UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Harvard Music Referencing Guide

This guide is based on The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. In your formal essay or seminar paper, each reference is
cited twice:

1. In-text

2. In a list of References at the end

1. In-text: brief author-date citation, with relevant page number/s, in brackets - e.g., (Stratton 2009, 85)

Either of the following models is correct:

- Dylan is credited with bringing together literate folk lyrics with an electric, beat group sound previously associated with
pop music (Stratton 2009, 85).

- Stratton (2009, 85) states that Dylan brought together literate folk lyrics with an electric, beat group sound previously
associated with pop music.

 For more than one source at one place in the text, put the references in brackets in alphabetical order, separated by
a semicolon (e.g., Brown 2003; Smith 2001).
 For secondary sources, give both sources in the text (e.g., Smith 2001 in Wright 2004)
 If the source has no known author, use a short title and the date.
 When quoting a work with 3 or fewer authors, list them all (Smith, Jones and Dutton 2010), OR Smith, Jones and
Dutton (2010) argue that ....
 When quoting a work with more than 3 authors, either list them all (Smith, Jones, Dutton and Wilson 2011), or state
the first and use 'et al.' (Smith et al. 2011).

Personal communication: Email, telephone conversations and personal interviews are usually cited only in-text, and
not included in the list of full references (see examples below)

2. In a list of References at the end: full citation - e.g., Stratton, Jon. 2009. Jews, Race and Popular Music. Farnham,
Surrey: Ashgate.

 For successive entries by the same author(s), translator(s), editor(s), or compiler(s), a 3-em dash replaces the
name(s) after the first appearance. The entries are arranged chronologically by year of publication in ascending
order, not alphabetized by title. Undated works designated n.d. or forthcoming follow all dated works

Schuman, Howard, and Jacqueline Scott. 1987. “Problems in the Use of Survey Questions to Measure Public Opinion.”
Science 236:957–59.
———. 1989. “Generations and Collective Memories.” American Sociological Review 54:359–81.

 The list at the end includes ONLY references that have been directly cited in-text - it does NOT include material
reflecting wider reading.

Here are some examples of referencing in Harvard style:

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Books (Print and online)

(in-text citation) in brackets Reference list format

Book: 1 author
(Stratton 2009, 96) Stratton, Jon. 2009. Jews, Race and Popular Music. Farnham,
Surrey: Ashgate.
Book: 2 or 3 authors
(Keil and Feld 1994, 289-93) Keil, Charles, and Steven Feld. 1994. Music Grooves: Essays and
Dialogues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Book: corporate author
(Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1988, 22) Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 1988. Australian Biennale
1988. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Book: 2 or more editors (preface,
introduction)
(Jackson and Murtomäki 2001, xix-xx) Jackson, Timothy L., and Veijo Murtomäki, eds. 2001. Sibelius
Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Book: translator & author
(Dahlhaus 1980, 56) Dahlhaus, Carl. 1980. Between Romanticism and Modernism: Four
Studies in the Music of the Later Nineteenth Century. Translated by
Mary Whittall. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Book: later edition
(Karlin and Wright 2004, 24) Karlin, Fred and Rayburn Wright. 2004. On the Track: A Guide to
Contemporary Film Scoring. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
Chapter/Essay in edited book
(Decroupet 2010, 121) Decroupet, Pascal. 2010. “Varèse, Serialism and the Acoustic
Metaphor.” In Contemporary Music: Theoretical and Philosophical
Perspectives, edited by Max Paddison and Irène Deliège, 117-31.
Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate.
eBook
(Chua 1999) Chua, Daniel K.L. 1999. Absolute Music and the Construction of
Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Accessed
January 12, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.07567.
Chapter/Essay in edited eBook
(Manuel 2006, 110) Manuel, Peter. 2006. “Flamenco in Focus: An Analysis of a
Performance of Soleares.” In Analytical Studies in World Music,
edited by Michael Tenzer, 92-119. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Accessed June 17, 2011.
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/adelaide/docDetail.action?docID=10160518.
Book Review (online)
(Kozinn 2011) Kozinn, Allan. 2011. “Don’t Scowl, Beethoven, You’re Loved.”
Review of Beethoven in America, by Michael Broyles. New York
Times, December 18. Accessed January 13, 2012.
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/19/books/beethoven-in-america-by-
michael-broyles-review.html.

Articles (individually-authored) from Dictionaries/Encyclopedias (print and online)

Well-known reference books, such as major dictionaries and encyclopedias, can be cited in notes alone, but where the
author of an article is known, follow the procedure used for a chapter in a book, omitting page and volume numbers.

Article from dictionary/encyclopedia (print)

(Bonta 1980) Bonta, Stephen. 1980. “Merula, Tarquinio.” In The New Grove
Dictionary of Music and Musicians, edited by Stanley Sadie. London:
Macmillan.
Article from dictionary/encyclopedia (online)
(Bonta 2013) Bonta, Stephen. 2013. “Merula, Tarquinio.” In Grove Music Online.
Oxford Music Online. Accessed January 4, 2013.
http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/sub
scriber/article/grove/music/18783?

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Journal articles (print and online)

If the document was consulted online, include a URL, or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, the name
of the database and any identification number (in brackets) may be used instead.

Journal article (print)

Adelson, Robert. 1998. “The Autograph Manuscript of Brahms’
(Adelson 1998, 64) Clarinet Sonatas op. 120: A Preliminary Report.” The Clarinet 25 (3):
62-65.
Journal article (website)
(Drimatis 2011) Drimatis, Joanna. 2011. “Editing Symphony no. 1 by Robert
Hughes: Problems to Solve.” Journal of Music Research Online 2.
Accessed October 18, 2011.
http://jmro.org.au/index.php?journal=mca2.
Journal article (database)
(Lanners 2010) Lanners, Thomas. 2010. "Equal Opportunity Coaching." American
Music Teacher 59 (5). Accessed January 3, 2013. Music Index
(49814863).

Newspaper/Magazine articles (print and online)

Newspaper/Magazine article (print)
Don, Sallie. 2011. “Star Billing at ‘Edgy’ Festival.” The Australian,
(Don 2011, 14)
October 20.
Newspaper/Magazine article (online)
(Ross 2006) Ross, Alex. 2006. “American Sublime: Morton Feldman’s Mysterious
Musical Landscapes.” The New Yorker, June 19. Accessed October
19,
2011.http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/19/060619crat_atl
arge.

Theses (print and online)

Titles of theses and dissertations appear in quotation marks—not in italics.

If the document was consulted online, include a URL, or, for documents retrieved from a commercial database, the name
of the database and any identification number (in brackets) may be used instead.

Thesis/Dissertation (print)
(Wood 1979, 275) Wood, Elizabeth. 1979. “Australian Opera, 1842-1970: A History of
Australian Opera with Descriptive Catalogues.” PhD thesis,
University of Adelaide.
Thesis/Dissertation (accessed online)
(Ciraldo 2006) Ciraldo, Nicholas Alfred. 2006. "A Comparative Study of the Eschig
Editions and the ‘1928 Manuscript’ of Heitor Villa-Lobos’s Twelve
Etudes for Guitar." DMA diss., University of Texas at Austin.
Accessed December 10, 2012.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/49263450/A-Comparative-Study-of-the-
Eschig-Editions-and-the-%E2%80%981928-
Manuscript%E2%80%99-of-Heitor-Villa-Lobos%E2%80%99s-
Twelve-Etudes-for-Guitar.
Thesis/Dissertation (accessed from
database)
(Choi 2008) Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during
the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago.
Accessed January 3, 2013. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

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Lectures and Conference papers

A paper published in a volume of conference proceedings should be cited similarly to a chapter in a book (see under
Books (Print and Online))

Lectures, papers presented at meetings, etc. should be cited as follows:

Lecture (unpublished)
Brown, David. 2011. "Expressionist Composition in the Twentieth
(Brown 2011) Century" (lecture presented in the course Introduction to Music,
University of Adelaide, May 12).

Recordings of readings or lectures are treated similarly to music recordings. That is, facts of publication are in the same
style as for print media; online sources should include access date, followed by URL or similar identifier.

Music scores, videos and sound recordings

In general terms, citations for these formats follow the patterns used for books and chapters of books, both print and
online. That is:

 treat a score, CD or LP of a whole work as you would a book

 treat a single piece from an anthology of music, or track from a CD or LP album, in a similar way as you would a
chapter in a book
 Additionally, with sound recordings, give information about the performers. Also, cite the format consulted, but give
original recording date where available. Whom to list as “author” is often a matter of judgment (usually composer,
performer or conductor).

Music scores (including online)

Music score: print
(Bartok 1946, 32) Bartók, Béla. 1946. Violin Concerto no. 2. London: Boosey &
Hawkes.
Music score: online
(Chopin 1882) 1. Using URL

Chopin, Frédéric. 1882. Trois Ecossaises. London: Augener.

Accessed January 5, 2015.
http://petrucci.mus.auth.gr/imglnks/usimg/0/0d/IMSLP139193-
PMLP02626-FChopin_3_Ecossaises__Op.72_No.3_BH13.pdf

OR

2. Treating as part of a database, using database identifyer rather

than URL:

Chopin, Frédéric. 1882. Trois Ecossaises. London: Augener.

Accessed January 5, 2015. IMSLP (139193).

Video recording (including online)

Video recording
(Weill 1998) Weill, Kurt. 1998. Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny. Radio-
Symphonieorchester Wien, Konzertvereinigung Wiener
Staatsopernchor. Dennis Russell Davies. Jerry Hadley, Gwyneth
Jones. Halle: Arthaus Musik, DVD.
Online video
(Schubert 2008) Schubert, Franz. 2008. Quintet in C, 1st Movement. Harlem
Quartet, Carter Brey. YouTube video, 9:35. Recorded December.
Posted June 8, 2009. Accessed June 21, 2011.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xCvkdvTwx5E.

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Sound recordings (including online)

Sound recording: CD/LP album (composer
prominent)
(Mozart 1991) Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1991. Don Giovanni. Orchestra and
Chorus of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Sir Colin
Davis. With Ingvar Wixell, Luigi Roni, Martina Arroyo, Stuart
Burrows, Kiri Te Kanawa, et al. Recorded May 1973. Philips 422
541-2, 3 compact discs.
Sound recording: CD/LP album (artist
prominent)
(Davis 1991) Davis, Miles. 1991. Miles Davis in Concert. Miles Davis, et al.
Recorded September 29, 1972. Sony SRCS 5722-5723, 2
compact discs.
Track from sound recording
(Holiday 1958) Holiday, Billie. 1958. “I’m a Fool to Want You” (vocal performance).
By Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf. Recorded February
20, with Ray Ellis. On Lady in Satin, Columbia CL 1157, 33⅓ rpm.
Sound recording: online database
(Mozart 1993) Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1993. Symphonies nos. 38-41.
Scottish Chamber Orchestra. Charles Mackerras. Recorded 1992.
Naxos Music Library. Accessed January 5, 2015.
http://uoa.naxosmusiclibrary.com.proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/cat
alogue/item.asp?cid=CKD308

Websites/Internet resources

In general terms, citation standards for material from websites follow the principles used for other material. That is:

 if the webpage within a website has an author, cite similarly to a newspaper article (online)
 if the webpage or website has no obvious author, but is clearly hosted by a corporate body, treat as for a book with
corporate author (online)
 if there are no stated authors or corporate owners of the site, use the title as the main authority
 always include the date you accessed the site
 if there is no date indicating when the material was written or posted, look for a ‘last updated’ date. Failing this, your
date of access will be the only date you will be able to supply.

Website (authored page)

(Kolowich 2012) Kolowich, Steve. 2012. “Cracking Up the LMS.” Inside
Higher Ed. Washington, DC: Inside Higher Ed. Accessed
January
13. http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/01/11/what-
does-lms-future-look.
Website (corporate/publisher)
(Australian government 2007) Australian government 2007. “Rock Art.” Australian
Indigenous Art. Accessed October 20, 2011.
http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-
indigenous-art.

Website (no clear author or date)

(Spice Girls 2012) “Spice Girls” 2012. Starpulse.com. Accessed January 13,
2012. http://www.starpulse.com/Music/Spice_Girls/.
Blog
(Kuhn 2011) Kuhn, Laura. 2011. “John Cage: On & Off the Air!” Kuhn’s
Blog, September 8. Accessed October 19, 2011.
http://johncage.org/blog.html.

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Personal communication

Email, Text messages, Telephone conversation, Personal interview

These are usually cited only within the written text, and NOT included in the list of full references at the end.

For example: "In a telephone conversation with/text message to the author on September 4, 2011, John Smith revealed
..." OR "John Smith revealed that ..." (John Smith, pers. comm.)

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