MergeResult 2021 06 28 01 53 39

[BTME IT] SOFTWARE TRAINING
TRAINING REPORT
)
* UNDERTAKEN AT
GULZAR GROUP OF INSTITUTES , KHANNA

Febuary to july , 2021
ON “PROJECT/WORK ASSIGNED” SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
NAME OF STUDENT PARMINDER KAUR

ROLL NUMBER: 1707575
GULZAR GROUP OF INSTITUTES, LUDHIANA, PUNJAB

(“Times New Roman”, “14”, “Bold”)
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project work entitled (“Title of the project”) is an authentic record of my own work
carried out at (Place of work) as requirements of four months Industrial Training for the award of degree of
B.Tech (Branch), Gulzar Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, under the guidance of (Name of Software Supervisor) and
(Name of Faculty coordinator), during (Start Month) to (End Month ), 2021.
I hereby declared that the above statement made by me correct to the best of our knowledge and belief.
(Signature of student) parminder kaur

Name of Student - Parminder kaur
University Roll Number : 1707575
Date: june28,2021
Revit Architecture 2014 Manual
mbbuet@gmail.com Page 4
Creating levels
Levels Use the Level tool to define a vertical height or story within a building. You create a level for each
known story or other needed reference of the building (for example, first floor, top of wall, or bottom of
foundation). To add levels, you must be in a section or elevation view.
When you add levels, you can create an associated plan view. Levels are finite horizontal planes that act
as a reference for level-hosted elements, such as roofs, floors, and ceilings. You can resize their extents so
that they do not display in certain views.
Levels are used in Revit project to specified the height of which object are to be inserted or drawn.
1- In project Browser and Select the Elevations (Building Elevation )
2-Select South and double click on south .
3- Select Architecture Tab > Datum > Level

4- Place the cursor in the drawing are click
5-Draw the level line by moving the cursor horizontally.
6-Adding the levels at different height and give the name of these levels like foundation level , Ground
level, Floor level and Roof Level etc.
Creating the Column Grids:
Use the Grid tool to place column grid lines in the building design. You can then add columns along the
column grid lines. Grid lines are finite planes. You can drag their extents in elevation views so that they
do not intersect level lines. This allows you to determine whether grid lines appear in each new plan view
that you create for a project. Grid line are also use to quickly located the column in the project .
1- Architecture Tab >Datum> Grid .

2-Click when the grid is correct length.
2-Make a grids at required dimension along X and Y direction .
3- you can also change the grid color click on grid then click on
4- Click on the end segment color change the color then click ok.
Creating Columns:
You can add columns in plan view. The height of the column is defined in the properties of the
component. Using the properties, you can define the Base Level and the Top Level, as well as offsets.
For creating the column in a plan
1-Architecture tab >Build> click on column drop down drop it down and select the structural
column as shown in a figure.
2- Then load family of structural column.
3- click on contextual tab (modify/place structural column)>Load Family
4- Look in US Imperial and click on structure column folder
5-Then click on the concrete folder .
6- In concrete folder different kind of concrete column present as shown select the concrete -rectangular
-column then click on open
after loading the family of structure Rectangular -concrete -column the
7- In Properties click in then
8-Click on give the name of column eg. C 6"X18" then
9-Change the dimension of the column b 6" and h 18" and click on ok .
10-In properties check the column material as shown in figure with Red arrow click the material that
required . After selecting the column material place the column in the grid at required dimension .
11-Column are to be place in the Grid at required dimension as shown in figure
12-Then select the columns height means start level or base level of column and end level or top level of
column here we show base level of column is Foundation level and the top level is Roof level
13-To show the 3D view of the Column from base level to top level in Quick access toolbar click on
.
Creating Footing :
1-In Structure Tab >Foundation > click on the isolated Footing that shown in figure .
2- click on contextual tab (modify/Isolated Foundation)>Load Family
2- Look in US Imperial and click on structure Foundations folder
3-In Structure Foundation folder different kind of Foundation present as shown select the Footing
-rectangular then click open.
after loading the family of isolated footing then in
4- In Properties click in then click on
5-Give the name of footing eg. footing 36''x36''x9" click ok
6- Then change the dimension of the footing width 36'' length 36'' thickness 9" as shown and click
on ok .
7-Then select the level of footing that Foundation level.
8-Then place the isolated footing on the center of the Column.
9- To show the 3D view of the Column and Footing from base level to top level in Quick access
toolbar click on .
Creating beams:
1-In Ribbon Click on the Structure Tab > Build > click on the Beam that shown in figure .
Same procedure is used for load the family like Structure column.
2- Click on contextual tab (modify/place Beam)>Load Family
3-Look in US Imperial then click on Structural Framing.
4- Then Click on Concrete folder
Contents
No table of contents entries found.
5-Then Click on Concrete -Rectangular Beam
6- Click on open.
after loading the family of concrete-rectangular -beam then
7-in Properties click in then
8- click on
9-Give the name of beam eg. Beam 6"x18"" then
10-Change the dimension of the footing b 6" h 18" as shown and click on ok .
11-Then place the beam in the plan where required . First place the beam in ground level
12- 2D and 3D view of a project .
Creating Walls :
1- Click on the Architecture tab > Build > click on the wall drop it down so different kind of
walls present as shown
walls that required click on it but in this case we select simple wall not structural wall or other wall as
shown.
Wall Function :
All wall types within the Basic Wall and Stacked Wall families have a type property called Function,
which can have the following values:
■ Interior
■ Exterior
■ Foundation
■ Retaining
■ Soffit
■ Core-Shaft
You can filter the display of walls in a view to show/hide only those walls that serve a particular
function. When creating a wall schedule, you can also use this property to include or exclude walls
according to function.
Compound Walls :
Just as roofs, floors, and ceilings in Revit can consist of multiple horizontal layers, walls can consist of
more than one vertical layer or region. The position, thickness, and material for each layer and region are
defined through the type properties of the wall. You can add, delete, or modify individual layers and
regions, or add sweeps and reveals to customize the wall type.
Stacked Walls:
In addition to the Basic Wall and Curtain Wall families, Revit includes a Stacked Wall family for
modeling walls that consist of 2 or more distinct sub walls stacked on top of each other.
Structural Walls :
All wall types within the Basic Wall family have an instance property called Structural Usage, which
specifies whether the wall is non-bearing or one of 3 kinds of structural wall (bearing, shear, or structural
combined). When you use the Wall tool, Revit assumes you are placing partition walls. Whichever wall
type you select, the default Structural Usage value is non-bearing. When you use the Structural Wall tool,
and select the same wall type, the default Structural Usage value is bearing. In either case, the value is
read-only, but you can change it after the wall is placed.
Embedded Walls:
Walls can be embedded into a host wall, so that the embedded wall is associated with the host wall. For
example, a curtain wall can be embedded into an exterior wall, or a wall can be embedded into a curtain
panel. Like doors or windows in the host wall, the embedded wall does not resize if you resize its host. If
you move the host wall, the embedded wall moves with it.
Wall Joins:
When walls intersect, Revit creates a butt join by default and cleans up the display in plan view by
removing visible edges between the walls and their corresponding component layers. The view’s Wall
Join Display instance property controls whether the cleanup applies to all wall types or only to walls of
the same type. You can change how the join displays in a plan view by selecting a different join option
(Miter or Square-off) or by specifying which one of the walls butts up or squares off against the other(s).
You can also specify whether the join cleans up, does not clean up, or cleans up according to the default
setting for the view.
2-Then we define the walls with required dimension in properties click on
3- Then click on
4- Give the name like Block masonry 6"
5- Click on edit as shown by red arrow
6- Change the thickness and material of wall . In this material tab different type of masonry unit are
present so select the required type masonry and also select the surface pattern as required you can
also change the appearance ,Identity and graphics of the masonry.
7-In Properties select the top constraint that is floor level than place the wall.
8-To show the 3D view of walls from the GL to FL in Quick access toolbar click on .
Creating Floor:
1-Click on the structure tab > Structure > click on the floor drop it down select the structure floor .
2- Define the floor with required dimension in properties click on
3-Then click on
4- Give the name like floor 6".
5-In construction Click on Edit and change the thickness of floor and material of floor . After
selecting the structure floor thickness and material then by using boundary line select the area where the
floor is required after selecting then click on .
Edit the Floor Boundary :
you can edit the floor boundary where required so select the floor from plan then click on the Modify /
floor and click on the Edit Boundary.
then by using boundary line select the area where the Edit the floor is required after selecting then click
on so you can see that floor boundary is edited.
Creating Stair :
1-Click on Architecture Tab >Circulation> click on the Stairs as shown in figure.
2- Define the Stair with required dimension of riser and tread in properties click on
3- Click on
4- Give the name like Stair 7" riser and 11" tread .
5- Calculation Rules Click on Edit
Edit then Stair Calculator tab is open use the stair calculator for the slop calculation .
then create the stair at required place in the plan .After selecting then click on
To show the 3D view of Stair from the GL to FL main bar click on
Creating Railing :
1-Click on Click on Architecture Tab > Circulation > click on the railing
2--Then in properties click in
3- Click on
4-Give the name of Railing eg. Hand rail rectangular
5- Change the height and material of railing then click apply and ok.
6- Select the level where the railing is placed in this project we select the FL ( Floor level) . Then place
the railing where you want in this floor. After selecting then
click on .
Creates a section view of the Building.
1- In Quick access tool bar click on to create the section of the building .
2- Place the section in the building where you required .
3- Right click on the section line then go to view as shown in figure.
Now you can see the section view of the Building in a figure .
To Measure the Dimension:
1- Click on Annotate tab select the dimension style

like Aligned then give the dimension to the plan and girds as required.
Creating Door :
1-Click on the Architecture tab > Build> click on Door .
After loading the family of Door
3-click on
4-Give the name of door eg. door 48"x84" then
5-Change the dimension of the door width 48" Height 84" as shown and click on ok . then place the
door where required in the plan.
Creating Windows:
1-Click on the Architecture tab > Build >click on window as shown in a figure. Loading
the family of windows then
3- Click on
4-Give the name of Windows eg. Window 36"x48" then
5-Change the dimension of the windows width 36" Height 48" also change the sill height 3' and click
on ok . then place the widows where required in the plan.
Realistic View of Building:
1-In View control bar click on and select the Realistic then you can see the building in a realistic
state as shown in a figure.
Energy Analysis & Heating and cooling Load of Building .
1-In View control bar open the sun path as shown.
then
2- In Quick access tool bar open the 3D view click on then you see the sun path change the date
and time as shown in a figure .
3-Click on Analyze tab > Build >Space Click on then click on rooms.
4- Click on Analyze tab > Build >Zone click on then click on the rooms where space is placed.
5- Click on .
6- Click on floor in the project then
7- In Properties click on edit then
8-In construction again click on the Edit then in
9-Material click the structure concrete Material then
10-Click on thermal then ok.
11- Click on the Manage Tab >Project Location > Click location
12- Internet availability is necessary for Energy analysis and heating and cooling load analysis for the
project.
13- Click on analyze tab >Build > Click on Reports drop it down then click on Heating and cooling
load After clicking project summary for heating cooling loads given below.
then click on the energy setting as shown below so change the building type ground plane and location
etc as you required . In energy analysis remember Internet availability is necessary. Then click analyze
then run energy simulation . then click Result & compare .
Schedules/ Quantities:
In Project Browser right click on the schedule /Quantities then click on new schedule/Quantities as
shown. then New schedule tab is open in category select required category after selecting the category
click on ok new tab is open
.In schedule property tab click on fields select the required available field and add it then click on ok .
After Clicking ok then you see the schedule of column same procedure is used for footing , beams ,
door , windows etc.
Creating Sheets.
In project Browser right click on sheets the click the new sheet then clik ok.
then new sheet is open then in a Project Browser press the mouse button drag the required levels,3D
views, elevation, section etc and release on the sheet as shown.
View control bar
Rendering :
1-In View control bar Click on shown in a figure then rendering tab is open then select the region
adjust lighting background after adjusting Click on Render.
After Rendering figure shown.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON
COMMERCIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AT SAGAR ENGINEERING INFRA
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

Award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted To: IKGPTU

Submitted By: PARMINDER KAUR
Preface
This Industrial training Report is based on, which I preformed after completion of 24 weeks
of Industrial training at Sagar engineering Infra .
Industrial Training program was held on 8th semester of the civil engineering degree
programme curriculum and Industrial training is carried out by the
In collaboration with the Training Division OF the SUS
This report contained experiences and knowledge which I gathered during my training period
from febuary to july 2021
Mainly report has three chapters chapter 1 is included information about training
organization, project description, hierarchy of the organization, safety of the project and
welfare activities.
Chapter2 mainly described my experiences which are learned during my training and
comparison with structural knowledge which I gained during academic. Chapter 2 is divided
into sub topics according to which I performed and observed construction activities on the
site.
Finally chapter 3 is about the conclusion of the training, which includes my development,
suggestions and activities which I couldn’t perform.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to expresses my gratitude to other faculty members of Civil Engineering
department of SUS Faculty of Engineering, Village Tangori, Mohali for providing academic
inputs, guidance & encouragement throughout the training period.
The author would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanksto
Sh.Samandeep Singh Project Manager of Company, without whose permission, wise
counsel and able guidance, it would have not been possible to pursue my training inthis
manner.
The help rendered by Mr. Naveen Sharma Supervisor/Site Engineer for experimentation is
greatlyacknowledged.
Finally, I express my indebtedness to allthosewhohavedirectlyorindirectly contributed to
the successful completion of my industrialtraining.
Parminder kaur
1707575
8Th Sem Civil
Content
1. Introduction
1.1 About Sagar engineering Infra Infra Infra. …………… 1

1.1.1 Project overview ……………... 2
1.1.2 Location ……………... 3
1.1.3 Introduction Of Structure ……………... 4
1.1.4 Organization Chart ……………... 5
1.1.5 On Site Employees ……………... 6
1.2 Management Practice ………………7
1.3 Floor Plans ………………8
2. Training Experience…………….. 11
2.1 Formwork ……………... 15
2.1.1 Column Formwork ……………... 18

2.1.2 Wall Formwork ……………... 21
2.1.3 Beam Formwork ……………... 23
2.1.4 Slab Formwork ……………... 24
2.1.5 Striking & Removing Formwork ……………... 26
2.2 Reinforcement work ……………... 27
2.2.1 Column Reinforcement ……………... 30

2.2.2 Lift Core Reinforcement ……………... 32
2.2.3 Shear Wall Reinforcement ……………... 33
2.2.4 Beam Reinforcement ……………... 34
2.2.5 Slab Reinforcement ……………... 35
2.3 Surveying Work ……………... 36
2.3.1 Slab Leveling ……………... 36
2.3.2 Setting Out ……………... 37
2.4 Concreting……………... 38
2.4.1 Concreting Sampling ……………... 39
2.4.2 Concrete Placement ……………... 41
2.4.3 Compacting Concrete ……………... 44
2.5 Curing of Concrete ……………... 45
2.6 Chemical Anchoring ……………... 46
2.7 Block work ……………... 47
2.8 Machinery ……………..... 48
3. Conclusion……………... 56
List of Figures
Figure 1: Logo of company -----------------------------------------------------------------------------1

Figure 2: Image of Building ------ --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
Figure 3: Location On Map -----------------------------------------------------------------------------3
Figure 4: Organization Chart --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
Figure 5: Ground Floor Plan ----------------------------------------------------------------------------5
Figure 6: 10th Floor Plan---------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
Figure 7: 11th Floor Plan ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Figure 8: 12th -19th Floor Plan---------------------------------------------------------------------------8
Figure 9: Safety Hamlets-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11
Figure 10: Safety Glasses-------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
Figure 11: Safety Gloves-------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Figure 12: Safety Vest----------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
Figure 13: Safety Shoes---------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
Figure 14: Scaffolding----------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Figure 15: Raft Foundation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------17
Figure 16: Lap Length----------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
Figure 17: BBS Of Column Page (1)-----------------------------------------------------------------24
Figure 18: BBS OF Column Page (2)-----------------------------------------------------------------24
Figure 19: Reinforcement Of Column (1)------------------------------------------------------------25
Figure 20: Lift Plan -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27
Figure 21: Beam Reinforcement-----------------------------------------------------------------------28
Figure 22: Plain Of Bottom Reinforcement Of Slab -----------------------------------------------29
Figure 23: Plain Of Top Reinforcement OF Slab---------------------------------------------------30
Figure 24: Bottom Reinforcement Of Slab ----------------------------------------------------------30
Figure 25: Top Reinforcement OF Slab--------------------------------------------------------------31
Figure 26: Column Cap Formwork--------------------------------------------------------------------
32
Figure 27: Column Cap Reinforcement--------------------------------------------------------------33
Figure 28: Column Cap---------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
Figure 29: Levelling Work-----------------------------------------------------------------------------34
Figure 30: Concrete Cube Test------------------------------------------------------------------------35
Figure 31: Slump Test----------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
Figure 32: Concrete Placement ----------------------------------------------------------------------37
Figure 33: Curing----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
Figure 34: Brickwork-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
Figure 35: AAC Block----------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
Figure 36: Stiffening Column In AAC Wall---------------------------------------------------------45
Figure 37: Stiffening Beam in AAC Wall------------------------------------------------------------46
Figure 38: Mortar of AAC Block ---------------------------------------------------------------------46
Figure 39: Cut Out Reinforcement ------------------------------------------------------------------47
Figure 40: Cut Out---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47
Figure 41: Staircase Plain------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
Figure 42: Staircase Section AT A-A &D-D--------------------------------------------------------48
Figure 43: Staircase Section AT C-C & F-F---------------------------------------------------------49
Figure 44: Reinforcement Of Staircase ------------------------------------------------------------49
Figure 45: Concreting Of Staircase (1) & (2)--------------------------------------------------------50
Figure 46: Tower Crane-------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
Figure 47: RMC------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
53
Figure 48: Bar Bending Machine ---------------------------------------------------------------------54
Figure 49: Bar Cutter------------------------------------------------------------------------------------54
Figure 50: Grinder --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
Introduction
1.1 About Sagar engineering Infra Infra Infra
Sagar engineering Infra Infra Infra main vision is aptly encapsulated in our motto: Commit
and Deliver. We strive to envision, design and construct the most magnificent landmarks and
edifices; to contribute tangibly in Regional and National Development by way of key
infrastructure projects, and to protect and preserve the Environment we live in.
At the end of the day, our Vision is about making the world a better place to live in; to
transform and to uplift the Quality of living and lifestyles of each and every individual.
We also aim to achieve global leadership in delivering an umbrella range of services in

virtually in all aspects related to Construction Management, by essaying the role of India's
one fo the leading engineering construction development company.
Figure 1 : Logo Of Company
1|Page
1.1.1 Project Overview
Figure 2: Image of Building
o Project :Showrooms, Office Space, Studios, SOHO(Small Office Home Office), Food
Court, Hotel Room, Restaurant, Pub, SPA
o Description :19 Unique Floors& two basement with a Capacity of 1,000 Cars.
o Client : GBP
o Contractor :Suray Construction (Pvt )Lt
o Consultant : Design Consortium Ltd (DCL)
o Project management : Department of Building (DOB)
o Project start :
o Project ending :
o Project Cost :
o Total site area :4.075 Acres
2|Page
1.1.2Location
Figure 3: Location On Map
Product Line: Showrooms, Office Space, Studios, SOHO(Small Office Home

Office), Food Court, Hotel Room, Restaurant, Pub, SPA
Location: Zirakpur, Mohali
Area: 4.075 Acres
RERA Number PBRERA-SAS79-PC0021
3|Page
1.1.3 Introduction Of Structure
"Centrum" is an integrated lifestyle architectural marvel which will become a landmark of

Chandigarh Capital Region - Tricity i.e. Chandigarh-Panchkula-Mohali. It is a mixed use
project offering commercial spaces in Zirakpur, Mohali near Chandigarh. It is strategically
located on NH-22, Chandigarh-Ambala Highway. The Project stands out as a 2-side open
Corner Property with 800 Sq. ft. space front facing NH-22 & 250 Sq. ft space front facing
Nagla Road. It is the perfect combination of affordable luxury and comfort. Centrum is the
tallest building of Zirakpur with 19 stories.
GBP Centrum provides commercial space, office space, and commercial properties in
Zirakpur Chandigarh. They can be used as Showrooms, Small Office Home Office,
Restaurant, SPA.
Project Highlights:
 Tallest Building in the region integrating 19 Unique Floors
 Designed by Space Matters, one of the leading design firms in India.
 Unmatched services of most Luxurious 4 Star Hotel.
 Underground parking with 2 Basement Levels with a Capacity of 1,000 Cars.
 “Tranquillity Zone” with a Spa, Gymnasium, Beach Deck and Executive Club.
 Business Centric Facilities such as Conference Rooms, Receptions, House Keeping
Services
 Voice – over Internet Telephony.
 RFID and Biometric Access.
 2 Side Visibility of the project.
 15 minutes drive from Chandigarh International Airport.
 Well connected to Chandigarh Capital Region - Tricity (Chandigarh, Panchkula &
Mohali)
 Located in industrial, commerce & business centric hub in the company of world
renowned brands like Metro, Walmart, Decathalon, KFC, Mc Donalds, Hotel Park
Plaza, Hotel Aloft, Hotel Best Western.
 The Centrum in Zirakpur, will be the city’s tallest and tricity 3rd tallest building at
250 feet tall.  The Centrum stands out as a 2-side open prime Property with 800 Sq.
ft. space front facing & 250 Sq. ft space from other side.
4|Page
1.1.4Floor Plans
Figure 5: Ground Floor Plan
5|Page
Figure 6: 10th Floor Plan
Figure 7 : 11th Floor Plan
Figure 8: 12th- 19th Floor Plan
6|Page
1.5Organization Chart
Figure 4 : Organization Chart
7|Page
1.5.1On Site Engineers
From Cilint
 Er. Naveen Sharma

From Contractor
1. Project Manager –
 Samandeep Singh
2. Site Engineer -
 Er. Vijay Kumar

 Er. Kahwar Shakti Singh
 Er. Parmod Kumar
 Er. Pardeep Choudhary
3. Forman
 Kulwinder Singh
 Om Prakash
4. Safety Engineer
 Risau Kumar
5. Labour
8|Page
1.6 Management practice
Management function can be divided into 04 components; planning, organizing,

leading and controlling. Construction Company utilized management principle to produce
effective outcome. Mainly project manager is a key person to success of the project.
In the project, the project manager mainly coordinates with planning engineer,
construction manager, QA/QC manager, administration manager, billing and contracting
department and safety manager. The Construction industry main goal is complete the task
within allocated duration and allocated budget. So project manager and construction manager
adopted to implement task-oriented management style in the site. Project manager conducts
daily meets with different parties such as with consultant and client, structural team, finishing
team and with administration and billing section. Suitable actions such delays of activities,
budget controlling and project acceleration techniques will be discussed during the meeting
Recruitment procedure is conducting by structured interview panel of relevant area.
Construction staffs are working in such busiest situation. Therefore organization has
introduced Day-off procedure which allows for any of staff member worked more than
24hr.The leaves can be taken 5 days per month but it may depend on project manager
approval. Compensation is providing to employee monetary or non-monetary benefits such as
bonus, overtime payment. But Engineers and other staff members not included overtime
payment in this organization. But their basic payment is high than other construction
companies. I had also chance to sign time on & off of labours’ in-time card. Work
satisfaction situation I have given extra overtime to motivate workers.
9|Page
1.7 Site Safety
Safety is not a simple word just ignore in the construction site which cause serious
injuries or permeant disable during the construction activities. In the records shows that many
of injuries or permeant disable or fatal have been happened around construction sites in past
decades. Therefore Site Safety management is essential in any large scale to small scale
projects. Builder or Contractor first priority is fulfil safety measurements in the Site and
ensure safe place or environment to workers. Workers have right to work in safe area and
Employer is obliged to provide adequate safety measurements. If there is no such sufficient
safety, Supervisor prohibited enforcing workers working under insecure area.
MOL Project assigned Safety division, which has Safety Manager and 3 Safety
Officers or Supervisor. Daily Safety Officer visit site in several time and supervising safety in
the site and take necessary action. Safety officer has authority to force workers and
supervisors if there have any hazard and take suitable preventative action. In the site, Riggers
(who erecting scaffolding) were under Safety Officer command. Follows are main
responsibilities of safety officer.
Awareness and understanding of all Safety rules and regulations in the
Company.
Develop and implement safe systems of work for the project in conjunction
with the Safety Manager.
Handle Riggers, erect external and internal scaffolding.
Provide or issue PPE and clothes to workers and site Staff.
Report any injuries resulting from work activities. (Include hazard area,
conditions and unsafe operations etc…)
Conduct safety meeting to works as well as staff.
Accidents are cause due to unsafe condition and unsafe act.

The most common types ofaccidents at sites are,
o Getting hit by a falling object(material or tool fall from top)
o Falling from heights
o Electric shock
o Another worker stand while material shifting
o Getting hit by a moving vehicle
o Injury due to moving machinery (ex. Power saw, drill hammer, bar
bending machine etc.)
o Due to inadequate light will be injured
o Slip and fall while climbing the ladder during the rain
10 | P a g e
Hard Hat or Helmet
Hard hat or helmet is issued to each and every personnel working on site. It has to be worn all
times at job site.
Figure 9 : Safety Halmets
Safety Glasses
Safety glasses are required at construction site every time debris is filled in air due to
activities on site.
Figure 10 : Saftey Glasses
11 | P a g e
Hand Protection Gloves
Hand gloves are supplied to all personals to protect against cuts when handling material or
equipment’s, during cleaning operations, cutting metal studs or similar works.
Figure 11 : Safety Gloves
Safety Vests
Safety vests also called as high visibility shirts. Purpose of safety vest is to keep the person
always clear in view, even in the dark and he should be visible to everyone.
Safety vests are of different bright colors like red, green, yellow so it’s easy forworkers to see
and locate each other
12 | P a g e
Figure 12 : Safety Vests
Proper Clothing
Shirts, long pants and hard soul shoes, a 6-inch-high boot is recommended.
Figure 13 : Safety Shoe
13 | P a g e
2. Training experience
When I started the training period, Project was completed up to 10TH Level.
Continuing mainly structural and Basement waterproofing activities were on the site.
Building was divided into 5 Zones. Main sections of the site activities are Formwork, Steel
Fitting (Reinforcement), Concreting and Finishing. I trained first 2 ½ months on Formwork
section and remain period in Reinforcement. Intermediately, I learnt surveying works (Slab
leveling, basic of setting out works), concrete placement and finishing (Block works).
First day of the training I had safety instruction and introduction about the project.
PM instructed me to observe activities going on the project and I studied the site layout.
Especially during training, I gain experience about labour management, activities controlling,
and implementing task according to standard operation in right labour on right situation.
During the training I refreshed my structural knowledge which I learnt from
academic. Behalf from that learnt new structural elements and features such as coupling
beam, shear walls, trimmer bars and learnt new method of formwork technology, concrete
placement, how to make BBS and construction procedure. And mainly I learnt about labour
management which can be gained through experience.
Follows are included structural elements theories which I learnt from academic and
comparison with application during training.
Continuous beams - beam is a flexural member transmit gravity load to columns by

internal forces. Continuous beam is indeterminate structures which are designed to
resist bending moment and deflection mainly. Continuous beam generates large
negative moment at the supports and positive moment at the mid-span. At the bottom
main reinforcement is provided re-bar is lapped where 1/3 of beam span. At the top
main reinforcement is provided to resist negative sagging moment. Vertically stirrups
or links are arranged to bear shear load and to avoid cracks generating in diagonally.
Stirrups spacing varies along the span and less spacing will be provided to resist
higher shear force at the supports. Newly I learnt longitudinal Lacer bar (tie bar)
which is inserted to large depth beam more than 750mm.
Continuous slabs – It is 2D element which is designed by considering 1m width

continuous beam strip. Due to transverse load positive moment will be generated at
the mid span and negative moment at the supports. Therefore Slab provided two
layers of B1, B2 at the mid span T1 and T2 at the supports. In the site I observed that
spacing of each panel, outermost bay spacing was closer than mid bay due to large
bending moment at the mid span.
Column - is vertical load bearing member which transmit beam load safely to the
foundation. Columns are subjected to compression load as well as biaxial bending
moments. Columns are design according to BS8110 adequate longitudinal
reinforcement and transvers reinforcement (stirrups). Stirrups are resisting the
movement of the main longitudinal reinforcement during construction and restraining
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each reinforcing bar against buckling.
Shear walls – are used in building to resist lateral force due to wind and earthquakes.
Mainly shear walls are predominant when designing tall buildings. There are different
types of walls rectangular, barbell and flanged. Vertical reinforcement is provided to
resist flexure capacity and horizontal reinforcement is provided to prevent diagonal
tension failure. Arrangement of shear wall symmetrical at least one axis. Barbell and
flanged shaped shear walls have greater resistance against sliding shear.
Lap length – minimum length which transfer load to concrete safely and to another
bar. Load transfer to other member in the concrete is governed by the bearing of the
Re-bar ribs against the concrete. In the concrete developed compressive strut with an
angle of 45 degrees. In this site recommended to used lap length is 52*D.
I have been trained as a training site engineer during period of training and studied
duties and responsibilities of site engineer as follows,
o Executing activities according to contract drawings and specifications, agreed
procedures and method statements.
o Full control the workforce on site to achieve planned task.
o Ensuring that safety rules and regulations are communicated to the workforce and are
fully aware.
o Site surveying and setting out, dimensional control, prepare BBS, Record productivity
of day work.
o Monitoring all Sub-contractors work closely to ensure that the Quality of the work is
as per specification and is completed on time.
o Review technical aspects of Method Statements produced by subcontractors.
o Preparing activities for the inspection coordinate adjustment and carry out
rectification.
o General site management and assign right workforce each activity
o Informed or report PM related issues affect to the project completion and
quality.
2.1 Scaffolding
Scaffoldings are temporary structures which are used for many purposes of
construction activities such as enabling high elevation of access, covering around building
and making safe platforms to deliver materials.
Traditionally scaffolding system used to make safe platform such as using GI pipes
(1.8m, 3m, and 6m) and Clamps. There are two clamps available; called free and fixed. MOL
project initially used different scaffolding system which is called Cup Locks. Easy to erect
and there is new method to lock each member. Main part of the Cup Lock system is stand
(vertical member in 3m high and cups are in 500mm spacing to connect members) and
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Ledger(1800mm and 900mm lengths are available which is connecting to cup horizontally.)
Cup links were used in internal works for binding the reinforcement of columns, lift
core and shear wall, and facilitating for inspection works and used as a slab forms supporting
system. Externally, cup links were used to erect around the building. But issue was cup locks
are expensive, therefore external safety scaffolding system switched to scaffolding frames to
cover building.
Figure 14 : Scaffolding
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2.1Foundation
Raft Foundation
Raft foundations (sometimes known as Mat Foundations) are a large concrete slab which can
support a number of columns and walls.
The slab is spread out under the entire building or at least a large part of it which lowers the
contact pressure compared to the traditionally used strip or trench footings.
Because of the speed and volume of houses required after the second world war, the raft
foundation was widely used. The raft foundation was cheaper, easier to install and most
importantly, did not require as much excavation as the usual strip foundations.
When the Building Regulations were introduced in 1965 there were no generic rules for raft
foundations as there were for strip foundations.
This meant that to use a raft foundation, it had to be designed and approved by Building
Control. This made the entire operation much more difficult and time consuming so raft
foundations became less widely used almost overnight.
Figure 15 : Raft Foundation
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When Are Raft Foundation are used
Rafts are most often used these days when the strata is unstable or (because of this) a normal
strip foundation would cover more than 50% of the ground area beneath the building. There
are also situations (usually in areas where mining has occurred) where there may be areas of
movement in the strata.
They are much more commonly used in the construction of commercial building in the UK
that they are for domestic homes, but can be used very successful in both situations. To
understand when it is better to use raft foundations, you need to understand how they work.
A raft foundation is usually preferred under a number of circumstances:
 it is used for large loads, which is why they are so common in commercial building
which tend to be much larger, and therefore heavier, than domestic homes
 The soil has a low bearing capacity so the weight of the building needs to be spread
out over a large area to create a stable foundation
 The ratio of individual footings to total floor space is high. Typically if the footings
would cover over half of the construction area then raft foundation would be used
 If the walls of the building are so close that it would cause the individual footings to
overlap, then raft foundations should be used
Advantages and Dis-Advantages of Raft Foundation
Followings are the advantages of raft foundation:

 Mat foundation can be provided where the shallow foundation is necessary but soil
condition is poor.
 It resists differential settlement. • Mat foundation requires less earth excavation.
 Mat foundation itself can be considered as a floor slab. So it reduces the cost of
constructing floor slab.
 Distribute loads over a larger area.
Followings are the disadvantages of raft foundation:
 Prone to edge erosion.
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 Special measurements are needed when mat foundation is subjected to the
concentrated load
Following sub-chapter included which I performed task during training with relevant
information.
2.1.1 Formwork
A rigid structure or mould fixed temporarily which is retained size, shape and the
position of Structural elements (Column, Walls, Beam, Slab) until set up fresh concrete.
Formwork is the single largest cost component in the concrete buildings. In some situation
cost of formwork is higher than steel and concrete. Selection of suitable formwork mainly
depends on project quality, time and cost of erecting and removing, safety of formwork and
direct and indirect costs. Formwork should be easily fabricate, easily erect and remove and
more times of reuse.
There are two types of formwork solution, which are
Conventional formwork – Basic formwork solution which can be designed

carpenters also. Normally used Plywood, Lumbers
(2X2, 2x4), GI pipes, thread bar, Form ties, P-Cone,
Props and Chains.
System formwork - Differentiate with conventional formwork which are

prefabricated outside of the job. It’s made of steel or
timber specific shapes and sizes.
Formwork positioning and plumbing was done in a simplest way, first have to
established edge and offset lines each structural element. For columns normally 1000mm
offsets were established around column, supervisor should have to calculate offset distance
from edge. For walls, kerb 200mm or 300mm offset are established by using Marking cord.
Plumb bob with string will be attached where top of the form and distance will be
measured by reducing the thickness of board and hanged. Top prop or chain was used to push
or pull the form in correct place by observing plumb bob nib. And kicker props used to adjust
correct location of the form.
Sub-contractors or carpenter tried to finish job as soon as possible, therefore they
generally made mistakes, not adhere to method statements and quality of the work will be
reduced. Proper inspection and communication is mandatory to finish work as quality.
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2.1.2 Column Formwork
Column formwork is a vertical form or panel in different sizes and shapes, which
have designed to resist initial hydrostatic pressure of wet concrete.
I had chance to observed conventional method of column formwork, shuttered
column was G-2 (Grid position) 400X 1200 mm column. Normally The Columns are covered
up to 3m.
Basically using materials are Steel Plats, Steel pipes (2’) steel plates are place vertically in
direction along column and then tightn with steel screw. After screwing plumb is used to
check that formwork is straight from all four sides.
FinallySteel Walerwere installed horizontally and (GI pipes) were installed horizontally and
tightened by using form ties Key.
When supervising conventional column formwork initially has to inspect kicker is in
accurate dimensions, avoid studs spacing maximum, separates are arranged in accurate
lengths, Instruct to fixed double walers perpendicular to studs and maintained horizontality of
walers. Good alignment is depending on proper waler tighten.
Common problems arising during job are;

Plates is not leveled difficult to plumb and bottom create openings.
Top prop braced is in insufficient height due to that Waler got twist.
Or Anchor bolt released from concrete surface during turning props.
Crane is not available.
Over size Covering Blocks are placed difficult to close and difficult to plumb
the panel.
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Panels are damage during de-shuttering and inadequate Form oil pasting.
2.1.3 Beam formwork
Beam formwork is a three side box including two sides form and a soffit these sides’
forms are retained initial static wet concrete load and soffit form bear initial load (imposed
load and reinforcement load) and wet concrete load.
Beam formwork done in conventional method first we prepared beam soffit form,
which is done simply according to GA (General Arrangement) calculating the span length
and width of the beam. Power Saw was used by carpenters to saw the Steel Plates.
2.1.4 Slab formwork
Formwork for slabs is somewhat different than formwork of walls or columns. Slab
forms are elevated; therefore, they require some type of vertical support. Also, workers will
be working on the formwork. Slab form safety is important due to increment of static dead
load and any impact load. In many instance, formwork failure happens due to inadequate
shoring for slab. Shores must be secured at the top and bottom ends to prevent any movement
or displacement.
MULTIFLEX Girder Slab formwork system easy to erect, remove and shores also.
Shoring system was done in adjustable steel props or Cup Links.
Firstly arranged shoring system and at the top of shoring cross frokhead or U-head
were placed and where primary girders overlapping position must install Cross frokhead not
U-head. Then Primary girders kept 1.8m apart but near to the beam form kept 500mm
spacing. Overlap length of primary girders app. 600mm. practically difficult to keep that
length therefore nailed cross head with girder. For safety of slab form used 05 primary girders
across 8m span.
Before placing secondary girders, string was attached to corner of side form of beam.
Cross heads (U- head max 1 ft. and cross frokhead max. 500mm can be screwed up) were
adjusted according 200mm deep with the string. It is very convenience to slab leveling. Types
of girders are selected to suitable place maintain 400mm spacing c/c of the secondary girders.
Finally Steel Plates were laid down at the edge of side board were plumbed by using
speed level and weld it . It is necessary to check that top side boards were Weld and joints
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were closed.
2.1.5 Removing Formwork
Removing or dismantling of formwork is important as the erecting of formwork. Care

of removing will be depended on number of reuse and less damage. Removals of forms were
done by after achieving sufficient strength of concrete bear itself.
But these duration varied with curing methods adopting at site and temperature of the
around site. Order of removing form,
1. All vertical forms of column, wall, beam side and column head side forms
should be removed first.
2. Next, slab soffit should be removed.
3. Finally, beam soffit form should be removed.
Unsafe removal of forms are damaged mainly Steel Plates corner edge and top of panel
form. Basically de-shuttering of slab formworks are done in standard procedure. Initially
Uhead
or frokhead were lowered some extent by rotating screws. Then all secondary girders
were toppled on to primary girders and removed. One end sharp hook tool used to remove
plywood. Scaffolding set used to catch the plywood without drop on the floor.
Sometimes face difficulties when de-shuttering walls forms, best practice to use form
oil (diesel with grease-non environmental friendly) before shuttering the element. When
apply the form oil form should be cleaned free of debris or concrete grout. Walls deshuttering
were done by using Tower crane. Vertical forms weren’t kept longer period if not
difficult to remove.
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2.2.1 Column Reinforcement
Column is vertical member which has R/F of longitudinal (main bars) and transvers
(links or stirrups). These longitudinal bars must be lapped to provide structural continuity.
MOL project up to 12th level 32 , 28 , 16 mm dia. Bars were used.
Overlap splice –this method frequently used to lapped and tightened from iron
wire of discontinued rebar and transmit the force to another re-bars. This lap
length is minimum length have to provide when connection another bar.
Figure 16 : Lap Length
Lap length equation is provided in [Figure 25] and connecting bar has to be
cranked to provide same orientation line to transfer the loads.
When cranking the Re-bar refers BS8666 shape code 26, from that we
can found the cutting length of the bar. It is compulsory to provide Lap length totransfer
resisting moment to starter bars. At least two ties reuired to tighten Lapwithout
looseningduring concrete placement
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Figure 17: BBS OF Column (Page 1)
Figure 18: BBS OF Column (Page 2)
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Figure 19 : Column Reinforcement
For column R/F work requires 04 bar benders. Scaffoldings were erected up 6m, two bar
benders worked at the top and other two carrying vertical Re-bars [Figure 19] all vertical bars
were lapped after stirrups were inserted at the top in correct order and correct position.
Column R/F work can be completed around 8hr by supplying 04 barbenders. Thoroughly
have to supervise the covering issue, stirrups spacing, lap length pattern and location.
Covering placement is final part which has to check covering block size and where it is bind
tightly without loosen when shuttering the forms.
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2.2.2 Lift core Reinforcement
Lift core is critical area of the building which is the strongest area of the building.
Reinforcements were arranged vertically and horizontally and open leg ties placed where to
anchor vertical and horizontal R/F. MOL project has 08 lift opening and 08 lift wall door
opening.
Vertical members were fitted to starter bars app. less than 200m spacing. And when
connecting Re-bar specified lap length (52*D) have to provide. Horizontal R/F was installed
12 dia. re-bars and when binding horizontal bars should be in specified spacing according
R/F Drawing. Wall should be sized by using steel tape or alternatively corner of wall was
plumbed by using plumb bob with offset line. It is important check all length of wall edges
and openings to minimize facing covering issue else when shuttering the form or problem
may be major and steel will be toughed with the form. One leg ties also made 12mm dia.
rebars
and arrangement have to be followed correct position and direction. And open leg ties
placement should be done in interchanging way to give good interlock of R/F.
Vertical R/F Drawing showed the open leg ties generally called Hooks arrangement.
Other thing is thoroughly has to inspect the coupling beam of the lift core walls. TBM was
established by survey helpers on the lift shaft wall. From that point bottom parallel
reinforcements of the coupling beam were installed with defined anchorage length or
development length. It is important to supervise the diagonal reinforcement placement. All
re-bars were arranged according to drawing and anchorage length with wall has to provide
defined minimum value.
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Figure 20: Lift Plan
2.2.3 Beam Reinforcement
Beam reinforcement started where intersecting the beams with column. Beam R/F can
be started after completing the shuttering of beam and slab forms. Beam R/F binding have
done in standard procedure followed by sub-contractor also as follow,
1. Two or more column Links/stirrups were lowered middle of the beam.
2. To place secondary beam top support bars, temporary 25mm Re-bar bind
horizontally above slab form about depth of beam.
3. As per Drawing, correct nu. of top support bars were placed on that temporary
Re-bar in correct length.
4. After select suitable stirrups sizes according to drawing, stirrups were loaded
to top support bar, when loading stirrups must consider stirrups’ hook side and
avoid putting same side due to happen a shear line of failure.
5. According to drawing stirrups spacing were arranged and primary beam top
support bar were placed on the secondary beam support bars.
6. After inserted all required stirrups to both side, hanger bars were lapped and
tied up the stirrups correct position by looking covering of both sides.
7. Then bottom layer Re-bars were inserted and lapped at the correct place.
8. If there were two layers second bottom layer kept on spacers to maintain gap.
9. Stirrups should have to tie up balancing covering because covering problems
would be arisen when lowering the beam R/F.
10. Beams were lowered after placing bottom covering in a 1m gap.
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Figure 21: Beam Reinforcement
2.2.4 Slab Reinforcement
Typically slabs have 2 layers B defined bottom reinforcement and T defined as top
reinforcement. At the mid span large positive bending moment occurred therefore bottom
reinforcement is only provided at the mid span and at the support both top and bottom layers
are provided. Standard procedure was followed by steel fitters as follows
1. Firstly, chokes were used to mark correct spacing of bottom layer at least three
places of the panel along span on the slab form.
2. Two or more steel fitters engaged in placing the correct bar B1 according to
BBS.
3. B2 layer fixed at 03 places across B1 with covering block at marked position.
4. Alternative ties were made and restrict movement of layers
5. Chairs were positioned in 1m interval to stop deformed under imposed load.
6. Top reinforcement also placed as defined length from drawing and distribution
bars also inserted inside top Re-bars.
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Figure 22 : Bottom Reinforcement Detail of 12th Floor Slab
Figure 23 : Top Reinforcement Detail of 12th Floor slab
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Figure 24 : Bottom Reinforcement
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Figure 25: Top reinforcement
2.2.5Coulumn Cap
The column cap is a widening at the top of a column, to provide additional surface area of
bearing. A column cap will distribute the load to prevent any type of punch through of the
column and the load being supported.
The column cap can be of various shapes and sizes. The shape of the column must be
designed to fit the architectural design requirements, as well as the size of the space
surrounding the column. In addition, the head height is important, especially if the columns
are in a garage space or a pedestrian walkway. The proper engineering of the column cap is
important to ensure that the stresses of the column loading are distributed into the column
cap. If column caps are designed into the structure, then not only must the caps be properly
engineered, the supported structures must also be engineered to accept the distribution of the
load distribution of the column cap. Standard formwork usually allows the forming of
standard column caps for this stress distribution.
Spacing of bar in Column Cap = 300mm
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Concrete grade used in column = M50
Figure 26 : Column Cap Formwork
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Figure 27: Column Cap Reinforcement
Figure 28 : Column Cap After Construction
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2.3 Surveying works
Surveying works included mainly horizontal surveying and vertical surveying which
is used to locate the structural elements correct position, verticality control, level of slab form
and reinforcement etc…
2.3.1 Slab levelling
Initially Dumpy level mounted and leveled the instrument by arranging the legs.
Height of collimation was measured at the TBM (1000mm) by keeping steel tape. Readings
were taken by using inverted staff holding to the forms. For beam soffit staff held to Steel
Plates
and for slab staff held to lower girder.
Figure 29 : Levelling Work
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1.4 Concreting
Concrete is engineered material which is mixture of coarse and fine aggregates,

cement, water and admixture into different proportion. Initially mixture shows plastic
characteristics (fresh concrete) remain short period, initiate chemical process of water cement
reaction called “Hydration” bind with aggregate become harden very hard like rock character.
For Column =M50

For Slab = M25
For Beam = M25
For Staircase =M25
2.4.1 CONCRETE CUBE TEST

Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of
concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not.
Concrete compressive strength for general construction varies from 15 MPa to 30 MPa and
higher in commercial and industrial structures.
Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio,

cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality control during production of concrete
Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder. Various standard
codes recommends concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the standard specimen for the test.
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Figure 30 : Concrete Cube Test
After 1 day cured cubes were removed from the mould and labeled (date,
Grade). After that cubes were immersed into water tank. Cubes were tested in 3, 7 and 21
days by using cube testing machine [Figure 34]. Before inserting cubes, should have to
measure weight and dimensions of the cubes. After placing smooth surface to compressive
Figure 303: preparation of samples Figure 34: Cube Testing Machine
40
plates, machine was run and calibrated value was noted when appeared the cracks. Values
were given in KN by dividing we can get compressive strength of the specific cube
2.4.2. Slump test –

purpose of slump test used to determine the consistency of fresh
concrete and to give an indication of the amount of water used in the concrete
mix. The test was conducted by using 300mm high steel cone open end both
side of 100mm and 200mm dia, taper rod and steel plate. Large dia end of the
cone was placed on plate then concrete was poured and tapered 25 times by
using taper rod in three layers. Slowly raised and lifted the cone and the height
of top of inverted cone and highest position of concrete sample distance is
called “Slump”, which was measured by using ruler. Contract document
specified allowable slump for C60 and C40 200mm +or- 25mm and for C30
175mm +or – 25mm. Generally when Grade of concrete increases slump also
increase. If slump was in below the minimum requirement water added
according to contract document but the case of exceedance of maximum limit
ready mix truck will be rejected.
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Figure 31 : Slump Test
Temperature test – temperature is important factor which will effect to the
setting off concrete. Concrete will set faster in higher temperature due to that
labour faced difficulties in handling of concrete. Thermometer used to
measure temperature by inserting at least 3 inches. In the site C65 used where
columns therefore temperature was specified in contract document. Concrete
shouldn’t be exceeding ambient temperature otherwise concrete will be
wastage or burnt.
Concrete Inspector should have to be record arrival time of the truck, batch time,
slump, unit weight, time of placement and location of pour. Maximum ready-mix can be kept
41
3hr, therefore inspector should have to pay close attention of elapsed time between batching
and subsequent placement.
1.5 Concrete Placement
Entire concrete placement carefully inspected because quality of the finished concrete
greatly depends on handling of concrete during placement. During concrete placement,
segregation of the coarse aggregate from the mortar, or loss of free water (bleeding) from the
concrete mixture must be avoided.
Contractor has to select the method to facilitate concrete placement and it has to be
approved from Consultant project up to 10th floor used pump car to pour concrete for
slabs after that method was changed from 11th floor pump line assembled to the top of
building
and pump machine plant near to Labour Department side. To cast Columns and shear walls
used concrete bucket by lifting from tower crane. Capacity of the pressed steel bucket is
about 0.3 meter cube.
Slab concerting done using flexible hose used to pour M50 for beam and for slabs M25 and
concrete bucket used to pour M50 for column.
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Figure 32 : Concrete placement
2.5.1 Common problems during placement of concrete

segregation, bleeding, waterevaporation from concrete, cold joints etc…
Segregation is a tendency of separate concrete mix constituent result of non-uniform

proportion in the mass. Segregation mainly occurred due to poor graded of aggregates and
excessive water contain in the concrete. Coarse aggregates will be separated from the
concrete if concrete drop from high elevated level. When concrete placing at the stair case, is
recommended to create chute and poured concrete through the chute.
Bleeding is emergence of water newly placed concrete, simply gain of water. Result
of bleeding concrete become porous, weak and in the concrete Laitance will be occurred.
Laitance is a weak and nondurable material containing cement and fines. Water will be
accumulated at the top of concrete surface. Proper compaction and preventing adding
excessive water into concrete can be controlled bleeding.
Cold joints happened due to delay of placement concrete; one layer of concrete had
hardened before subsequent layer was placed. Cold joint is visible line of discontinuity in the
surface.
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Before concrete placement pre-inspections were carried out, those are
o Checking formwork alignment, location and dimensions

o Forms are tightening enough to bear concrete load without bulge.
o Surface clean and free of foreign material.
{Before pouring concrete surface should be chipped off and laitance should
be removed. Chipping is stop when appearing rough surface. Weak
substance and foreign material deposit such as punch sheet have to be
removed.}
o Construction joints were setup according to contract document. Construction
joints were placed when pouring is difficult to cover whole building.
Construction joint are can be categorized into two; vertical joint and horizontal
joint. Vertical joints are located 1/3 of the span. Dowel bars also placed to
restrict movements around the joint. Horizontal joints are at the column, walls
3m from the bottom.
o If there were rust, grease, oil and grout in the reinforcement, it should be
removed.
o Reinforcement lap splice arrangement should be approved from consultant or
Engineer.
o Levels are given by asst.surveying helpers to finish the concrete surface;
therefore have to check with TBM.(due to vibration level will be changed)
2.5.2 Compacting concrete

Compaction of concrete is significant to obtain higher strength in concrete.
Transported concrete contain entrapped air in voids. These voids reduce the strength of
concrete and which are increased permeability. Other hand voids reduce the contract area of
the reinforcement with concrete.
Compaction we used another term Consolidation of concrete. Consolidation is a
process of closer arrangement of solid particle with mortar during the placement of concrete
by usually internal vibrators. Proper consolidation shows uniform, non-porous, hard and well
bound with concrete. Poor consolidation will be occurred Honeycomb in the faces.
Honeycomb is occurred mortar segregate from aggregates and creates hollow spaces
around aggregates. Poor vibration during placement, congested reinforcement and stiff
concrete or less workability are some factors will effect to make Honeycomb in the surface.
Honeycomb can be seen in naked-eye. Treatment will be different due to advance of the
honeycomb. Generally treatment was done defected area of concrete chipped off and
removed loose particles cavity spaces. After proper cleaning, two emulsions were applied
into reinforcement surface and concrete surface to bond adequately. After that high strength
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repair mortar was poured at the top of close form.
When casting of vertical elements were pouring into three equal layers. One layer
nearly 1m high. An internal vibrator (poker) was inserted vertically and avoided dropping the
vibrator. Practically poker immersed 300mm to 500mm. operator must be convinced to avoid
toughing poker with formwork and operator should notice circle influence around poker
where concrete finished the consolidation. Poker immersion is restricted to few seconds and
poker should be arisen after seen air bubble or surface level dropping. Otherwise too long
operation may cause segregation of coarse aggregates and aggregates will be sunk. Distance
of poker installment is depend on operator judgment but normally used rule of thumb is
used,i.e 10 times of poker head dia.
After compacting first layer, second layer poured that time poker installing have to inspect
thoroughly because operator try to immerse poker into first layer, that is risky situation of
safety of formwork, due to high pressure load exerted to the forms may be bulge.
2.5.3 Curing of Concrete

Concrete strength and quality mainly depends on curing method adopted in the site.
Curing is a procedure, which provides sufficient free water in the cement paste to help the
process of Hydration. It is important to achieve design strength of the concrete, hydration
must be controlled. Initial setting time of the concrete is critical therefore water must be
retained and prevented evaporation. Conversely explosive to the rain must be covered. When
using OPC 7 days at least have to be cured the concrete. Otherwise shrinkage will induce
tensile stress and appear surface cracks. When hydration process started heat will be
generated, early thermal expansion also can be controlled by using curing methods.
Basically temperature, humidity and wind speed are factors effect to free water
content of the concrete for evaporation. Improper curing methods are lay the path of reducing
the strength of the concrete and result concrete will be permeable.
There are different methods of curing, in the site used spray water to expose surface
of concrete and covered it from damp burlap. Times of water spraying is depends on the
weather condition of surrounding. Site was adhered to do curing three times of the day. (8am,
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12am and 3pm). Curing is mandatory; people were not practice to start curing after removal
of formwork due to inconvenience.
Sprinklers are beast solution of curing concrete slabs which is increase moisture in
atmosphere; in the market there are some of new methods to improve quality of the concrete
and productivity which are liquid seal coat, water proof papers, plastic sheeting etc…
Figure 33 : Curing
2.6 Partition wall

A partition wall may be defined as a wall or division made up of bricks, studding, glass or
other such material and provided for the purpose of dividing one room or portion of a room
from another. If partition walls are load bearing then they are called as 'internal wall'.
Partion Wall are of Two Types

1. Brick Wall
2. AAC Block
2.6.1 Brick Work

 Bricks of dimensions 215 mm × 102.5 mm × 65 mm;
 Mortar beds and perpends of a uniform 10 mm.
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Reinforcement Bar of 6 mm is provided After 3 Stack of brick, it is provided so that the
strength of brick wall is increased
Figure 34 : Brick Work
2.6.2 AAC Blocks[Autoclaved Aerated Concrete]
42 | P a g e
Figure 35 : AAC Block Work
Size Of AAC Block= 625 X 200 X 200 mm

Autoclaved Aerated Concrete is a Lightweight, Load-bearing, High-insulating, Durable
building product, which is produced in a wide range of sizes and strengths. AAC Blocks is
lightweight and compare to the red bricks AAC blocks are three times lighter.
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material
suitable for producing concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks.
AAC products may be used for both interior and exterior construction, and may be painted or
coated with a stucco or plaster compound to guard against the elements, or covered with
siding materials such as veneer brick or vinyl siding. In addition to their quick and easy
installation, ACC materials can be routed, sanded, or cut to size on site using standard power
tools with carbon steel cutters.
2.6.3 Uses of AAC Block

AAC is a highly thermally insulating concrete-based material used for both interior and
exterior construction. Besides AAC's insulating capability, one of its advantages is quick and
easy installation, because the material can be routed, sanded, or cut to size on site using
standard power tools with carbon steel cutters.
43 | P a g e
AAC is well suited for high-rise buildings and those with high temperature variations. Due to
its lower density, high-rise buildings constructed using AAC require less steel and concrete
for structural members. The mortar needed for laying of AAC blocks is reduced due to the
lower number of joints. Similarly, the material required for rendering is also lower due to the
dimensional accuracy of AAC. The increased thermal efficiency of AAC makes it suitable for
use in areas with extreme temperatures, as it eliminates the need for separate materials for
construction and insulation, leading to faster construction and cost savings.
Even though regular cement mortar can be used, most of the buildings erected with AAC
materials use thin bed mortar in thicknesses around ⅛ inch, depending on the national
building codes. AAC materials can be coated with a stucco or plaster compound to guard
against the elements, or covered with siding materials such as brick or vinyl.
Advantages
AAC has been produced for more than 70 years, and it offers several advantages over other
cement construction materials, one of the most important being its lower environmental
impact.
 Improved thermal efficiency reduces the heating and cooling load in buildings.
 Porous structure gives superior fire resistance.
 Workability allows accurate cutting, which minimizes the generation of solid waste
during use.
 Resource efficiency gives it lower environmental impact in all phases of its life cycle,
from the processing of raw materials to the disposal of waste.
 Lightweight saves cost and energy in transportation, labour expenses, and increases
chances of survival during seismic activity.[9]
 Larger size blocks leads to faster masonry work.
 Reduces project cost.
 Environmentally friendly: It produces at least 30% less solid waste than traditional
concrete. There is a decrease of 50% of greenhouse gas emissions.
 Fire resistant: As with regular concrete, AAC is fire resistant.
 Great ventilation: This material is very airy and allows diffusion of water. This
reduces the humidity inside the building. AAC will absorb moisture and release humidity.
This helps to prevent condensation and other problems that are related to mildew.
 Non-toxic: There are no toxic gases or other toxic substances in autoclaved aerated
concrete. It neither attracts rodents or other pests nor can it be damaged by such.
 Accuracy: The panels and blocks made of autoclaved aerated concrete are produced to
the exact sizes needed before leaving the factory. There is less need for on-site trimming.
Since the blocks and panels fit so well together, there is less use of finishing materials
such as mortar.
 Long lasting: The life of this material is extended because it is not affected by harsh
climates or extreme weather changes. It will not degrade under normal climate changes.
44 | P a g e
Disadvantages
AAC has been produced for more than 70 years, however, some disadvantages were found
when it was introduced in the UK (where cavity wall with clay brick two-skin construction
has been the norm).
 Installation during rainy weather: aircrete is known to crack after installation, which
can be avoided by reducing the strength of the mortar and ensuring the blocks are dry
during and after installation.
 Brittle nature: they need to be handled more carefully than clay bricks to avoid
breakage.
 Attachments: the brittle nature of the blocks requires longer, thinner screws when
fitting cabinets and wall hangings and wood-suitable drill bits or hammering in. Special,
large diameter wall plugs (aircrete anchor) are available at a higher cost than common
wall plugs.[10]
 Insulation requirements in newer building codes of northern European countries
would require very thick walls when using AAC alone. Thus many builders choose to use
traditional building methods installing an extra layer of insulation around the entire
building.
45 | P a g e
2.7 Stiffing Column InAAC Block Wall
Stiffeners are secondary plates or sections which are attached to beam webs or flanges to
stiffen them against out of plane deformations. Almost all main bridge beams will
have stiffeners. However, most will only have transverse webstiffeners, i.e.
vertical stiffeners attached to the web.
Figure 36: Stiffing Column With AAC Block Wall
46 | P a g e
2.7.1 Stiffing Beam In With AAC Block Wall
Stiffeners are secondary plates or sections which are attached to beam webs or flanges to
stiffen them against out of plane deformations. ... Deep beamssometimes also have
longitudinal web stiffeners.
This Beam Is provided After 1m or 5 Stack Of AAC Block .
Figure 37 : Stiffing Beam In AAC Wall
Mortar For AAC Block
Bag Weight 30 kg
Figure 38: Bag OF Mortar Of AAC Block
47 | P a g e
2.8 Cut Out
Figure 39 : Cut Out Reinforcement
Figure 40 : Cut Out
48 | P a g e
2.9 Staircase
Figure 41: Staircase Plan
Figure 42 : Section Of Staircase At Section A-A & D-D
49 | P a g e
Figure 43 : Section Of Staircase At Section C-C & F-F
Figure 44 : Reinforcement of Staircase (1)
50 | P a g e
Figure 44 : Reinforcement of Staircase (2)
Figure 45 : Concreting of Staircase (1)
51 | P a g e
Figure 45 : Concreting of Staircase (2)
Reinforcement In Staircase
8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm
Riser – 150mm
Thread - 250mm
Thickness –
Concrete Grade – M25
52 | P a g e
2.9.1 Machines & Tools used At Site
Machinery
2.9.1.1Tower crane –
which is equipped with horizontal jib to lift materials within
limited horizontal movement. These are assembled at the site mainly from 04
types of tower crane commonly used supported static tower crane, which is
anchored or tied to building suitable interval for extra support.
Parts of tower crane cab,
triangular jib, counter weight, tower
mast, trolley with pulley sliding
section and slewing ring.
Front jib radius about 35m.
Figure 46 : Tower Crane
53 | P a g e
2.9.1.2 Ready-mix truckConcete truck
which is transported, wet concrete mix from batching plant

to the site. Capacity about 5 meter cube. Components of the truck are agitator
drum, water tank, hinged feed chute and discharge chute. truck mixer carry a
supply of water, which is normally used to wash out the drum after
discharging the concrete, before returning to the batching plant.
Figure 47 : Ready Mix Concrete Truck
54 | P a g e
2.9.2 Tools
2.9.2.1 Bar bending machine

used to bend Re-bar required shapes.
Different pulley will be fixed to different diameter bars. Can be operated to
90, 135 and 180 degrees.
O
Figure 48 : Bar Bending Machine
2.9.2.2 Bar cutter -

large cutting wheel mounted electrical devise which
used to cut required length of re-bars up to 32mm dia. can be cut.
Figure 49 :Bar Cutter
55 | P a g e
2.9.2.3 Grinder–
is an electric device which mounted cutting
wheel used to cut steel bars, wire packs and tie rods.
Figure 50 : Grinder
56 | P a g e

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[BTME IT] SOFTWARE TRAINING

GULZAR GROUP OF INSTITUTES , KHANNA

ON “PROJECT/WORK ASSIGNED” SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

NAME OF STUDENT PARMINDER KAUR

GULZAR GROUP OF INSTITUTES, LUDHIANA, PUNJAB

(Signature of student) parminder kaur

3- Select Architecture Tab > Datum > Level

1- Architecture Tab >Datum> Grid .

For creating the column in a plan

4- Look in US Imperial and click on structure column folder

5-Then click on the concrete folder .

after loading the family of structure Rectangular -concrete -column the

8-Click on give the name of column eg. C 6"X18" then

2- Look in US Imperial and click on structure Foundations folder

7-Then select the level of footing that Foundation level.

8-Then place the isolated footing on the center of the Column.

2- Click on contextual tab (modify/place Beam)>Load Family

3-Look in US Imperial then click on Structural Framing.

5-Then Click on Concrete -Rectangular Beam

7-in Properties click in then

1-Click on Architecture Tab >Circulation> click on the Stairs as shown in figure.

To show the 3D view of Stair from the GL to FL main bar click on

2--Then in properties click in

2- Place the section in the building where you required .

1- Click on Annotate tab select the dimension style

1-Click on the Architecture tab > Build> click on Door .

2- In Properties click in then

Energy Analysis & Heating and cooling Load of Building .

After Rendering figure shown.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the

Submitted To: IKGPTU

1.1 About Sagar engineering Infra Infra Infra. …………… 1

2.1 Formwork ……………... 15

2.1.1 Column Formwork ……………... 18

2.2 Reinforcement work ……………... 27

2.2.1 Column Reinforcement ……………... 30

Figure 1: Logo of company -----------------------------------------------------------------------------1

1.1 About Sagar engineering Infra Infra Infra

We also aim to achieve global leadership in delivering an umbrella range of services in

Figure 1 : Logo Of Company

Figure 2: Image of Building

Figure 3: Location On Map

Product Line: Showrooms, Office Space, Studios, SOHO(Small Office Home

Location: Zirakpur, Mohali

Area: 4.075 Acres

RERA Number PBRERA-SAS79-PC0021

"Centrum" is an integrated lifestyle architectural marvel which will become a landmark of

Figure 5: Ground Floor Plan

Figure 7 : 11th Floor Plan

Figure 8: 12th- 19th Floor Plan

Figure 4 : Organization Chart

 Er. Vijay Kumar

Management function can be divided into 04 components; planning, organizing,

Accidents are cause due to unsafe condition and unsafe act.

Figure 9 : Safety Halmets

Figure 10 : Saftey Glasses

Figure 11 : Safety Gloves

Figure 13 : Safety Shoe

Continuous beams - beam is a flexural member transmit gravity load to columns by

Continuous slabs – It is 2D element which is designed by considering 1m width

Figure 15 : Raft Foundation

A raft foundation is usually preferred under a number of circumstances: