Reciprocal Phase Shifter:: Differential Phase Shift Is Same in Both Directions of Propagation

Dual Mode Ferrite Phase Shifters?
 Reciprocal Phase Shifter: Differential phase shift is same in both

directions of propagation .
∆φ = φ1 − φ0
EEL002P4E Microwave and Millimeter Wave Integrated Circuits © Shiban K Koul, IIT DELHI- 2021 1
Recent Applications of PCMs
1000
elements
Active Electronic Scanned Array Radars- MIG 35, RAFALE and B-2 Stealth Bombers
Phase Shifter Geometry and Its Operation
Practical Ferrite Phase Shifters
- Reciprocal type
H0
Transformer Polarizer
Ferrite Rod
Yoke Rod Assembly
Concept of Dielectric Polarizer
Quadrupole Magnet Integrated Polarizer
Impedance Matching Network
Development of Dual-Mode Reciprocal Ferrite Phase Shifter
Phase Shifter Parts and Assembly
Bare Ferrite Rod
Assembled phase shifter without outer sleeve

Metalized Ferrite Rod
Bifilar Coil
Thin outer sleeve with locking stoppers

Bifilar Coil over Ferrite Rod and matching Transformers
Final Assembly
Ferrite Yoke and Spring Clips to hold them
Ferrite Yoke in Place over the rod and 4-pole magnets

Final Production Model Phase Shifter
Ferrite Phase Shifters
Assembled Phase Shifter
Switching Consideration and Driver
Phase Shift Versus Pulse Width
Polarizer Characterization
Radiation Pattern E-plane
Radiation Pattern H-Plane
Differential Phase Shift Versus Temperature
Development of Dual-Mode Reciprocal Ferrite Phase Shifter
Phase Shifter Parts and Assembly
Mounting of the phase shifters
First 1000 Element C-band Antenna

Array Assembly at LRDE
1000 Element X-band Antenna Array

with beam steering computer
Practical Air Defence System?
4000-10000
elements
Basic Types of P-i-N Diode Phase Shifters
1. Reflection Type
(a) Circulator coupled : Not commonly used because of circulator cost
(b) Hybrid coupled: Useful for any phase bit, BLC, Rat Race, Hybrid
2. Transmission Type
(a) Switched line: Most suitable for 180 degree phase bit
(b) Loaded line: Useful for small phase bits
(c) Low-pass high-pass: Used for implementation in MMIC
Reflection Type of P-i-n Diode Phase Shifters-
Principle of Operation
(a) Circulator coupled phase shifter
2 P Q
∆
State#1: Switch Closed: Signal Reflected at Point P: V2 = ΓV1e − jφ1
State#2: Switch Open: Signal Reflected at Point Q: V2 = ΓV1e − j( φ1 + 2β∆ )
With ideal diode:

Phase shift ∆φ = 2β ∆
Reflection Type of P-i-n Diode Phase Shifters-
Principle of Operation
(b) Hybrid coupled phase shifter
3 ∆
2
Hybrid
coupler
1
4
State#1: Switches Closed: Signal at port 2: V2 = jΓV1e − jφ1
jΓV1e ( 1
− j φ + 2β∆ )
State#2: Switch Open: Signal at Port 2: V2 =
With ideal diode:

Phase shift ∆φ = 2β ∆
Transmission Type of P-i-n Diode Phase Shifters
(a) Switched line
Design Example – Stripline Medium
∆φ 0 22.5
∆=
 ; 22.5= π 0.392 rad
× 2=
β 360
(a) Switched line PS- PRACTICAL DESIGN
2
D2 D2
1 2
D1 D1
1
State#1: D1 closed, D2 open: Transmission through 1 V2 = V1e − jφ1
State#2: D1 open, D2 closed: Transmission through  2 V2 = V1e − jφ2
Ideal diodes: ∆φ = β (2 - 1)
( b) Loaded line
A B   1 0  1 0
=  =   
 C D   Ysi 1   jB 1 
2 1
=S21 =
2 + jBZ0 1 + jb / 2
Example
For
( b) Loaded line-Practical Circuit
 ~ λ/4
1 2 1 2
Y0
Y0
- jB jB - jB jB
State#1: Switches in Position 1; Reference State at Phase φ1 V2 = V1e − jφ1
Switching between two small but opposite susceptances gives:

BN 
−1  B
Δφ = 2 tan  
2 
, B N =
 1 − 0 . 5 B N Y0
( b) Loaded line-Practical Circuit θ
1 2 1 2
Y0
Y0
jB1 jB2 jB1 jB2
(c) Low-pass high-pass

jX jX
Z0 Z0
1 2
- jX - jX
jB - jB
 ∆φ   ∆φ  X
XN =
= ; BN BZ 0
XN tan
=  ;
 N B sin  
 4   2  Z0
Suitable for Monolithic MMIC Realization

Switched Line Type: For large phase bits
Hybrid Coupled Type: For any phase bit
Loaded Line Type: For small phase bit
Low-Pass Type: Monolithic MMIC Realization
Based on cost, phase error, insertion Loss and Power Handling
In addition to using P-I-N diodes, one can also use, FETS and
MEMS devices

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Dual Mode Ferrite Phase Shifters?

 Reciprocal Phase Shifter: Differential phase shift is same in both

Phase Shifter Geometry and Its Operation

Concept of Dielectric Polarizer

Bare Ferrite Rod

Assembled phase shifter without outer sleeve

Thin outer sleeve with locking stoppers

Ferrite Yoke in Place over the rod and 4-pole magnets

Assembled Phase Shifter

Phase Shift Versus Pulse Width

Mounting of the phase shifters

First 1000 Element C-band Antenna

1000 Element X-band Antenna Array

(a) Circulator coupled : Not commonly used because of circulator cost

(a) Circulator coupled phase shifter

State#1: Switch Closed: Signal Reflected at Point P: V2 = ΓV1e − jφ1

State#2: Switch Open: Signal Reflected at Point Q: V2 = ΓV1e − j( φ1 + 2β∆ )

With ideal diode:

State#1: Switches Closed: Signal at port 2: V2 = jΓV1e − jφ1

With ideal diode:

(a) Switched line

(a) Switched line PS- PRACTICAL DESIGN

State#1: D1 closed, D2 open: Transmission through 1 V2 = V1e − jφ1

State#2: D1 open, D2 closed: Transmission through  2 V2 = V1e − jφ2

Ideal diodes: ∆φ = β (2 - 1)

State#2: Switches in Position 2; Reference State at Phase φ2 V2 = V1e − jφ2

Switching between two small but opposite susceptances gives:

jB1 jB2 jB1 jB2

(c) Low-pass high-pass

State#1: Switches in Position 1; Reference State at Phase φ1 V2 = V1e − jφ1

State#2: Switches in Position 2; Reference State at Phase φ2 V2 = V1e − jφ2

Suitable for Monolithic MMIC Realization

Switched Line Type: For large phase bits

Hybrid Coupled Type: For any phase bit

Loaded Line Type: For small phase bit

Low-Pass Type: Monolithic MMIC Realization

Based on cost, phase error, insertion Loss and Power Handling

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