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e reate:
Declaration of a memoir instructions
Human Rights prose fiction research
Ethiopia book covers a description
Malawi a nursery rhyme a letter

Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for

the health and well-being of himself and of his family,
including food, clothing, housing and medical care.
the Declaration of Rights ,1948.

Every year, worldwide, several million children under five Word origins
years old die of diarrhoea. Diarrhoea is one of the major diarrhein in ancient Greek
causes of death in babies and young children in places means to flow through.The
that do not have clean water. In many parts of the world, ancient Greek origin of the
from India to Africa andGaza,people depend on water word diorrhoeo accounts for
which is contaminated. its curious spelling.
Words with hgdr in them, also
This contamination is caused by waste matter from
derived from ancient Greek,
animals and humans, drainage from the fields, or sea
are connected with water.
water. Those who drink this water suffer from diseases
introvenous comes from the
and sickness such as diarrhoea.
Latin intro, that means'within,
inside', and veno for vein.
60

,i
Mm&<&xag a re&aydrmt{mxa reNaaedy
Diarrhoea is particularly dangerous for children, as it can
quickly drain the body of essential fluids. This means they I What happens to Uour
become dehydrated. It is estimated that one and a half million bodg if it dehgdrates?
of these children could be saved if a simple rehydration remedy ? How can Uou prevent
was given to them. dehgdration?
3 ln what sorts of places
mag people have to relg
on contaminated water?

Discuss the meaning of the

following words.
medical
d iarrhoea

ln serious cases of dehgdration an intravenous drip is used to assist the contamination

absorption of fluids and medication bg the bodg. € d ra inage
Below is a diagram shor,sing how to make a rehydration remedy essentia I

with sugar and salt ar'.ditives. fluid

o VVhy has thedirgram been designed this way? dehgd ration

a How does the remedy work and why is it important? rehgdration

intravenous
II/IAKING SALT AND SUGAR WATER
absorption
remedg.
Make gour own word pool of
one level other unfamiliar words
five cupfuls
teaspoon of salt
1

each cup
t200m
C)LEAN WATER
SUGAR

SALT
AND eight level
SUGAR
WATER
teaspoonful of sugar

about'1000 ml
or one litre
 Wr*t&xag ?rastrqxe€*ee?s
The imperative is a
set
Use the diagram on page 61 to help you to write out a clear particular kind of sentence
of instructions for making salt and sugar water' used to make a command or
to direct someone to do
e You will need to be very precise about the way it should be
something. For examPle, for
made and the amounts of each ingredient'
gour instructions gou could
e use the same approach as you would for writing a recipe. write 'Take a jar of clean
(Include instructions like the importance of sterilizing the water'. Putting the verb
container, and washing your hands.) 'take'first turns that
sentence into a command.
Kes e mrela&rxg s qP&axt&mxes
Note that an imPerative
Research the problems faced by a community that relies on sentence does not require a
contaminated water. subject;the pronoun 'gou' is
implied. @
e What is the source of the contamination?
e What kind of health problems do they face?
w Is anything being done to resolve the problem?
A single word can be
e What are possible solutions?
converted into different
forms. For examPle, the word
tontrtin.te', can be used
as a verb in 'to contaminate'.
It can al.so become an
adjective,'contaminated', or
a noun,'co\ninatioq#

.l

{
xff&ame &trtr {B&&tr &&axxmmm K&g&aes? point
What do you know about the Universal Declaration of Human Can gou name ang more of
Rights? The thirty articles in the Declaration were agreed to in
L948by the United Nations. This Declaration contains the
rights and freedoms of human beings which should be
protected all over the world.

The picture below is an illustration of Article 25.The words

have been simplified to: 'We al,l have a right to a home, enough
money to live on and medical help if we are ill'. Look at the
picture closely. Part of Article25 is quoted at the beginning of
this unit.

\ ^€
g. "' ' .-f ->ra*

r?

An illustration of the 25th Article of the Declaration of Human Rights.

€
 Deseribing the scene
Describe th. ,1.r. in detail. To help you, the picture has been
divided up into four sections.
e Each pair or group has one section to describe.
e How many different climates and cultures can you see?

!!
li
,f;

:l:

.i;
ti
,ii
i3

.ti
I
ll

lt
rli

:ii
ii F
il
;
jj
3
r
';l

A bicgcle
, , :,r1-.'.. 1-, -r, ,, ll ,.,,,. ..,-r,i.,.r-
",i
Word origins
Make your description very detailed.
bicacle comes from the Latin
Explain the various features of a bicycle. The following list of
word bi for two and the Greek
rvords rvill help you: handlebar, basket, bell, pedal, brake
word kylos for circle or wheel.
lever, spoke, hub, reflector, mudguard, saddle.fi Atricgcle is forrned with the
pref ix tri, from the Latin tres
A bicycle is sometimes called a'bike' for short. Some people
Ior Greek treis], and a
attach trailers to their bicycles to help them catry equipment
unicgcle from the Latin word
and supplies, and er.en other people. What other kinds of cycles
for one.
can you ride?

64

ii I
I
 4
How can a bicycle help? l$crd orlgins
onte means'before' in Latin,
Emily Wille is a midwife (a birth attendant) in Malawi. She
and notol from notus, the past
often has to ride her bicycle to patients when they cannot
participle of nosci, means'to
come to the two-roomed hut behind her home, where she
be born'.
holds a weekly antenatal clinic for pregnant women.
Before their children are born,
Sometimes the babies are delivered here or at their homes. If
pregnant women attend
there are complications, she refers them to the Mlambe
ontenotol classes and clinics
Hospital in Lunzu.
!D to check on the health of their
World Vision supports Emily, and others like her, with unborn babies, and to prepare
training and equipment - including a bicycle ambulance. them to give birth.
Before the bicycle was available, pregnant mothers in Emilys
remote community were often taken to their nearest birth
attendant by wheelbarrow!

Emilg, a birth attendant in rural Malawi, holds two Emilg Wille takes a patient to the maternitg clinic bg bicgcle
of the babies delivered at her village clinic. ambulance.

Ambulance driver in central London.

Bicgcle ambulances are fitted with blue
lights, sirens and life-saving equipment
€
 Fedal Power
It is not just countries in Africa that use bicycle power to
support community health. These days, many other countries
use bicycles to transport hospital supplies and for medical staff
to get around. Bicycle ambulances often get to people quicker
when there are accidents at crowded public events.

There is a growing campaign in Europe and the United States

to learn from the exarnple of developing countries,like Malawi
in Africa, and go back to using bicycles instead of cars.

Organizations like Pedal Power, which has members all over

the world, make representations to governments to improve
street safety for bike riders, and to support the use of bicycles
as a serious form of transport.

lMrtting a letter ire support of Pedx& Power

Write a letter to your local MP (Member of Parliament) in

support of Pedal Power. In your letter, you could request that
your local council build more bike paths, or bike lanes on main
roads, so that people can ride bikes safely.

Make a list of allthe reasons why riding a Denr )

bike is good for you. Focus on the benefits I l.tve tn ... 6nd' Nou[.d I*e *te "'
for people in your community, as well as
the impact this has on the rest of the world. Counctl tn PuL u more brke Po*hs '

What else can you do with pedal power? @ btke riAtng Ls greaL fun, ar'd hdPs t'c

kex4 peAPLo {rh *nd heo'Lthg

66

i
rl
1i
 4
JG

WCInd onigi*s
The English word bozooris
taken from the Farsi word for a
From The BlindfoldHorse by Shusha Guppy market, bdzdr. Farsi is the
The following extract is from Shusha Guppg's memoir The Blindfold I ndo-Eu ropean language

Horse that describes memories of her childhood in the 1940s. Shusha spoken in lran and
was born in Tehran, the capital citg of lran, a countrU that was then Afghanistan.
called Persia. When she broke her arm, her mother took her to the lo monipulote comes from the
bone-setter in the bazaar. He was a potter, but he had also been treating Latin word monus which
sprains and broken bones for gears means hand. The noun
monufacture comes from the
same Latin word. Can gou
Caspian TU
Sea think of ang more?
ceromics, as a noun, is used
onlg in its pluralform. lt
comes from the ancient Greek
keromikos which means
potterU.
RAQ
A map showing lran,
the land once known
as Persia.

Qcz.

tr) A Visit to the Bonesetter ciR

-\ One day, when I was about eleven or twelve the telephone
t
rang and I ran to answer it. I caught my leg in the carpet
and fell down the stairs, landing on my wrist. It looked
broken, hurt badly, and swelled immediately. My mother
5 took me to thebazaar to see Mashdi Habib, the bone-setter.
A Turquoise-glazed ceramic tile from lra r
He had a pottery shop in the potters' section where he sold
ceramics from his native Hamadan in the north-west of
Persia: bowls, jugs, plates, tiles, crockery of all sorts. They
were earthenware, or glazedwith ornamental patterns, above
10 all in the famous turquoise-blue of his region.
. , {qGfxF

Bone-setting was his hobby and he was so skilled that his

reputation had spread far beyond the bazaar. Even when a
bone was broken into many pieces he could make it whole
w@,
!: agatn. He practised his skill on broken pottery. He used to to swell Iline 4J
t;
i,
il
15 break a jug into a dozen pieces, put them in a sack, and crockerg [8)
l:
ti
ti
from the outside manipulate the pieces into place like a glazed IeJ
il
t'
jigsaw ptzzlel. to manipulate [16J
li
Mashdi Habib was sitting on a stool outside his shop when brazier [23]
ii

we arrived. On seeing us, he got up, bowed courteously and sling [28]
ti
!i
lr 20 motioned us inside. \fith infinite gentleness he manipulated to sterilize [3+J
li
my wrist and said that it was not broken but only slightly wound [:+]
}I
ll cracked and that he could soon put it right. He took some
tI

warm ashes from thebrazier and poured them into a cotton

bag, then wrapped the bag around my wrist. If the bone
2s had been broken he would have kept it motionless by putting
it between two strips of wood, after manipulating it into
place and covering it with hot ashes. He then tore a piece
of rag from a sheet and made me a sling, saying: 'Keep it
still for a couple of days. In a week your wrist will be as
30 good new

r
 4
lrr-

A whole chapter could be written on the use of ashes in

Shusha Guppg's use of the
Persia's traditional folk-medicine: they are the antiseptic of phrase'the poor'is a good
the poor even today. Before the antibiotic penicillin was example of how an adjective
easily available, ashes were used to treat cuts, sterilize wounds, can be used as a noun to
.)) ease rheumatic pains and much more. Alas, Mashdi Habib def ine a group of peoPle bg
and the other bone-setters all eventually disappeared with what theg have in common.
the development of modern methods of surgery and plaster- 0ther examples include: the
casting in dealing with broken bones. rich,the btind.fi

SHusne Guppv

qj*-:-P'o-O'
l!t
1 Which adjective in paragraph 1 means'where he was born'? .,,j

2 lf gou touched the surfaces of a glazed and an unglazed Journal,

'earthenware pot' how different from one another would theg
Ho-ve Uou) or Some'ng Uou
feel?
knonr , b<*'n ttrllured'
in an
3 How would gou describe the colour'turquoise-blue'?
uLddonLT Desortbe hrh a'f
4 What does the adverb 'courteouslg'tell gou about the wag haPPened' and how
Mashdi Habib treated Shusha and her mother? [line 19J

5 What does the phrase 'with infinite gentleness'tell gou about

the wag Mashdi Habib treated Shusha? [line 20]

1 Whg did the writer's mother take Shusha to the bone-setter

rather than to a doctor?

2 How did Mashdi Habib practise his bone-setting skills?

3 How did Mashdi Habib's treatment of a broken bone differ

from his treatment of a cracked bone?
4 What advice did Mashdi Habib give to Shusha?
5 Whg is ash so important in traditional medicine?

€
 I
. ,{{:tfrffip

rr{}se fi#Ea*n
From The Village by the Sea
by Anita Desai

Shusha Guppg received expert treatment from

the bone-setterwho usedtraditional methods
to mend her damaged bone. Not evergone is so
luckg. Mang poor people cannot afford to visit a
doctor and theg have to relg on medicine men
whose remedies mag, or maU not, help them.
This was the situation for Lila, a goung girl
from a poor familg in an lndian village,
desperate to get help for her verg sick mother.
ln this extract from Anita Desai's novel Ihe
Village bg the Seo, Lila sits waiting for the
medicine man with her gounger sisters, Bela
and Kamal.
*

x> The Medicine Man's Visit cce

There was nothing to do but wait. At last Lila
and her sisters heard the throbbing of the drum
and the long eerie blasts on the trumpet. The
medicine-man was near! He was preceded by the
5 little cow that he dressed in necklaces of beads and
an embroidered cloth. He was a sharp-looking man
and he kept all kinds of powders and pills in packets tied
into the folds of his white dboti and his pink turban. With
these he treated the villagers for their boils, aches and fevers. A treasured cow wearing a garland.
10 All this gave him the air of a magician which made the girls
shiver slightly when they heard him approach. He raised his
hand in the at and gave anorher long blast on his trumpet.

Lila came running out of the house and spoke to the man.
'My mother is ill. ill for a long time. Now she
She has been
15 has fever too. Have you any medicine for fever? Have you
any medicine for making her strong? She is so weak,, LIla
70 explained.

l
,i
I
 mother's forehead and spoke to her soothingly. The man
told her to open her mouth and put out her tongue which
ss she did, and on it he dropped some of the ash. 'Eat, sister,'
he said.'Holy ash will purify you within. It will drive away
the demons that create the fever. Swallow.' He kept rolling
small balls of ash between his fingers and dropping them
into her mouth, making her swallow them. Then he clapped
60 his hands together and walked out.

The girls followed, dazed.

'Sweep up all that ash. Collect it. Bring it to me,'he ordered,

and they obeyed. He pulled some leaves out of his bag and
made them put the ash on the leaves, then rolled them up
6s and tied them into neat packets with bits of thread which
he pulled out of his turban.'Here,' he said, handing them to
the girls.'Go and put one packet under her pillow. It will
drive away the fever-demon. Go and put the others under
your own pillows. It will keep you safe from the demons. I
70 have blessed it.'He blew on his trumpet.

He then stared down into their faces and looked very fierce.
'So?' he shouted at them.'Got nothing to give me but your
stares? Think I can filI my stomach with your stares? Think
I do it all for {ree?'
75 Lllaraninto the hut. Bela and Kamal stared afterher,,knowing
there was no money. But she came out with something in
her hand and when she handed it over the girls saw what it
was- the ring their mother used to wear when she was well.
The girls gave a little gasp of astonishment but the man
80 merely snatched it out of Lila's hand, stared at it and then
at them. He tucked it away and marched off towards his
cow without a word of thanks.

The girls were left staring at the leaf-packets in their hands.

I
I
''What shall we do with them?' Bela and Kamal asked. Lila
I

85 clutched the one in her hand as if she wanted to tear it apart.

@
I

72

I
i

I
 'What cdn we do?' she cried. ''We can't do anything - we
have to listen to him. There's no hospital in the village we
could take her to, and no doctor who would come.'We have
no one but the magic man to help us. Magic!' she said
90 fiercely and marched into the hut to do what the man had
told her to.
ANrre DBsar

*".
EJ
fl

a
x
I

t
5I

I
Jasmine, frangipani, hibiscus and
marigold flowers.

€
 1 What do Lila's words and the saging word 'wailed'tell gou t Whg didn't the medicine
about how she was feeling? [line z8] man go and see the
children's mother
2 The medicine man wanted a'particular kind of wood'and the
straightawag?
children had to lag the sticks just so'. What do these phrases
tell gou about the medicine man? [lines 35 and 36] 2 Explain how the
medicine man makes
3 What do gou think the children were feeling when the
the little balls of ash
medicine man ottered them to sweep up the ash? [lines 62]
which he gave to the
4 Whg do gou think Lila's sisters'gave a little gasp of
children's mother.
astonishment'when theg saw what Lila was giving to the
inedicine man? [line 79]
3 How were the packets
of ash to be used
5 Select some words and phrases which suggest whether or according to the
not the medicine man will help Lila's mother get better.
medicine man's
instructions?

Writimg a &etter 4 What were the children

doing when the medicine
Imagine that you are Lila. Your aunt knows that your mother
man said,'Got nothing to
is ill and is anxious to know how she is. Write a letter to your
give me but gour
aunt and tell her all about the visit of the medicine man.
stares'? What did he
Describe the situation at home and your mother's illness. want?

Describe the visit from the medicine man and include your 5 What did Lila give the
feelings about how he behaved. medicine man? Whg do
gou think she gave him
Tell your aunt whether or not you have confidence in
this?
his treatment.
6 How did Lila feel after the
You may use these words to help you: medicine man had
helpless, frustrated, desp er at e, resp onsible, anxious, traditional, gone?
to trust, to demand, to take advantage of, business, benefit,
beneficial.fi

74

,l'i
Judgixag a ke>m$c by its e*ver
When you are choosing a book to read, the cover often makes
you want to read the book - or it may put you offthe book
altogether! Look at the book's front and back covers. Identify
the following details from the covers of The Village by the Sea:

author's name book summary (the' blurb')

books title quotation
illustration I acknowledgement
publisher's name price details
publisher's logo
-w@; 4

.a$

point

& How well does the illustration suit the storg?

? Does the cover make gou want to read the book?

3 What does the picture tell gou about Lila's life?
4 What does the blurb on the back covertell gou?
5 Does it make Uou want to read the whole storg?
6 How do gou think the storg might end?
€
 &fisemses that once killed GLOSSARY

Toinoculate is to introduce a
Today we can be inoculated against diseases which in the past smallamount of the disease
killed many, many people. For example, both adults and into a person's bodg. This is
children used to die of small pox. The faces of those who done to make that person
survived the disease were often disfigured with ugly pock immune to the disease.
marks, and many people were also left blind. The bubonic plague is named
after the swellings and sores
A disease for which there is no inoculation available, but which known as 'buboes'that covered
modern antibiotics can now treat, is the bubonic plague. There people's bodies.
are records of the disease from ancient times, but the worst antibiotics are drugs that kill
epidemic in recorded history is the Black Death that spread harmfu I micro-organisms.
throughout Europe in the fourteenth century, when it is said to An epidemic is a disease that
have killed a third of the population. Spread by the fleas that spreads through a communitg.
infested rats and other animals, the plague went on to kill A posg is a small bunch of
many people in Asia, Africa and the Americas before a cure flowers and medicinal herbs
was found. carried to provide fragrance
and protection from infection.
One of the first symptoms of the disease was a ring of rose-
coloured spots, as described in the old childrent rhyme.
_ ::_:'-;:-
Ring-a-ring o' roses,
a pocketful of posies, :"=-
a-tissue!, a-tissue,
we all fall down!
-- ,-_-_=

What other effects of the disease do you

think this rhyme describes?

Wood-block print showing a man

76 suffering from the bubonic plague
 4
lrr=
-
Have gou ever Plaged the game
ring-a-ring of roses?

aat

.l;

P 0 W D E R S B
M P
See how mang words
connected to the toPic of E S B R E A K C U E

health gou can find in this

S E A S E S R N
word search grid. D I

, With a highlighter Pen, find

I C B H A H S H G E
and colour in eight words
* W E F
running across the grid. C K L Y C E S

, With another colour highlight

W Y R
L L D H S I

the eight words running down

the grid. E M E D Y C
N V E R
' Some letters will be shared
P A S R L M R
and have two colours on E S

them, so choose colours that

R E S T P I L L 0 A
mix well together.

l! W B F E V E R L D L