JUNE 17, 2021 VOL.

GENDER & SOCIETY

Compendium of Gender Researches: Equality is Fostered and the
Gender-Based of Fundamental Division has No Place

IN THIS ISSUE

THE SEXISM TO WOMEN IN THE The Sexism to Women in

GAMING COMMUNITY
The Gaming Community
GENDER EQUALITY IN COLLEGE
MAJORS: FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN by Jayne Argarin
STEM

Sexism has been well known to women in the

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ACADEMIC
gaming community ever since it started. According
ACHIEVEMENT IN ADOLESCENCE
to Brona Nic Giolla Easpaig, a researcher from
THE IMPACT OF GENDER
Macquarie University, gaming has become
MAINSTREAMING POLICIES TO THE increasingly associated with sexism, with media
RELATIONSHIP OF MEN AND WOMEN. outlets reporting harassment of female-identifying
gamers as well as those who have publicly expressed
PURCHASING BEHAVIOR OF THE concern about these issues. The research will
MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE possibly make other people more informed about this
STUDENTS OF DE LA SALLE issue including fellow Filipinos for this has been a
UNIVERSITY- DASMARIÑAS matter wandering around our country. This research
TOWARDS ONLINE SHOPPING demonstrates a quantified and insightful study of
how sexism is active within gaming communities.
GENDER-BASED HOUSEWORK ROLE
“Sexism” is defined here as an ideology of ridicule of
DIVISIONS
people based on gender status, manifested socio-
structurally and through cultural pedagogical form,
DISCREPANCIES IN GENDERED
as well as personal beliefs, attitudes, and intentions
CLOTHING: WOMEN’S HISTORY OF
(Swim & Hyers, 2009). To make this study successful,
OBJECTIFICATION IN FASHION
JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

the researcher will conduct a

survey to 30 girl gamers within
CALABARZON for a more accurate
output. This study will help women
benefit from respect from other
people in the gaming community
because it will show how sexist
other people can be when it comes
to playing games.

CURRENT SITUATION

The most games where women have experienced sexism are Mobile Legends, COD
Mobile, Genshin Impact and Valorant. Sexism is still ongoing and alive in the gaming
community, but it does not affect women much because they do not mind for they are
immune already since sexism started a long time ago.

DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES

Ever since discrimination became a trend, a lot of people are now calling out these men
and women who are sexist to women gamers. Though the community becomes broader, the
possibility of meeting sexist players are larger than before.

SUGGESTED STRATEGIES OR TIPS TO EAST-OUT DIFFICULTIES IN THE

GAMING COMMUNITY TO WIPEOUT SEXIST PEOPLE.

Mobile Legends creator must be more aware and active in doing penalties for its
community because it just happens that the most games with toxic people are from this.
People should start being more wholesome in games, that they should help each other and
not fight. Good players must be more kind because there are also newbies in the game and
telling them negative comments will not help any better. The gaming community must
prioritize banning people who send messages like this, because it is not good and it does not
help gamers to improve. This must be a worldwide talk so that the Gaming companies would
be more active in prioritizing the betterment and mental health of the players. We should
address this publicly because this issue is shadow banned. Women do not need any help
regarding this problem because they are already immune, but not all. These women became
stronger because they have experienced the worst, but that does not mean we should not
talk about it anymore. Gaming communities should do better because it is the women who
are adjusting for them.
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Gender Equality
in College
Majors: Female
Participation in
STEM
by Marvie Pielago

Education in science, technology,

engineering, and mathematics (STEM)
helps both individuals and society. It
provides benefits to individuals by
sharpening their critical thinking skills,
problem solving, and understanding of
the physical world;
it benefits society by providing groundwork for innovation and invention. The current demand for STEM
workers exceeds the supply. However, a gender gap in STEM persists across the world.This gap begins in
education, fueled by gender stereotypes and expectations regarding “women’s work.” Despite similar
achievement scores among children of all genders in math and science, men are the overwhelming
majority of students studying STEM fields in higher education. The few women who begin careers in
STEM face male-dominated workplaces with high rates of discrimination. Their contributions are often
ignored; they experience isolation caused by lack of access to women peers, role models, and mentors;
and they are paid less than their male co-workers. Over the last few decades, representation of women
and minorities in STEM fields post-college has increased, but gaps still remain (NCES, 2006). Much of this
may be due to supply – there are fewer women and minorities receiving bachelor’s degrees in STEM
fields. This is for two reasons: both groups are less likely to pick a STEM major initially, and if they do,
less likely to remain in that major (NCES, 2009).

CURRENT SITUATION
In the Philippines, just two in seven engineering students are female, only 41 percent of
students taking IT-related courses are women, and women make up only 43 percent of STEM
enrollments—and mostly in non-engineering or non-IT fields, according to statistics from the
Commission on Higher Education. Thus, there is a particularly strong need to understand
when and why young girls show less motivation for STEM, and to work to improve girls’ STEM
motivation. Recent evidence suggests that the most likely explanations involve gender
differences in preferences and choices rather than abilities and performance (Dasgupta &
Stout, 2014; Riegle-Crumb, King, Grodsky, & Muller, 2012). There are no reliable gender
differences in math ability and only small differences in spatial ability during kindergarten
through 12th grade (K-12) schooling indeed, high school girls may have strong skills across
multiple academic fields, thus preparing them for more career options than boys (Wang,
Eccles, & Kenny, 2013). Thus, the current debate has largely become one about the source of
gender differences in preferences and interests
JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES

According to Smeding, A. (2012) In spite of the many barriers facing women's success in
counter-stereotypic, masculine disciplines such as STEM, some women are successful in
these fields. The present studies' aim was to examine whether STEM women would hold
weaker implicit gender-STEM stereotypes than non-STEM women. Assuming strong implicit
self-STEM associations were present among STEM women, it can be expected that even
when negative gender stereotypes are salient to some extent, STEM women can counteract
stereotypes’ biasing influence on performance by valuing the self in these fields. Her
research shows that French female engineering students hold weaker implicit gender-STEM
stereotypes than other groups of students, it does not allow drawing definite conclusions
about why these stereotypes were weaker to begin with or about the causal link between
implicit gender-STEM stereotyping and STEM achievement. The findings provide definitive
evidence of a need to encourage and support women in STEM with a goal of gender parity.
Given the high-quality, well-paying jobs in the fields of science, technology, engineering
and math, there is great opportunity for growth in STEM in support of Philippines
competitiveness, innovation and jobs of the future.

SUGGESTED STRATEGIES TO EMPOWER WOMEN IN STEM FIELDS

Understanding how stereotypes affect motivation may help alleviate a key issue within
contemporary STEM education—the underrepresentation of women in certain STEM fields.
The underrepresentation of women in STEM is problematic both because women
disproportionately fail to benefit from lucrative, high-status careers in fields like computer
science, and because this reduces diversity that could increase technological and scientific
innovations (C. Hill, Corbett, & St. Rose, 2010). The findings provide definitive evidence of a
need to encourage and support women in STEM with a goal of gender parity. Given the
high-quality, well-paying jobs in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math,
there is great opportunity for growth in STEM in support of Philippines competitiveness,
innovation and jobs of the future.

Gender Differences in Academic

Achievement in Adolescence
by Roxanne Delgado

Gender difference has been pervasive in academic achievements. (Carvalho, 2016)

Empirical literature has highlighted that adolescents’ show gender difference with regards
to academic performance (Gutierrez, Agudo, Garcia, 2018) and it has been shown in some
educational settings that boys tend to lag behind than girls in terms of educational success.
Boys tend to show higher competence in Mathematics compared to reading, whereas girls,
are the opposite. (Kessels, Heyder, Latsch, & Hannover, 2014). There had always been
common finding that there is a female advantage in every educational research (Voyer, D &
Voyer, S.D, 2014).
 JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

Albeit the gap difference of the competencies from both genders can be relatively small,
it shows much greater difference between motivation-related activities throughout the
school year. Thus why, these occurrence channels students to take a gendered pathway via
gendered educational and occupational preferences. (Kessels, Heyder, Latsch, & Hannover,
2014)

Gender has been the traditional basis of how the society gives certain roles to male and
female. This has been prevalent, and gender has been associated with many things that
describes as either masculine or feminine. (Kauffman, 1997 as stated in Igbo, Onu, Obiyo,
2015) Thus gender had been related to how individuals perceive themselves, in which people
identify themselves with certain attributes. The environment that the child had grown in
can have a lot of impact on the child, and these certain attributes affects the child as they
grow and develop. According to Berk (2010), girls and boys are treated differently at birth.
Girls are often associated with pink, dresses, they are offered more sex-stereotyped toys,
and girls are handled and treated gently. Whereas boys, are often associated with blue, and
parents tend treat them roughly because, as in line with Kauchak and Eggen (2011) who
stated that, boys are perceived as masculine, handsome, and tough. It has been then argued
by the American Association of University Women (AAUW, 2006 as stated in Igbo, Onu,
Obiyo, 2015) that the different treatment given by the parents, teachers and, the society
between both genders had dangerously hindered the educational progress, self-esteem and
career choices of females. Thus why, the cause of differences in competencies in academic
achievement of male and female may be from gender stereotyping. Which, Aboud (1988) and
Durkin (1995) has stated that the stereotypic views may have had reflected the cognitive
developmental changes and the perception of categories, attributes, and changes in role-
taking skills. Therefore, gender stereotyping testify individuals’ orientation, which can
either manifest positively or negatively the moment they interact outside their immediate
environment. (Igbo, Onu, Obiyo, 2015

CURRENT SITUATION

Although we all know that home is where the heart is, unfortunately,
it’s also the first place where children are socialized and introduced to
gender norms, values, and, stereotypes. The moment babies are born,
their assigned biological sex (male or female) immediately shapes to how
they should behave, and how they should be treated according to the
dominant gender stereotypes in the society.(Wang, Eccles, & Kenny,
2013). Thus, the current debate has largely become one about the source
of gender differences in preferences and interests. Studies have shown
that a person’s sense of being either male or females has been primarily
determined with how they are treated by others. Moreover, base from
external environment, children learn that boys and girls are different,
thus having different preferences in many things. These differences, and
assigned roles based on sex, or as it’s called, “gender binary” has been
the basis of what boys, girls, men and women can and cannot do. As an
example, females are most likely, and expected to be fragile and
submissive, whilst men are dominant and strong.
JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

The impact of this gender norm is that it is restrictive, and hurts everyone – a lot of
people has been suffocated and conformed to act along the expected roles assigned to their
gender which limits and restricts their freedom, and will to behave and participate, for the
sole reason that it may not be an acceptable gender norm for their assigned sex. Gendered
norms also results in women experiencing violence, harassment, and struggle in accepting
equal pay opportunities and men experience higher rates of substance abuse and completed
suicide. (Plan International Canada, n.d)

Research had suggested that gender gap still persists throughout the years, despite the
progress of women made in the school and the workplace throughout the decade. The root
of this gap may have been because of gender bias. Gender bias and discrimination still
persists in many schools, and sometimes even under school staff’s surveillance. Though,
these important topics mostly isn’t mostly discussed, adults, can take a step to shed light to
address the recurring issue. For many youth, this will be a challenging discussion, and might
even be a little controversial and personal which can bring up questions of equality and
privilege, and for some others, they even question if gender bias truly exists. (Harvard
Graduate School of Education, 2018)

DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES

Gender difference has been the focus on various areas in intellectual achievement.
(Halpern, 2012 as stated in Voyer, D. & Voyer, S.D, 2014). What we know about gender
differences in intellectual achievement comes from various meta-analyses that have been
summarized findings obtained in relevant research. Hyde, Fennema and Lamon (1190; see
also Est-Quest, Hyde, & Linn, 2010 as stated in Voyer, D. & Voyer, S.D, 2014) reported that
Mathematics achievement were in favour of men, although the gap’s closing, as stated in
recent data in the field. (Hyde, Lindberg, Linn, Ellis, & Williams, 2008; Lindberg et al., 2010
as stated in Voyer, D. & Voyer, S.D, 2014). There are also male advantages in scientific
achievement tests. (Hedges & Nowell, 1995 as stated in Voyer, D. & Voyer, S.D, 2014) whereas
there is a female advantage in reading comprehension. (e.g., Hedges & Nowell, 1995; Lynn &
Mikk, 2009; Nowell & Hedges, 1998 as stated in Voyer, D. & Voyer, S.D, 2014).

SUGGESTED STRATEGIES TO RECOGNIZE THE POSSIBLE OUTCOME

OF GENDER STEREOTYPING AT HOME AND IN THE CLASSROOM AND
ITS IMPACT TOWARDS AN ADOLESCENCE'S ACADEMIC
ACHIEVEMENT
Gender stereotyping, at most, starts at home and in the classroom, which can pretty much
affect a child’s perspective of masculinity and femininity and their gender roles in the society and
in the environment, generally. Periodically, as they continuously have this mindset about gender
differences, it could affect their perception especially with their later on career in life.
JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

It is suggested that children be educated about the role of gender in society and its
importance to be aware. Moreover, it is not only for the children or the students but also
aspiring parents, parents, and teachers in general to be educated about the possible actions
of instilling gender stereotyping towards their children at home and in the classroom.

The Impact of Gender

Mainstreaming Policies
to the Relationship of
Men and Women.
by April Justmin Paulino

The Philippines has had a history of gender bias

deeply rooted in their culture. It was during the
16th century, the Spaniards missionaries introduced
Roman Catholicism with its misogynistic aim
(Eviota, n.d.) The effect of colonialism has
embedded patriarchal culture to the Filipinos that
women’s image was mostly reflected as
Researchers who have focused on
subordinated to men, sexual objects, and full-time
gender relations in terms of women’s
homemakers (Anonuevo, 2000). However, these
increasing progression have introduced
unjustifiable acts became the backbone of an active
positive and vital successes. The
and dynamic women’s movement in the Philippines.
existing related literature regarding
These vibrant movements resulted in the upholding
gender policies, women’s and men’s
of women’s rights and gender equality in modern
issues in development are
Philippine society. Gender mainstreaming became
immeasurable. It has been visible that
the path of promoting women’s empowerment and
the strategy is mostly focused only on
gender equality in government and society. Gender
one side of the gender: women and
mainstreaming served as a policy instrument with
girls. With the gender equality efforts,
its objective of attaining gender equality and
it appears that men and boys are hardly
benefiting both women and men.
mentioned in any related issues
regarding gender mainstreaming and
CURRENT SITUATION only can be seen as a hazy background

There has been an increasing focus around of the study. That later resulted in

women's empowerment that has been recognized serious consequences for women and

worldwide and gender policies are created to men, as well as the relationship

their progression in social orders and households. between them.

JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES

About the developed gender mainstreamed policies, much of the literature is discussing
the importance of gender equality and how it is necessary to promote women’s
empowerment in societies and households, and involve men in the processes for the reason
that men are also recognized as agents of change to eradicate gender inequalities
(Millennium Projects, 2006)

The perspective of men as potential agents of change and not merely objects of blame
have been an increased interest across a range of development issues and institutions (Greig,
Kimmel & Lang, 2000). However, while many scholars have studied women’s empowerment
concerning gender equality, there have also been some works of literature discussing the
impacts of development and gender policies on men, which are nevertheless about women’s
increasing power (Greig, Kimmel & Lang, 2000). In line with this, several development
scholar-practitioners have researched the challenges and success of gender mainstreaming
strategy and its implementation.

SUGGESTED STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF PUBLIC POLICIES, PROGRAMMES

ENSURING A MORE EFFICIENT ALLOCATION OF PRIVILEGE TO ALL GENDER.

Based on the twenty respondents, they are in favor of improving and reviewing the current
gender mainstreaming policies that the Philippines has. The respondents are from different parts
of Cavite ages 15-45 years old, majority of them wish to improve the quality of gender
mainstreaming policies in the Philippines. According to the gathered data, men can also
experience gender discrimination and violence in their every day lives but the study reveals that
when men are being discriminated there’s only a little chance that someone will stand up for
them. The study also shows that most of the reports are from women who experience sexism.
The impacts on the relationship between men and women after the implementation of the
extensive gender mainstreaming policies that numerous international and regional organizations
have adopted is evident that such impacts through gender policies and the promotion of gender
equality have numerous effects on both men and women, as well as the relationship between
them. The research suggests reviewing and revising the existing gender mainstreaming policies
in the current constitution in order to deliver better and fair service to all genders.

Purchasing Behavior of
the Male and Female
College Students of De La
Salle University-
Dasmariñas Towards
Online Shopping
by Kyla Sumagaysay
PHOTO FROM CANVA
JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

Online shopping is the process of purchasing products or accessing services through an

internet network, with a broad scope of products and services available to consumers all
around the world. The increasing use of online shopping has become a threat to traditional
shopping (Masoud, 2013). With online shopping, it became easier to get the desired items in
different markets rather than the national ones. Online shopping is a process taken by
customers of browsing and/or buying products or services by using online shops or social
media, comfortably at their home (Roblek et al., 2013; Jusoh and Ling, 2012). Nowadays
online shopping grows to be the most popular shopping style for customers because the
Internet becomes widespread dramatically (Lin, 2013). Online shopping makes shopping
easier, it allows customers to choose and compare the price of products between different
sellers and choose the best, so the decisions of buying can be made at home in an easier way
(Ali and Sankaran, 2010).

CURRENT SITUATION

According to “Philippines - Country Commercial Guide” Filipinos are prolific users of

social media. Estimates this year 2020, show that there are 76 million active social media
users from the Philippines. Of this number, 75 million are on Facebook; 12 million on Twitter
and 4 million are LinkedIn users. There is good reason to be optimistic about E-Commerce
growth in the Philippines. The Philippines is recognized as one of the top countries for
internet users worldwide in terms of time spent on social media; 4 hours on mobile and 5.2
hours on desktop and tablet. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) in a 2018 report shows that
an estimated 66 percent of Filipinos do not use banks, and about eight percent use credit
cards. Hence, online stores in the Philippines provide cash on delivery payment options or
payment centers (i.e., 7/11 branches). The Philippines is a fast-growing retail e-commerce
market and the most popular retail e-commerce platforms include Lazada, Shopee, Zalora,
eBay, and Kimstore. Security concerns: Those who have credit cards are wary of transacting
online, given the numerous incidents of hacking and weak cybersecurity efforts that still
plague the country. Therefore, e-commerce platforms have established a cash payment
mechanism using large convenience store chains (i.e., 7/11 and Mini Stop) and local express
delivery service (i.e., LBC). Filipino consumers require further education on security
measures that can protect their online transactions. This will establish increased levels of
confidence in online banking, purchasing, and selling.
JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES

Typically, shopping is stereotypically deemed to be a feminine activity. Even time spent

looking around in the shopping context also has a gendered benchmark, whereby masculine
men finish shopping in a shorter length of time than women. The existence of stereotypes
explained above creates a notion that men who shop often can be labeled as less masculine,
hindering men to have the same shopping times, frequency, and level of expenditure as
women. The dominance of one gender in shopping is not always entirely done by women;
some findings show that men can be the dominant gender in online shopping (Rodgers and
Harris, 2003). Male dominance in online shopping could happen due to a few things: the time
it takes to decide to buy an item becomes much shorter when shopping online, the absence
of face-to-face interactions which must be made with an offline seller or another person is
more comforting to men, and also items that relate to the needs of men can be easily found
on the internet (Van Slyke, et al., 2002). On the other hand, when we see things from the
point of view of women, there are quite a lot of barriers perceived by women in shopping
online, some of which are: the lack of social interaction that occurs, as well as the difficulty
of evaluating the goods in detail and using techniques such as physical touches, and the risk
levels perceived by women in the online shop are greater than for men (Garbarino and
Strahilevitz, 2004). This is also supported by the results by Uni Gneezy which found that
females tend to be risk-averse, and the difficulty in using computers to access the internet
has also become barriers to women. For women, online shopping becomes less compatible
and accommodating than when they shop conventionally.

SUGGESTED STRATEGIES TO CREATE A A

GENDER WELL BALANCED ONLINE MARKETING
TO UNDERSTAND INDIVIDUAL SHOPPER’S
MOTIVES AND EXPECTATIONS IN ONLINE
SHOPPING
The researcher of this study would like to suggest that
online sellers should be transparent with the information
of the products that they are selling. It includes putting a
complete description of the product to avoid unnecessary
issues. Also, online buyers must establish good
communication with their customers because having good
communication with the customers can show that they
are responsible sellers and open to cater to the needs of
their customers.
Online buyers must shop at their own risk. Be dependent and use the reviews or feedback by
the other customers as a reference whether to purchase the product or not. And, as much as
possible, practice often the delayed gratification habit to avoid pressure and impulsive
buying. In a world where personalization is the key, people should not give in to stereotypes.
JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

Differences between male and female purchasing behavior and tendencies exist, but it
is not that huge, and significant to oppose both sexes in online marketing campaigns.
Therefore, the researcher of this study would like to suggest that online marketers should
create a gender well-balanced online marketing campaign that will be as interesting as the
one based on common stereotypes.

Gender-Based
Housework Role
Division's
by Jamaica Enderio

The framework for gender roles was consciously

developed by the initial social structures to allow
individuals to recognize and fulfill the distinct duties of
each gender. Gender roles may originate and were derived
from the very foundation and core of social life. Since
people started living in communities, they have
distinguished themselves from men and women by having
specific roles, tasks, and functional areas. Gender roles
are defined by social and cultural norms. In the majority
of societies, the family systems are focused on gender
roles and the preconceived gender roles allow families to
manage the family with their own obligations and
responsibilities. According to Peterson (2009), family
roles are the repetitive activity patterns by which people
perform their family functions and responsibilities. And
the gender role system was built intentionally in the
initial social arrangements to help people accept and
perform their particular tasks.
Conventionally, the main responsibilities of women
were usually childcare and housekeeping. Over time,
women have been working and have taken on the
conventional gender roles in their homes (Cotter, et al.,
2001; International Labour Office, 2009). Moreover,
members of the family perform certain duties, including
children, siblings, and parents. Alongside roles, there are
certain social and family standards for the fulfillment of
those roles.
PHOTO FROM CANVA
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The traditional family structure devoted sufficient time to the children as the mother
was involved in the whole childcare and growth process, while the father was required to
provide the necessary food supplies. They take on additional responsibilities as family
members mature, including being a spouse, parent, or grandparent. Depending on the age
and family level, the role of a person is often expanding or changing. (Epstein, N. B. Bishop,
D., Ryan, C., Miller, & Keitner, G. (1993)

PHOTO FROM CANVA

Several studies talk about the ongoing dominance of women in household responsibility
since the allocation of homework seems more traditional than egalitarian, and even in
egalitarian societies these gender-based household role can still be observed. (Sanchez &
Thompson, 1997; Diefenbach, 2002). Simone de Beauvoir wrote in The Second Sex published in
1949, that "Few tasks are more like the torment of Sisyphus than homework, with its infinite
repetition." Of course, de Beauvoir was not object to the job alone, but the division of labor;
the housework is also distressing, since it is highly probable that you end up doing more of it,
regardless of who ears more or who spends time in the workplace, when you are a woman
living with a man. Men do much more housework to be fair to us than they did in 1949. But
more than that, women still do. But now both sexes have cause to feel resentful for how long
they waste with toilet Duck in their hands or scooping pieces of spaghetti out of the sink. The
studies claim that this possibly explains the tendency for men to do less household chores and
women to become more bread-earners: they begin behaving in a hyper conventional manner to
compensate both genders, subconsciously distracted by their breach of traditional Gender
standards. This helps to understand why women typically take on the additional responsibility
of the "worried job" – the duty of keeping track of what has to be accomplished in the first
place.
CURRENT SITUATION

According to some studies, gender-based housework role division is still observable and
exacerbated in some other places, particularly in rural areas. Several studies confirm, gender
ideology appears to influence the percentage of tasks considered traditionally feminine by
members of the couple, such as washing, ironing, child care, cooking, or cleaning.
 JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

It also creates a difference in meaning for men

and women when it comes to household chores.
Furthermore, some research revealed that there is
still a gender imbalance in house chores,
depending on the gender role. Where, men and
women divide household chores based on
traditional gender roles. Women spend more time
than men on traditionally female household
chores, while men spend more time on
traditionally male chores. Furthermore, on the one
hand, studies show that women perceive their
partners to be much less involved in household
chores and to only focus on traditionally
masculine household chores. Men, on the other
hand, perceived their female partners to be more
involved in traditionally female household chores,
particularly those considered feminine. Moreover,
men's reliable involvement in household tasks is
not very high, raising concerns about the impact
of family conflict on men. It did, however, meet
the generally agreed-upon conditions for accurate
acceptance.

DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES

The time has evolved significantly, which has

encouraged and empowered women to become
practically almost equal to the status of men, and
even to the point that they are now wary of living
outside of men's support and even of challenging
men on various points. The new power leads
women out of the traditional norm and defines
new sex roles in the family that can often lead to
PHOTO FROM CANVA conflicts within the family. (Lindsey, L. L. (2015)

Gender roles: A sociological perspective. Routledge.), And these modern lifestyles require
both parents to work and gain the balance to meet life's demands. Also, modernity has greatly
altered the nature of the family and gender roles have distracted themselves from the
conventional roles and route of exercise. In fact, the divide between the various sexes has
already narrowed, producing a completely equal society and more equal families. Nowadays,
less monarchs are found in families and fewer representatives in families who are fighting for
obedience.
JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

SUGGESTED STRATEGIES NULLIFYING GENDER-BASED HOUSEWORK ROLE

DIVISIONS IN THE FAMILY, WHILE CONCURRENTLY FOSTERING POTENT
EGALITARIANISM IN THE SOCIETY

It is crucial to reassess fairness and equity for everyone in the house, regardless of
gender. Furthermore, it would be ideal if future studies considered actions to reduce
imbalances and inequalities, as well as measures to promote gender equality. It would also be
beneficial if society held seminars or forums that included fair and equitable household role
division regardless of sexual orientation. Moreover, household members should be
empowered to take a Gender Equality and Egalitarian approach to household task
assignment.

PHOTO FROM CANVA

Discrepancies in Gendered Clothing:

Women’s History of Objectification in
Fashion
by Kat Guadana
Clothing is one of the common identifiers of gender in society. One look at a children’s
book, a female character is always drawn in a dress or a skirt and a male character is drawn
wearing shorts or a pair of pants. Women’s clothing started to get more complicated as the
years went by. From the 16th century to 19th century, women dressed in petticoats and
bodices. The way women dressed as to the image they portray. The 20th century, conservative
clothing was necessary. But World War II made women’s clothes more practical for the
workforce. A new look was introduced, to give women the ‘hourglass’ figure for a more
feminine look. As time progresses, gender politics just grows. It is not a surprise to know that a
trivial thing such as clothing will be gendered. Women’s clothing will always prioritized
aesthetics rather than function and comfortability of the wearer. The history of function in
women’s clothing can be traced to The Rationalist Dress Society in 1981. Addressing issues like
this can pave a way for the fashion industry to do better. Function and aesthetics can be
merged with research and proper design.
 JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

Clothing of women has been a target or scapegoat

for many people who commit atrocious crimes against
women. Media has propagated objectification towards
women. The 21st century gave us the freedom of
wearing what we desire. It is the freedom from scrutiny
to express one’s personality. But with the patriarchal
and misogynistic gaze of the media. The painted image
of a woman in clothes that a woman is comfortable
with. either the public shames or objectifies a woman.

CURRENT SITUATION

Brands are challenging societal and gender norms in

clothing. The effort making clothing accessible and
inclusive continues to pave the way for more brands to
be a better brand for people. Though the fashion
industry plays a part in systematic racism and sexism
towards women and men, objectification will be a
challenge. Feminists are opening conversations and
talking about how children should see the people
around them and the effects of the patriarchy.

DEVELOPMENTAL CHALLENGES

Independent makers are paving ways to present

clothing for all genders. They advertise garments
without objectifying. Independent brands also are
known to be inclusive about their clothing and
practices ethical procedures. The problem starts from
the emergence of fast fashion which are notorious for
not being inclusive and practices of unethical practices
in production. Fast Fashion also propagate
objectification of women.

PHOTO FROM CANVA

SUGGESTED STRATEGIES FOR CHANGING GENDERED CLOTHING AND

ERADICATING OBJECTIFICATION IN MEDIA.

The fashion industry thrives in elitism. Changes that might rock what is commonly practiced
might not be accepted. But there are brands that prioritized inclusivity and ethical demands.
Those include comfortable, affordable clothes for women. With the changing political and
social outlooks, brands that try to be inclusive to all women create a market without
compromising women and their clothing.
 JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

Challenging gender norms in terms of

clothing, continues to pick up traction. soon
enough, normalization of wearing clothes
regardless of which gender it is marketed or made
for. As for labelling clothing, it is somehow an
accepted aspect. Perhaps, labeling of clothes can
stay as is but challenging and constantly creating
spaces for every gender orientation to express
themselves with any clothes. There are plenty of
ways to change the mindset of people when it
comes to cases that involve harassment towards
women. Opening conversations and forums that
talk about systematic misogyny and its part to
women’s lives. Teaching young boys basic decency
to women. It may seem not a lot of work,
considering the impact of the patriarchy to the
mindsets of people. If there are groups that
continuously open conversations and teach basic
decency.

PHOTO FROM CANVA

 JUNE 17, 2021 VOL. 1

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