ORAL COMMUNICATION WEEK 1

OCTOBER 5 – 9, 2020
MAGDALENA B. DASCO
(SUBJECT TEACHER)

Communication is a human activity

 People communicate their ideas and feelings using language, in whatever form, to meet their
needs. Although animals can communicate with other animals for food, safety, and procreation,
listening and speaking using language is a human activity. It is a process that human beings do.
Also, it may be “a deliberate or accidental transfer of meaning” (Gamble & Gamble, 2012).
 Communication is a human engagement whether it takes place as one speaks with
himself/herself in prayer or during reflection (intrapersonal), between two people
(interpersonal), among several persons (group communication), or between one person and a
big group of people or the public. It is a complex activity that only human being use, since we
are wired as thinking, feeling, and reacting beings. We can use communication as a vehicle to
negotiate meaning in a cycle that prompts further action and reaction. In communication we
seek to be understood and to understand other people in an effort to reach a common goal.

Nature of Communication
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people (the speaker and the receiver).
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or both
spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same time.

What is communication?

COMMUNICATION - the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or
exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else
(http://www.merriam-webster.com)

- the exchange of information and the expression of feeling that can result in understanding
(http://dictionary.cambridge.org)

- Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person
to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014). There
is a wide variety of contexts and situations in which communication can be manifested; it can be
a face-to-face interaction, a phone conversation, a group discussion, a meeting or interview, a
letter correspondence, a class recitation, and many others.

Elements of Communication
Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its mechanics or process.
These elements are the following:
1. Speaker – the source of information or message
2. Message – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions
3. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the
speaker understands
4. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in
which the encoded message is conveyed
5. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver
6. Receiver – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message
7. Feedback – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
8. Context – the environment where communication takes place
9. Barrier – the factors that affect the flow of communication
Process of Communication

Process of Communication Example

The speaker generates an idea. Daphne loves Rico, her suitor, as a friend.

The speaker encodes an idea or converts She thinks of how to tell him using their
the idea into words or actions. native language.

The speaker transmits or sends out a She tells him, “Rico, mahal kita bilang
message. kaibigan.”

The receiver gets the message. Rico hears what Daphne says.

The receiver decodes or interprets the
message based on the context.
The receiver sends or provides feedback.
He tries to analyze what she means based
on the content and their relationship, and
he is heartbroken.
He frowns and does not say something,
because he is in pain.

A. Transmission Models

1. Lasswell’s Model (1948) - Lasswell’s

communication model has 5 components which
is used as an analysis tool for evaluating the
communication process and components. The
components are the questions to be asked to get
the answers and keep communication going.

2. Shannon Weaver Model (1948) –

Sender (Information source) – Sender is
the person who makes the message,
chooses the channel and sends the
message.
Encoder (Transmitter) –Encoder is the
sender who uses machine, which converts
message into signals or binary data. It
might also directly refer to the machine.
 Channel –Channel is the medium used to send message.
Decoder (Receiver) – Decoder is the machine used to convert signals or binary data into
message or the receiver who translates the message from signals.
Receiver (Destination) –Receiver is the person who gets the message or the place where the
message must reach. The receiver provides feedback according to the message.
Noise –Noise is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not let the
message get to the receiver as what is sent.

3. Osgood-Schramm Model (1954) - It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something

circular in nature

Encoder – Who does encoding or

Sends the message (message originates)
Decoder – Who receives the message
Interpreter – Person trying to understand (analyses, perceive) or interpret
Note: From the message starting to ending, there is an interpretation goes on. Based on this
interpretation only the message is received.

4. Westley and MacLean Model (1957) -

Source (A) – Source is the message creator
and sender.
Environment (X) – Environment is the
physical and psychological situation where
the message is being created and sent.
Sensory experience (X1…) – Sensory
experience is the first thing that the source
sees by which the source gets the idea for the
formation of the message.
Objects of Orientation (X1, X2,…) – Objects of
orientation is the person’s social and cultural
reality that has formed from his/her past
experiences and teachings.
Message Interpretation or Coding (X’) – Message is interpreted with the objects of orientation
of the receiver of the message.
Receiver (B) – The person who gets the message sent by the source and the person who
interprets according to his/her objects of orientation.
Object of Orientation of Receiver (X, b) – The views and ideas of the receiver or his/her social
reality is his/her object of orientation. That is how the receiver interprets the message.
Feedback (f) – The receiver forms another message after interpreting the message and sends it
back to the sender. It is known as feedback.
Gatekeeper (C) – Gatekeepers are found in mass communication. The gatekeeper is the editor
who filters the message as per the needs of the audience and media institution.
Opinion Leader – Opinion leaders are well known and recognized people who can influence
public opinions.
 B. Reception Models
1. Berlo’s SMCR Model
(1960) –
S -Sender
Sender is the source of
the message or the
person who originates
the message.
M-Message
A message is the
substance that is being
sent by the sender to
the receiver. It might be
in the form of voice,
audio, text, video or
other media. The key
factors affecting the message are
C-Channel
Channel is the medium used to send the message. In mass communication and other forms
of communication, technical machines might be used as a channel like telephone, internet,
etc.
R –Receiver
Receiver is the person who gets the message sent in the process. 

Functions of Communication
Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are control, social interaction,
motivation, emotional expression, and information dissemination.
1. Control – Communication functions to control behavior.
2. Social Interaction – Communication allows individuals to interact with others.
3. Motivation – Communication motivates or encourages people to live better.
4. Emotional expression – Communication facilitates people’s expression of their feelings and
emotions.
5. Information dissemination – Communication functions to convey information.

***GOD BLESS***