect input of receiver (down converter) to coupled 3 port of directional coupler
through 20 dB attenuation.
2. Connect O/P of source (up converter) to IN1 port of directional coupler through
20dB attenuator.
3. Terminate with 50ohm load to out 2 port and isolator ports of directional coupler.
4. Note down the power reading in receiver at 1500MHz it should be equal to -55dBm.
Coupling factor= -55dBm-(-37dBm) = -17dBm
Actual value= 15dB
ISOLATION MEASUREMENT:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect input of receiver (down converter) to isolated port of directional coupler
through 20dB attenuation.
2. Connect output of source (up converter) to IN1 port of directional coupler.
3. Terminate with 50ohm load to out2 and coupled ports of directional coupler.
4. Note down the power reading in receiver at 1500MHz it should be –62.8dB.
-62.8-(-37) = -24.2dBm
Actual value = -20dB

Result:
a) The coupling factor is –17dB.
b) Isolation is found out to be –24.2dB.

b) MICRO STRIP RING RESONATOR
AIM: Measurement of resonance characteristics and dielectric constant of a substrate using a
Micro-strip ring resonator.
PROCEDURE:
I) RESONANT FREQUENCY:
1) Connect output of receiver (down converter) to RF input through the cable.
2) Connect input of source (up converter) to RF output through the cable.
3) Connect input of receiver (down converter) to output of source (up converter) through
20dB+20dB attenuators.
4) Note down the power in dB at 1500MHz frequency from the receiver (it should be –
37dBm
at 1500MHz).
5) Connections are shown in figure1.
II) RING RESONATOR:
6) Connect output of receiver (down converter) to RF input through the cable.
7) Connect input of source (up converter) to RF output through the cable.
8) Connect input of receiver (down converter) to output port of ring resonator through the
cable.
9) Connect output of source (up converter) to input port of ring resonator through
20dB+20dB
attenuators.
10) Note down the readings of frequency Vs power in dBm in steps of 5MHz, 10MHz
& 100MHz.
11) Connections are shown in figure2.

Resonant Frequency: The Frequency corresponding to maximum power is called Resonant
Frequency Fr = 1400MHz at –59.9dBm

Tabular column
SL Frequency Power
No MHz dBm
Calculation of Dielectric constant:
Dielectric constant, εr = [(free space wavelength)/(circumference of ring resonator)]^2
The free space wavelength is 214mm at 1400Hz
Free space wavelength λ = (v/f) =3x10^8m/s/1400x10^6 = 214mm.
Circumference of ring resonator: C = π X D = π x 36.5 = 114.6mm

Where D= (inner diameter + outer diameter)/2
D = (33+40)/2 = 36.5m

c) POWER DIVISION AND ISOLATION CHARACTERISTICS.

AIM: Measurement of power division and isolation characteristics of a micro strip 3dB
power divider.
POWER DIVISION:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect input of receiver (down converter) to a out 3 port of power divider through
20dB attenuator.
2. Connect output of source (up converter) to IN1 port of power divider through
20dB attenuator.
3. Terminator with 50ohm load to out 2 port of power divider.

4. The receiver reading will be equal to –41.4dBm i.e -41.4-(-37) = -4.4dBm
5. Actual value= -3dB
6. Connect input of receiver (down converter) to out 2 port of power divider through
20dB attenuator.
7. Connect output of source (up converter) to IN1 port of divider through 20dB
attenuator.
8. Terminator with 50ohm load to out 3 port of power divider.
9. The receiver reading will be –41.5dBm at 1500MHz frequency i.e -41.5-(-37) =
4.5dBm
Actual value = -3dBm

ISOLATION:
Procedure:
1. Connect input of receiver (down converter) to out 3 port of power divider through
20dB attenuator.
2. Connect output of source (up converter) to out2 port of power divider through
20dB attenuator.
3. Terminate with 50ohm load to INT port of power divider.

4. The receiver reading will be –56.6 dBm at 1500 MHz frequency
i.e -56.6-(-37) = -19.6dBm
actual value> 10dB

CYCLE – 3 (USING MATLAB)
1. Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye diagram
for binary polar signaling.
2. Simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and display the
waveforms.
3. Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver. Plot the signals and its constellation
diagram.
4. Test the performance of a binary differential phase shift keying system by simulating
the non-coherent detection of binary DPSK.

ADVANCED DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB

PART B
SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS USING MATLAB
1. SIMULATE NRZ, RZ, HALF SINUSOID AND GENERATE EYE DIAGRAM

FOR BINARY POLAR SIGNALING.
a. THIS PROGRAM GENERATE SINGLE RZ NRZ AND HALF SINE SINGLE

PULSE FOR A BIT PERIOD OF T=64.
b. THIS PROGRAM USES THE POLAR RETURN TO ZERO AND POLAR NON
RETURN TO ZERO PULSES TO GENERATE EYE DIAGRAMS.
2. SIMULATE THE PCM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION SYSTEM

AND DISPLAY THE WAVEFORMS.
3. SIMULATE THE QPSK TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER. PLOT THE

SIGNALS.
4. TEST THE PERFORMANCE OF A BINARY DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT

KEYING SYSTEM BY SIMULATING THE NON-COHERENT DETECTION
OF BINARY DPSK.

1. SIMULATE NRZ, RZ, HALF SINUSOID AND GENERATE EYE

DIAGRAM FOR BINARY POLAR SIGNALING.
a) THIS PROGRAM GENERATE SINGLE RZ NRZ AND HALF SINE SINGLE PULSE FOR A
BIT PERIOD OF T=64.
PROGRAM:
T=64
%To generate Return to zero square pulse
prz=[zeros(1,T/4) ones(1,T/2) zeros(1,T/4)]
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(prz)
title('plot of return to zero pulse of bit period T=64')
%To generate Non Return to zero square pulse
pnrz=[ones(1,T) zeros(1,T)];
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(pnrz)
title('plot of Non return to zero pulseof bit period T=64')
psine=sin(pi*(0:T-1)/T);
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(psine)
title('plot of half sinusoid of bit period T=64')
OUTPUT:
plot of return to zero pulse of bit period T=64
1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
plot of Non return to zero pulseof bit period T=64

1
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
plot of half sinusoid of bit period T=64

1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

b) THIS PROGRAM USES THE POLAR RETURN TO ZERO AND POLAR NON RETURN
TO ZERO PULSES TO GENERATE EYE DIAGRAMS.
PROGRAM:
clc
data=sign(randn(1,400)); % generate 400 random bits
Tau=64; % define the symbol period
%for i=1:length(data)
%dataup((i-1)*64+1:i*64)=[data(i),zeros(1,63)];% Generate impluse train
%end
dataup=upsample(data,Tau);% Generate impluse train
prz=[zeros(1,Tau/4) ones(1,Tau/2) zeros(1,Tau)];
yrz=conv(dataup,prz);% Return to zero polar signal
yrz=yrz(1:end-Tau+1);
eye1=eyediagram(yrz,2*Tau,Tau,Tau/2);title('RZ eye diagram')
pnrz=ones(1,Tau);
ynrz=conv(dataup,pnrz(Tau));% Non-return to zero polar
ynrz=ynrz(1:end-Tau+1);
eye2=eyediagram(ynrz,2*Tau,Tau,Tau/2);title('NRZ eye-diagram');

OUTPUT:
NRZ eye-diagram
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Amplitude
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Time
RZ eye diagram
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Amplitude
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Time

2. SIMULATE THE PCM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

SYSTEM AND DISPLAY THE WAVEFORMS.
PROGRAM:
%PCM Modulator
%generating analog signal (sinusoidal)
f=input('enter the freq'); %maximum frequency of the input signal
fs=40*f; %Nyquist sampling rate
t=0:1/fs:1; %time
a=input(' enter thepeak amplitude val') %Amplitude
x=a*sin(2*pi*f*t); %sinusoidal signal
%level shifting
x1=x+a;
%quantization
q_op=round(x1);
%decimal to binary conversion
enco=de2bi(q_op,'left-msb');
%PCM Demodulator
deco=bi2de(enco,'left-msb');
%shifting the amplitude level to the original value
xr=deco-a; %x reconstructed
%plotting
plot(t,x,'r-',t,xr,'b-');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
legend('Original signal','Reconstructed signal');
OUTPUT:

3. SIMULATE THE QPSK TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER. PLOT THE

SIGNALS.
PROGRAM:
% QPSK Modulation
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%GENERATE QUADRATURE CARRIER SIGNAL
Tb=1;t=0:(Tb/100):Tb;fc=1;
c1=sqrt(2/Tb)*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
c2=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:2:(N-1)
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end
%odd bits modulated signal
odd_sig(i,:)=c1.*m_s;
if m(i+1)>0.5
m(i+1)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i+1)=0;
m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end
%even bits modulated signal
even_sig(i,:)=c2.*m_s;
%qpsk signal
qpsk=odd_sig+even_sig;
%Plot the QPSK modulated signal
subplot(3,2,4);plot(t,qpsk(i,:));
title('QPSK signal');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('s(t)');grid on; hold on;
t1=t1+(Tb+.01); t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
hold off
%Plot the binary data bits and carrier signal
subplot(3,2,1);stem(m);
title('binary data bits');xlabel('n---->');ylabel('b(n)');grid on;
subplot(3,2,2);plot(t,c1);
title('carrier signal-1');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('c1(t)');grid on;
subplot(3,2,3);plot(t,c2);
title('carrier signal-2');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('c2(t)');grid on;
% QPSK Demodulation
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N-1
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
%correlator
x1=sum(c1.*qpsk(i,:));
x2=sum(c2.*qpsk(i,:));
%decision device
if (x1>0&&x2>0)
demod(i)=1;
demod(i+1)=1;
elseif (x1>0&&x2<0)
demod(i)=1;
demod(i+1)=0;
elseif (x1<0&&x2<0)
demod(i)=0;
demod(i+1)=0;
elseif (x1<0&&x2>0)
demod(i)=0;
demod(i+1)=1;
end
t1=t1+(Tb+.01); t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
subplot(3,2,5);stem(demod);
title('qpsk demodulated bits');xlabel('n---->');ylabel('b(n)');grid on;
OUTPUT:

4. TEST THE PERFORMANCE OF A BINARY DIFFERENTIAL PHASE

SHIFT KEYING SYSTEM BY SIMULATING THE NON-COHERENT
DETECTION OF BINARY DPSK.
PROGRAM:
N = 10^4 % number of bits or symbols

rand('state',100); % initializing the rand() function
randn('state',200);% initializing the randn() function
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5;% generating 0,1 with equal probability
ipD = mod(filter(1,[1 -1],ip),2); % %differential encoding y[n]=y[n-1]+x[n]
s = 2*ipD-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,N) + j*randn(1,N)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance
Eb_N0_dB = [-3:10]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)
y = s + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n; % additive white gaussian noise
ipDHat_coh = real(y) > 0; % coherent demodulation
ipHat_coh = mod(filter([1 -1],1,ipDHat_coh),2); %differential decoding
nErr_dbpsk_coh(ii) = size(find([ip - ipHat_coh]),2); % counting the number of errors
end
simBer_dbpsk_coh = nErr_dbpsk_coh/N;
theoryBer_dbpsk_coh = erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))).*(1 - .
5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10))));
close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_dbpsk_coh,'b.-');
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer_dbpsk_coh,'mx-');
axis([-2 10 10^-6 0.5])
grid on
legend('theory', 'simulation');
xlabel('Eb/No, dB')
ylabel('Bit Error Rate')
title('Bit error probability curve for coherent demodulation of DBPSK')

OUTPUT:

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ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB -17ECL76 2019

ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB

PART-A: Following Experiments No. 1 to 4 has to be performed using discrete

BIT. Dept. Of ECE, Bangalore-04 Page 1

PART-B: Simulation Experiments using SCILAB/MATLAB/Simulink or Lab View

Conduct of Practical Examination:

BIT. Dept. Of ECE, Bangalore-04 Page 2

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAUM

1. a) Design and demonstrate the working of TDM and De-multiplexing

6. a) Conduct an experiment for measurement of frequency of waveguide, wavelength,

7. a) Evaluate the following parameters with respect to micro-strip devices.

8. a) Evaluate the following parameters with respect to micro-strip devices

BIT. Dept. Of ECE, Bangalore-04 Page 3

i. Ring resonator – measurement of resonant frequency and dielectric constant of

b) Simulate the QPSK transmitter and receiver system signals using

9. a) Conduct an experiment to measure the directivity of Yagi antenna.

12. a) With an input sinusoidal signal of 2VP-P, 2KHz, conduct an experiment

13. a) With an input sinusoidal signal of 2VP-P, 2KHz, conduct an experiment

14. a) With an input sinusoidal signal of 2VP-P, 2KHz, conduct an experiment

BIT. Dept. Of ECE, Bangalore-04 Page 4

LIST OF CYCLES OF EXPERIMENTS

1. ASK generation and detection.

1. Time Division Multiplexing and De-multiplexing of two bandlimited signals.

CYCLE – 3 (USING MATLAB)

BIT. Dept. Of ECE, Bangalore-04 Page 5

1. ASK generation and detection.

BIT. Dept. Of ECE, Bangalore-04 Page 6

EXPERIMENT No - 1: ASK GENERATION & DETECTION

Demodulate the signal with suitable circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: ASK GENERATION

Assume Icsat = 5mA , hfe(min) = 20 , VCEsat = 0.2V , VBE = 0.7V

RE = VE / IE = (VC - VCEsat) / Ic =____ Ω

RB= (Vm - VBE - VE) / IB =____Ω

Select carrier frequency so as to be an integer multiple of bit duration fc = n/Tb

Fm = 1/2 Tb = 500Hz ; Tb = 1ms ; take n = 2, fc=2khz

BIT. Dept. Of ECE, Bangalore-04 Page 7

 Envelope Detector   Comparator 

Design: Envelope detector

1/fc < RC < 1/fm

Let C = 0.47μf RC>>Tc; RC = 10 Tc; so R ~ 10 KΏ pot

Using modulation index, RC can be calculated as follows:

1 / RC ≥ Wmµ / (1- µ2)1/2

1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.

BIT. Dept. Of ECE, Bangalore-04 Page 8

EXPERIMENT No - 2: FSK GENERATION AND DETECTION

BIT. Dept. Of ECE, Bangalore-04 Page 9

and demodulate the signal with suitable circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: GENERATION

 Inverter   Adder  Envelope  Comparator 

BIT. Dept. Of ECE, Bangalore-04 Page 10

Assume bit duration of message, Tb = 1ms.

Assume Tb = 1ms, n = 2 and fc = 2KHz.

Depending on binary 1 or 0, the output switches between frequencies f1 & f2.

III. Envelope detector : 1/fc < RC < 1/fm

Let C = 0.47μf RC>>Tc; RC = 10 Tc so R ~ 10 KΏ pot

Using modulation index, RC can be calculated as follows:

1 / RC ≥ Wmµ / (1- µ2)1/2