4/25/2020 Turnitin

Turnitin Originality Report

Processed on: 25-Apr-2020 16:37 +08
ID: 1307400208
Similarity by Source
Word Count: 6230
Similarity Index
Submitted: 1 Internet Sources: 28%

40% Publications:
Student Papers:
7%
34%
DEEPWATER HORIZON By Minhalina Batrisyia Shamshul
Baharin

4% match (Internet from 10-Apr-2020)

https://studybay.com/blog/ethical-problems-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill/

3% match (Internet from 23-Apr-2020)

https://web.archive.org/web/20100426171257/http:/www.deepwater.com/fw/main/IDeepwater-Horizon-i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-
419C151.html

2% match (Internet from 21-Apr-2020)

https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/features/deepwater-horizon-as-it-happened/

2% match (student papers from 10-Apr-2020)

Submitted to Edith Cowan University on 2020-04-10

1% match (student papers from 09-Apr-2020)

Submitted to Edith Cowan University on 2020-04-09

1% match (Internet from 27-Mar-2020)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP

1% match (Internet from 15-Mar-2020)

https://web.archive.org/web/20100620121041/http:/www.hazmatmag.com/issues/story.aspx?aid=1000370689

1% match (student papers from 08-Jun-2016)

Submitted to Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology on 2016-06-08

1% match (student papers from 18-Mar-2020)

Submitted to Universiti Malaysia Pahang on 2020-03-18

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1% match (student papers from 23-Apr-2020)

Submitted to Texas A&M University, College Station on 2020-04-23

1% match (student papers from 15-Dec-2019)

Submitted to University of Alabama at Birmingham on 2019-12-15

1% match (student papers from 03-Jan-2011)

Submitted to Majan College on 2011-01-03

1% match (student papers from 16-Sep-2019)

Submitted to University of Essex on 2019-09-16

1% match (student papers from 20-Jul-2018)

Submitted to University of Colorado, Colorado Springs on 2018-07-20

1% match (student papers from 24-Sep-2017)

Submitted to North American University on 2017-09-24

1% match (student papers from 09-Feb-2015)

Submitted to Kingston University on 2015-02-09

1% match (student papers from 20-Aug-2018)

Submitted to Associatie K.U.Leuven on 2018-08-20

< 1% match (Internet from 14-Sep-2018)

https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/files/6106863/CEO_speeches_and_safety_culture

< 1% match (student papers from 11-May-2018)

Submitted to American University of Beirut on 2018-05-11

< 1% match (student papers from 03-Apr-2020)

Submitted to Missouri University of Science and Technology on 2020-04-03

< 1% match (student papers from 31-Jan-2019)

Submitted to Trevor Day High School on 2019-01-31

< 1% match (student papers from 07-Apr-2020)

Submitted to Asia Pacific University College of Technology and Innovation (UCTI) on 2020-04-07

< 1% match (student papers from 20-Nov-2017)

Submitted to Universiti Teknologi Petronas on 2017-11-20

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< 1% match (student papers from 27-Sep-2004)

Submitted to University of Dayton on 2004-9-27

< 1% match (Internet from 24-Jul-2019)

https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/ethics-resources/board-ethical-review-cases/duty-

< 1% match (Internet from 08-Jun-2009)

http://www.carsonversusdoe.com/aea.htm

< 1% match (student papers from 05-Jun-2016)

Submitted to University of Southern Queensland on 2016-06-05

< 1% match (student papers from 10-Apr-2020)

Submitted to Edith Cowan University on 2020-04-10

< 1% match (student papers from 14-Nov-2016)

Submitted to Universiti Teknologi Petronas on 2016-11-14

< 1% match (student papers from 30-Apr-2007)

Submitted to Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education on 2007-04-30

< 1% match (student papers from 08-Dec-2015)

Submitted to American University of Beirut on 2015-12-08

< 1% match (student papers from 06-Apr-2020)

Submitted to Asia Pacific University College of Technology and Innovation (UCTI) on 2020-04-06

< 1% match (student papers from 30-Oct-2012)

Submitted to University of Sunderland on 2012-10-30

< 1% match (student papers from 09-Apr-2020)

Submitted to Universiti Brunei Darussalam on 2020-04-09

< 1% match (Internet from 12-Sep-2017)

http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~bmclaren/pubs/BMM-Dissertation-Body.pdf

< 1% match (Internet from 05-Oct-2018)

https://social.mbl.edu/long-term-study-of-oil-spill-impacts-in-gulf-of-mexico-is-renewed

< 1% match (student papers from 09-Apr-2020)

Submitted to Edith Cowan University on 2020-04-09

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< 1% match (student papers from 24-Feb-2020)

Submitted to Laureate Higher Education Group on 2020-02-24

< 1% match (student papers from 29-Nov-2012)

Submitted to University of Edinburgh on 2012-11-29

< 1% match (student papers from 15-Jul-2014)

Submitted to University of Oklahoma on 2014-07-15

< 1% match (student papers from 23-Jan-2020)

Submitted to Chichester College of Arts, Science and Technology, West Sussex on 2020-01-23

< 1% match (Internet from 07-Jun-2009)

http://onlineethics.org/CMS/profpractice/ethcodes/13411/9972.aspx

< 1% match (Internet from 28-Jul-2014)

http://odi.com/ODI_Documents/OpAndMaint-Manuals/10272_Wet-Mate_Hybrid_Connectors.PDF

< 1% match (student papers from 25-Jun-2018)

Submitted to Southern New Hampshire University - Continuing Education on 2018-06-25

< 1% match (Internet from 09-Mar-2020)

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00405841.2017.1350495

< 1% match (student papers from 18-Mar-2019)

Submitted to University of Aberdeen on 2019-03-18

< 1% match (student papers from 08-Nov-2017)

Submitted to University of Aberdeen on 2017-11-08

< 1% match (student papers from 07-Apr-2020)

Submitted to UT, Dallas on 2020-04-07

< 1% match (student papers from 09-Nov-2015)

Submitted to University of Aberdeen on 2015-11-09

< 1% match (student papers from 23-Mar-2020)

Submitted to Queen Mary and Westfield College on 2020-03-23

< 1% match (student papers from 17-Feb-2017)

Submitted to Bridgepoint Education on 2017-02-17

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< 1% match (student papers from 02-Oct-2017)

Submitted to University of Melbourne on 2017-10-02

< 1% match (student papers from 03-Mar-2019)

Submitted to Excelsior College on 2019-03-03

< 1% match ()
http://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1247

< 1% match (student papers from 14-Sep-2018)

Submitted to Central Queensland University on 2018-09-14

< 1% match (student papers from 06-Jun-2016)

Submitted to University of Southern Queensland on 2016-06-06

< 1% match (student papers from 15-Apr-2016)

Submitted to Texas A&M University, College Station on 2016-04-15

< 1% match (student papers from 07-Dec-2017)

Submitted to Universiti Teknologi Petronas on 2017-12-07

< 1% match (Internet from 15-Jan-2019)

https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1078&context=dissertations

< 1% match (Internet from 07-Nov-2019)

https://zinoproject43.blogspot.com/2017/02/information-data-group-142-dr-sam.html

< 1% match (Internet from 16-Jan-2020)

http://www.wman.net/germantown-and-the-great-awakening/

< 1% match (Internet from 17-Jul-2016)

http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n86000004/

< 1% match (student papers from 21-Apr-2016)

Submitted to University of Southern Queensland on 2016-04-21

< 1% match (student papers from 27-Apr-2015)

Submitted to Coventry University on 2015-04-27

< 1% match (student papers from 18-Jan-2015)

Submitted to 63570 on 2015-01-18

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< 1% match (student papers from 20-Nov-2018)

Submitted to University of Strathclyde on 2018-11-20

< 1% match (student papers from 20-Aug-2018)

Submitted to University of Johannsburg on 2018-08-20

< 1% match (student papers from 19-Sep-2017)

Submitted to The Robert Gordon University on 2017-09-19

< 1% match (Internet from 19-Feb-2020)

https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/SPE-198069-MS

< 1% match (Internet from 20-Aug-2019)

https://energyboom.com/deepwater-horizon/

< 1% match (Internet from 28-Feb-2020)

https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/deep-horizon-oil-spill-disaster?access-library-email=

< 1% match (student papers from 15-Jan-2018)

Submitted to Glasgow Caledonian University on 2018-01-15

< 1% match (student papers from 26-Sep-2015)

Submitted to Macquarie University on 2015-09-26

< 1% match (student papers from 12-Feb-2020)

Submitted to University of Portsmouth on 2020-02-12

< 1% match (Internet from 27-Jun-2018)

https://ez-pdh.com/course-material/2019-Florida-Ethics-Course0010039.pdf

< 1% match (Internet from 11-Sep-2014)

http://www.dodsonhooks.com/Southern-University-Law-Center-Class-Documents/Deep-water-Horizon-Disaster.pdf

< 1% match (publications)

Luca Fiorentini, Luca Marmo. "Industrial Accidents", Wiley, 2018

< 1% match (student papers from 12-Dec-2014)

Submitted to University of Houston System on 2014-12-12

< 1% match (student papers from 27-Sep-2004)

Submitted to University of Dayton on 2004-9-27

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< 1% match (student papers from 16-Mar-2018)

Submitted to Institute of Technology, Sligo on 2018-03-16

< 1% match (student papers from 14-Oct-2016)

Submitted to University of New South Wales on 2016-10-14

< 1% match (student papers from 08-Jan-2009)

Submitted to CITY College, Affiliated Institute of the University of Sheffield on 2009-01-08

< 1% match (student papers from 01-Apr-2019)

Submitted to Manchester Metropolitan University on 2019-04-01

< 1% match (student papers from 08-Mar-2012)

Submitted to University of Edinburgh on 2012-03-08

< 1% match (student papers from 11-May-2013)

Submitted to Atlantic International University on 2013-05-11

< 1% match (student papers from 21-May-2018)

Submitted to University of the Highlands and Islands Millennium Institute on 2018-05-21

< 1% match (student papers from 25-Nov-2016)

Submitted to University of Wales, Bangor on 2016-11-25

< 1% match (publications)

Douglas Oliver. "Whistle-Blowing Engineer", Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 2003

< 1% match (student papers from 02-Nov-2007)

Submitted to National University of Singapore on 2007-11-02

< 1% match (student papers from 05-Sep-2018)

Submitted to University of Technology, Sydney on 2018-09-05

< 1% match (student papers from 27-Sep-2004)

Submitted to University of Dayton on 2004-9-27

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) CHEMICAL (EH220) EH2206G LEADERSHIP AND PROFESSIONAL
ETHICS FOR ENGINEERS CPE 680 CASE STUDY OF DEEPWATER HORIZON PREPARED FOR: IR NORMADYZAH AHMAD PREPARED BY: NO. NAME
MATRICS NO. 1. MINHALINA BATRISYIA BINTI SHAMSHUL BAHARIN 2018262076 2. MOHAMAD WISHAL KURNIA BIN AZMY 2018437792 3. WAN
NUR FARZANA BINTI WAN ZAINAL 2018264832 4. KHAIRUN NOR ASHIKIN BINTI NASIR 2018441706 5. AISYAH AFIQAH BINTI SAMSUDIN
2018224464 1.0 CONTENTS 1.0 CONTENTS.................................................................................................................... 2 2.0
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INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 3 3.0 BACKGROUND

............................................................................................................ 6 4.0 DISCUSSION
............................................................................................................... 10 5.0 CONCLUSION
............................................................................................................. 15 6.0 REFERENCES
............................................................................................................. 18 2.0 INTRODUCTION Deepwater Horizon was built in 2001 by
Hyundai Heavy Industries, South Korea for R&B Falcon Corporation. In 2000, however, Transocean acquired R&B Falcon Company, owner of 115
drilling rigs, in a transaction worth $17. 7 billion. Through the takeover, Transocean took ownership of what was at the time the largest offshore
business in the world. Among R&B Falcon's assets was the Deepwater Horizon (PRNewswire, 2000). This asset was leased to BP (British
Petroleum) in the year 2001 until September 2013. BP were known to be involved in several major environmental and safety incidents. Among
them was the 2005 Texas City Refinery accident, which killed 15 employees and resulted in a record- breaking OSHA fine; the worst oil spill in
Europe, the Torrey Canyon disaster in 1967; and the 2006 Prudhoe Bay oil spill, the biggest oil spill on Alaska's North Slope, which resulted in a
US$ 25 million statutory penalty, the largest oil spill in that era. (Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns over Arctic Wildlife, Future Drilling, 2010).
Transocean Ltd has confirmed that the Deepwater Horizon rig has successfully drilled the deepest oil and gas well ever while continuing to
operate with BP and its co-owners on the Tiber platform in the U.S, Gulf of Mexico. Working alongside BP, the Transocean teams on Deepwater
Horizon drilled the well to 35, 055 feet of measured depth (MD) and 35,050 vertical depths or more than six miles while performing in 4,130 feet
of water. Compared to way back to 1950’s, this the greatest the highest rated of Transocean world history. In 2005, the Discoverer Spirit ultra-
deepwater drillship set the record for the longest oil and gas well in the Gulf of Mexico at 34,189 ft, MD. Most recently, the GSF Rig 127
Transocean ramp drilled the industry's greatest -extended reach well in 2008 while operating for Maersk Oil Qatar AS at 40,320 feet MD with a
35,770-foot horizontal section. The well was drilled off the coast of Qatar in 36 days and was incident-free; Transocean still holds the latest world
water depth record of deployment at 10,011 feet of water set while operating for Chevron in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. The Deepwater Horizon,
introduced in 2001, is an ultra-deepwater semisubmersible dynamically positioned rig capable to operate in water depths up to 10,000 feet.
Transocean is the world's biggest offshore drilling contractor and the world's leading supplier of drilling management services. Transocean is
considered one of the most advanced and powerful in the world with a fleet of 135 mobile offshore drilling units plus eight recently launched
ultra- deepwater drilling units, owing to its emphasis on technologically demanding offshore drilling projects. (Deepwater Horizon, 2010). It called
dynamic positioning because it was a floating rig, capable of working in up to 10,000 feet of water. These rigs are not moored; the anchors will
be too costly and too large to be hung from the floating structure. Instead, the triple- redundant computer system utilizes GPS satellite
navigation to control powerful thrusters that hold the rig aligned at all times within a few feet of its targeted location. Clearly, the Deepwater
Horizon has just completed cementing the steel casing at depths exceeding 18,000 feet. The next operation was to suspend the well so that the
rig could transfer to the next drilling venue. The rig would return to this later in order to perform a certain role of bringing the well into
operation. (Crittenden, 2010). 20 April 2010 was a remarkable day for the crew of Deepwater Horizon, Transocean's semi-submersible offshore
drilling rig contracted by BP to dig a 20,000- foot exploration well into the Macondo reservoir, about 4 miles below the ocean floor in the Gulf of
Mexico, 41 miles off the SE coast of Louisiana. For some 4 months, the exploration took place in a mile of deep water and the project was six
weeks behind schedule – leading to a number of delays resulting from exploration into some very delicate and fragile rock formations that
needed cautious and circumspect drilling. Not only that, this was the day that, having exceeded the goal range, the well had to be finished and
left in a secure state of readiness for future production. The Deepwater Horizon, which cost over US$ 1 million a day to be used, could
potentially be moved out to drill elsewhere with the Macondo well momentarily capped, ready to be re-entered and returned to production mode
at a future date. This would introduce to the surface the expected 50 m barrels (bbl) of high-quality oil (approximately US$ 5 billion) produced
and preserved in the reservoir over geological years. Mission has almost been fulfilled. The horror started on the night of April 20, 2010, when
the Deepwater Horizon oil spill occurred. This was also referred to as the BP oil spill, oil spill or oil leak; the Gulf of Mexico oil spill and the
Macondo blowout (Pallardy, 2020). Every night in the vast waters of the Gulf of Mexico, officials and employees on the Deepwater Horizon oil
platform have been debating for hours whether to proceed evacuating their well. The Macondo well site is 48 miles off the coast of Louisiana and
was prepared for construction after the discovery of crude. As time passes, Transocean became uncertain about the methods used to temporarily
abandon the well. They were the owners of the oil platform. Finally, BP, who rented the rig to carry out drilling activities, took a quick decision to

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save time and money by ignoring precautions and substituting materials used to seal the well (Julie Coco, 2016). This caused the oil rig to
explode and sank resulting in the death of 11 personnel on Deepwater Horizon and the major oil leak in the history of offshore oil drilling
operations. During the 87-day period, 4 million barrels of oil leaked from the ravaged Macondo well before it was finally sealed on 15 July 2010
(Deepwater Horizon – BP Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill, 2017). 3.0 BACKGROUND One of the world’s seven oil and gas Big Oil, can also be known as
supermajors, had produced a massive calamity not only to their crews but also to the environment and public’s health. Before being known as BP
plc, it was named as The British Petroleum Company plc and BP Amoco plc with a headquarters in London, England. BP is a multinational oil and
gas company which runs in every aspect of the oil and gas industry and is beginning to deep further to renewable energy. However, the company
found in 1909 with an operation nearly worldwide has quite a reputation in the subjects of violations and accidents. The onset of accidents
occurred in 1965, two of Britain’ first oil rig’s legs collapsed during an operation to transport it to a new location and was capsized. Ending with a
tragic thirteen crew members in demise. In 2005, another accident happened with a casualty of fifteen people and hundreds wounded, due to the
explosion of Texas City Refinery. The company was fined with $50 million and had a three- year probation. Furthermore, BP also had several
reports on toxic substance release (2017, Texas City Refinery), chemical leak (2010, Texas City Refinery), a five-day oil leak (2006, Prudhoe Bay),
a small gas leak (2008, Caspian Sea), violating state laws regarding storage tank (California, and Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill
(2010, Gulf of Mexico). Before the catastrophe blowout of the Deepwater Horizon Rig at the Gulf of Mexico, there are a series of serious mishaps
which fuse to be the world’s largest accidental marine oil spill. Firstly, in order to obtain the hydrocarbons, an operation of drilling of an offshore
well needs to be done where it creates a pathway between the drilling rig and oil and gas reservoir trapped beneath the sea floor. The drilling will
dig out a deep hole, called wellbore, through layers of subsea rocks and sediments that contains water, crude oil and natural gas under pressure.
For safety reasons, a blowout preventer is located on the sea floor which is connected to the rig by a large diameter pipe known as riser. A
blowout preventer (BOP) is a critical device to prevent flammable oil and gas from travelling up the riser to the drilling rig, which is powered by
electricity and hydraulic. The prevention is done by sealing the area around the drill pipe – annular space by manually close pipe rams using the
annular preventers. Howbeit, the last resort if the annular preventers fail is to activate a pair of sharp metal blades that will cut the drill pipe and
seal the well. The blind shear ram can be activated manually or automated emergency system. The start of the blowout was when the drilling
was completed and only a temporarily abandonment activities were left to the crew. An abandonment activity is when the well is to be essentially
plug as to wait for a production installation to extract the hydrocarbons while the rig moves toward a new location. Then on April 20 (2010), the
workers were working on the temporarily abandon of the well which involves a series of steps by installing a surface cement plug after removing
most of the drilling fluid column in the well. However, an earlier cement barrier at the bottom of the well to prevent the hydrocarbons below the
seafloor was not effectively installed. This is due to the mixture of the cement did not meet industry standards and had failed several times in
laboratory tests. The crew had used a nitrogen foam cement by injecting tiny nitrogen bubbles. Due to this, the pressure difference between the
area above and hydrocarbon reservoir at the bottom of the well when the drilling fluid column was removed had resulted the rise of the
hydrocarbons. The oil and gas successfully rose to the wellbore undetected for almost an hour and successfully passed the blowout preventer
before travelling rapidly up the riser towards the drilling rig without any human intervention or automated controls being activated. As the oil and
gas began to move upwards, the drilling mud which was supposed to create a barrier between the undersea oil and gas and piping was forced to
rise as well, and ended gushing onto the drilling rig floor. The kick had caused a blowout which the crew members responded by closing the
upper annular preventer but it did not seal the well as intended and the flammable oil and gas kept flowing. Nonetheless, the crew successfully
to temporarily solve the problem by closing the annular space and sealing the well when they closed the pipe ram. Unfortunately, the oil and gas
that were already above the pipe ram continued to flow inexorably towards the rig and soon found an ignition source, causing an explosion. With
the explosion and the subsequent loss of electrical and hydraulic power from the rig, the automated system on the blowout preventer,
AMF/deadman, should have been activated. This emergency system is designed to be activated when electric power, hydraulic pressure and
communications from the rig had been lost where it will close the blind shear ram and cuts the drill pipe. The AMF/ deadman is operated by two
redundant control systems known as yellow pod and blue pod. The reliability of the system during an emergency situation increased due to the
redundancy where the pods worked independently of each other and are comprised of identical enclosed computer systems with 7 | P a g e CASE
STUDY OF DEEPWATER HORIZON sets of solenoid valves. Both the pods contained backup 27 volt and nine volts of batteries to power the
emergency functions in case of the electrical power from the rig was cut off. The solenoid valves are powered by the 27 volt of batteries and

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would be activated by the computers which are powered by the nine volts of batteries. However, investigation on the matter of the failure of the
AMF/deadman indicated that both of the pods was faulty from being miswired. The miswired of the blue pod had caused the 27-volt battery to
drain and was unable to operate the solenoid valves during the accident. For the yellow pod, the redundant coils are designed to work in parallel
however due to the miswiring the two coils opposed each other, resulting the valve to be paralyzed. As the oil and gas escaped the riser onto the
rig, the pressure dropped in the annular space above the pipe ram while the pressure in the drill pipe climbed substantially. However, the drilled
pipe was closed at the top but oil and gas continued to flow in from the reservoir below. After extensive analysis by the U.S. Chemical Safety and
Hazard Investigation Board (CSB), it was concluded that the large difference in pressure had likely caused the drilled pipe to buckle from a
mechanism called Effective Compression. An effective compression had previously been noted as a hazard in other drilling operations but it
never had been identified as a problem affecting the drill pipe during operations. This occurrence happened due to a minute bendy and
irregularities of the pipe that cannot be seen by the naked eyes. The side of the bended pipe would have a slightly longer and more surface area
which causes a larger difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the pipe. The longer pipe would experience a larger bending force
and eventually buckle. The buckling of the pipe had caused the drill pipe to be pushed out of the reach of the blind shear ram blades causing
the pipe to be partially cut. With the failures, there was nothing left to stop the massive oil spill and the destruction of the rig that had killed
eleven people and seventeen was seriously injured from the 126 workers onboard. Regrettably, the crisis did not stop here. After two days of fire,
the Deepwater Horizon Rig sank and had caused an enormous oil spilled of 134 million barrels of oil – the largest offshore oil spill in the U.S.
history. This had caused serious damaged to the ecosystem as thousands of marine mammals and sea turtles were killed while their habitats
were contaminated. Everything that led to the blowout had been from the company’s interest to gain profit rather than designing a safe
environment for the workers. The safeguard that should have 8 | P a g e CASE STUDY OF DEEPWATER HORIZON been able to protect and prevent
a disaster was useless due to not being properly constructed, managed and tested. In order to prevent the same accident for reoccurring, the
study of the ethical codes and how to confront if a similar situation arises. 4.0 DISCUSSION Deepwater Horizon marks as one of the prominent
and impactful disastrous events that affects all parties including the public and environment around them. It marks the largest accidental and
anthropogenic oil release into the marine waters. A total of 11 good men had died from the explosion. The oil leakage covers for 43,000 square
miles, which equivalent to the size of Virginia in the United States of America. Results from a research team led by Louisiana State University
states that the tragic event gave a long-term ecological effect which may greatly affect the commercial fishing operations. One of the surveys also
stated that majority of the impacts were to marine mammals and the ocean bottom. These evidences proved that a vast of problematic,
uncertainty and misjudgement decisions gives an adverse effect to all parties. In drilling operation, a blowout preventer (BOP) is a prime unit
where it functions to closed whenever the drilling crew loses control of the formation fluids. It acts a safety measures where the drilling crew can
recover and take control of the reservoir, retaining the pressure control of the formation. Although a blowout preventer (BOP) is installed at the
BP wellhead, the drilling crew were only then realized that it was failed to action properly especially in the midst of oil greatly leaked from the
well. It was reported that BP Corporation choose the cheaper and easier option according to other better functional BOP. This action had
automatically violated to the National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) Code of Ethics II 1 where Engineers shall hold paramount the
safety, health and welfare of the public. The BP Corporation decision to choose a cost-efficient unit as a replacement proved that they do not
prioritize the safety of the public. From the misjudgement and unthoughtful consideration, the drilling crew could not regain from the emergency
oil leakage and cost them their own life. From this aspect, BP Corporation should play a better role in providing the safest working condition
possible in order to prevent any bad outcomes. Engineers must oblige to keep their ethical works to the highest level where it correlates with the
NSPE Code of Ethics II.1.f where engineers shall not aid or abet the unlawful practice of engineering by a person or firm. If they aware of
anything that is misconduct, they can discuss and proposed a better alternative which is safer and better for the operation. On April 20th 2010,
the Transocean, Inc. officials were arguing with the BP Exploration regarding the decision to replace the heavy dirt which is important to maintain
the well’s pressure down with lighter seawater. The Macondo well site was being prepared for completion after the oil discovery. Procedures
prohibited them to carry on the operation, thus ordering them to temporarily leave the well. However, an official of BP Corporation had a firm
decision to continue the operation by substituting materials used to cap the well. This decision is highly affected by the cost and time need to be
beared by the company before they can fully operate to acquire the oil. They ignored the main procedures and safety measures outlined for them.
A news sources stated that the company was behind their schedule and as alternative, they started to take the shortcuts. The only factors matter

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to them are cost and time efficient for the betterment of the company’s profit. This decision has certainly violated with the NSPE Code of Ethics
III 1 where engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest standards of honesty and integrity. It also violated the NSPE Code of
Ethics III 2.b where engineers shall not complete, sign or seal plans and/or specifications that are not in conformity with applicable engineering
standards. This shows that the officials need to be aware of the responsibility and the outcome of their sudden decisions. The BP corporation
officials should follow the guidelines and procedures as it is instead of rushing for the desired end product. Engineers could advocate the BP
officials on the potential danger that is bound to happen once the operation kept going on. If safety precautions are being taken and BP officials
play an ethical judgement, perhaps the catastrophic event would never even happen. In a normal company culture, a good management must be
able to identify the good and bad safety practices. Other than surveying workers’ safe work and ethical conduct, they need to accept feedbacks
and utilize the position they had to fix any instrument and keep the workplace as safe as they can. In a CNN interview with one of the oil rig’s
survivor, raising a safe concern which may delay the drilling process to the management will cost them their job. Former employees outline
different management approach on protection around the working area. They failed to notice the ageing equipment and attempted to fire their
own staff for reporting the problems. One of the BP specialists is a living proof of job termination due to concern on the crack in the metallic skin
of an oil transit range. He believes that it could ignite stray gases, and might leads to unwanted events. Due to his consideration, he was
dismissed from the company right away. This clearly signifies that the BP management disobey the safety protocol and ignored opinions on the
safety aspect of the oil rig. As a person who was being paid to keep the job done, they had no power or stand in a higher position to make the
changes. 11 | P a g e CASE STUDY OF DEEPWATER HORIZON As stated in the NSPE Code of Ethics II 1.a, if engineer’s judgement is overruled
under circumstances that endanger life or property, they shall notify their employer or client and such other authority as may be appropriate. In
this case, engineers played their role according to the ethical code of conduct. However, they were instructed keep the operation although they
have explained to the top management on the possible consequences. The one at fault is the BP corporation officials where they are notified of
the hazard conditions but insisted to do any precautious measure to combat the problem. They need to follow the NSPE Code of Ethics II.1 where
they must take account the safety, health and welfare of the public. Oil releases carry a significant threat of major damage to aquatic animals
and the environment. The toxic and suffocating oil waste within the short-run initiates mass mortality and pollution of fish and other food
species. In the longer term, it affects long-term ecological implications which, relative to its short-run impact, may also affect the surroundings.
Oil waste poisons the hypersensitive aquatic substrate which feeds on seafood and sea creatures. It is likely to disrupt the sea ecosystem's foods
chain, and it is harmful to the involvement of other variations of aquatic life. For fact, many species, including amphibians, mammals, reptiles and
birds that live in or near the water, may indeed be contaminated by oil pollution and will lose their food supply. Due to the tragedy of the
Deepwater Horizon, it is known that a whooping amount of oil spillage occurred which caused by the explosion at the oil rig located in Gulf of
Mexico. On 19 May 2010, Chairman of BP America Lamar McKay reaffirmed that the highest discharge of the ruined well was about 5,000 barrels
a day. Nevertheless, the oil spill volume was measured by Purdue University or college associate professor Wereley from the damaged well
produce a higher rate of 95 ,000 barrels per day. The huge differences of the amount of oil spill proclaimed by BP and the professor from Purdue
University reveals that there might be false information that was reported by BP. Therefore, BP was criticized of concealing crucial details or might
have manipulated the details before it was released to the public. Purdue's Werkeley points out that experts can make further examine the gas-
to-oil proportion that coming from the well and create a more precise calculation if longer video stream are provided. BP’s action violated the
ethical misconduct that according to IEEE Code of Ethics which is "To be truthful and reasonable when rendering assumptions or judgments on
the available accurate information." Clearly that BP itself have the real amount but did not released to others as they afraid that the real one will
give bad impact to the company. 12 | P a g e CASE STUDY OF DEEPWATER HORIZON On August 19th in 2010, the company that operated the oil
rig which is Transocean, claimed that BP had failed to provide the details they wanted regarding the blast. Not just that, after the oil rig explosion,
it was found that BP bought the top search engines on the internet which are Google and Yahoo sponsored links to cover up the reality of the
impacts on their misconducts. BP’s action give rise to people questioned about their purchasing on the sponsored links. According to NSPE Code
of Ethics, "Engineers shall not offer or give, either immediately or indirectly, any contribution or gift idea to impact pubic authority or even to
secure work." Why would they bought the links if it is not for them to manipulate the facts on the aftermath of the tragedy? But this was denied
by the BP representative claimed that the buying of the sponsored links on the search engines are to make it easier for people to know more
about their initiatives in the Gulf and make easier for individuals to discover crucial connections to home elevators filing claims, verifying on the

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beach oil and signing up for voluntary service" Even the claimed has been made, the were still debate among the competitors that BP were
exploiting the search results to secure the good image of their company. The spillage incidence has been estimated by more than four
independent experts between 25,000 and 100,000 barrels a day. It may indicate that the amount of BP is an aberration, said Ed Markey,
chairman of the House Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment. Wereley also told that all such figures from outside the sector are
considerably higher than those of BP. He also said that there is no possibility in any condition that their quantity is right. Therefore, when citing
quotations, BP was neither real nor ordinary. The action of BP here is again wrong which can be related to ASME Fundamental Canons, "Engineers
shall declare their own errors when proven wrong and refrain from distorting or altering facts to justify their blunders." BP clearly shows the
unethical behaviour as they were not honest and manipulate the facts of their own misconduct. BP might think covering the damage caused by
the oil spill will help relieve public fear and prevent totally unnecessary chaos. BP will pay attention to their cleaning measures with less
concern. So, BP withheld facts in order to provide full profit to the general population and to themselves under the presumption that BP cleaned
the oil spill efficiently and tirelessly. Through hiding the records, however, BP may avoid the penalty they must pay to the government of the
affected countries and take fewer tidy steps. The safety of the people would also be seriously undermined. BP would not have overlooked the risk
of spills when considering all results. They also hid details to escape punishment and taking less steps to clean up. 13 | P a g e CASE STUDY OF
DEEPWATER HORIZON A live streaming video was formally requested by a subcommittee Markey suggested that the video transmission to be
available to the general public from its wellhead, but the video demonstration was compressed such that most of the specific details were
unavailable. He stressed the need for authentic and unmodified video documentation for high-quality study of movement. Chances are also that
BP has sought to suppress critical information from the general public. Transocean's attorney, Steven L. Roberts, establishes that BP has
expanded to show its inability, if not an absolute reluctance, to provide Transocean with even the basic material. the lawyer published that it is
concerning where both in view of BP's often expressed public commitment to transparency and reasonable inquiry, and in view of the evidence
that BP seems to be hiding in order to deter any other party from investigating. This directly contradicts that even the important information BP
has not made available to the associated authorities and companies. With the BP’s reluctance in sharing and revealing the crucial accurate
information to the right parties and authorities, this act is violating the NSPE Code of Ethics which is "Engineers shall avoid the use of statements
comprising a material misrepresentation of reality or omitting a material fact." Last but not least, the misjudges and misconducts on the safety
and handling the impacts on the tragedy should not happened as those unethical acts lead to a catastrophic effect on the health and safety of
workers, public and environment. 5.0 CONCLUSION Engineering is a valuable and learned occupation. The engineers are supposed to possess the
highest level of honesty and integrity as members of this profession. Engineering directly and vitally impacts the quality of life for all humanity.
Consequently, engineering services require integrity, impartiality, justice, and equality, and must be committed to protect public health, safety,
and welfare. Engineers must act in compliance with a norm of professional ethics requiring adherence to the highest ethical standards (NSPE Code
of Ethics for Engineers, 2020). Implementation of safety requirements is an important ethical necessity for engineering work. Lack of appropriate
safety measures and engineering ethical responsibility can lead to accidents (Sakineh Haghighattalaba, 2019). Discussion of the explosion rocked
the British Petroleum [BP] Deepwater Horizon oil drilling platform shows how accidents can be caused by procedures and ethical decisions. The
study found that the incidents were not mainly due to technical issues, but that management also played a crucial role in these mistakes. The
aftermath of this incident is so expensive as it reported that eleven workers killed and several others injured (Joel Amernica, 2016). Besides that,
U.S. President Obama portrayed the resultant of the oil spill from the ruptured wellhead as 'the worst environmental tragedy America has ever
faced' (BP Oil Spill Economic Impact, 2019). In this case study, it has been concluded that the engineers and workers neglect many safety
measures and ethical responsibility that stated in several Engineer’s Code of Ethics such as National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE), the
Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). The Code of Ethics for
Engineers is a guide that has been put together to help us keep the idea in mind and to be a key factor in making important decisions in our
professions (Why Are Ethics Important for Professional Engineers?, n.d.). First, it shows that the BP Corporation violated the National Society of
Professional Engineers (NSPE) Code of Ethics II where it stated that the engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the
public when it was reported the BP Corporation choose the cheaper and easier option of BOP proved that they do not prioritize the safety of the
public. The BOP was failed to action properly especially in the midst of oil greatly leaked from the well and caused the explosion. However, this
incident can be prevented from happening if only they be aware of anything that is misconduct as they should discussed and proposed a better

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alternative which is safer and better for the operation. Besides that, it is observed that an official of BP Corporation had a firm decision to
continue the operation by substituting materials used to cap the well instead procedures prohibited them to carry on the operation. This decision
shows that the engineers violated the NSPE Code of Ethics III 1 where engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest standards of
honesty and integrity. It also violated the NSPE Code of Ethics III 2.b where engineers shall not complete, sign or seal plans and/or specifications
that are not in conformity with applicable engineering standards. If safety precautions are being taken and BP officials play an ethical judgement,
perhaps the catastrophic event would never even happen. Furthermore, BPs’ top management failed to notice the ageing equipment and
attempted to fire their own staff for reporting the problems. One of the BP specialists is a living proof of job termination due to concern on the
crack in the metallic skin of an oil transit range. This clearly signifies that the BP management disobey the safety protocol and ignored opinions
on the safety aspect of the oil rig. This shows that they have once again violate the NSPE Code of Ethics II.1 where they must take account the
safety, health and welfare of the public. The consequences of this can be avoided if only the officers take action on the reported problems.
Moreover, even after the accident, BP was criticized of concealing crucial details or might have manipulated the details of the amount of oil spill
before it was released to the public. BP’s action violated the ethical misconduct that according to IEEE Code of Ethics which is "To be truthful and
reasonable when rendering assumptions or judgments on the available accurate information." Besides that, BP also purchased the top internet
search engines which are Google and Yahoo to cover up the truth of their misconduct. According to NSPE Code of Ethics, “Engineers shall not
offer or give, either immediately or indirectly, any contribution or gift idea to impact pubic authority or even to secure work”. BP clearly shows the
unethical behaviour as they were not honest and manipulate the facts of their own misconduct. Clearly, the action of BP here is violating ASME
Fundamental Canons, "Engineers shall declare their own errors when proven wrong and refrain from distorting or altering facts to justify their
blunders." With the BP’s reluctance in sharing and revealing the crucial accurate information to the right parties and authorities, this act is
violating the NSPE Code of Ethics which is “Engineers shall avoid 16 | P a g e CASE STUDY OF DEEPWATER HORIZON the use of statements
comprising a material misrepresentation of reality or omitting a material fact”. BP should disclose the actual amount even though it will have a
negative effect on the corporation for the sake of the ecosystem affected from the oil spill. Through considering engineering ethics within the
process boundary as a controller, we can be able to acknowledge and avoid the ethical causes of accidents. We are trusted, as qualified engineers,
with projects that affect the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. 6.0 REFERENCES Alaska Oil Spill Fuels Concerns over Arctic Wildlife, Future
Drilling. (2010, June 5). Retrieved from National Geographic: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0320_060320_alaska_oil.html
Crittenden, G. (2010, May 10). Understanding the initial Deepwater Horizon fire. Retrieved from Daily News, HazMat:
https://web.archive.org/web/20100620121041/http://www.hazmatmag.com/issues/ stor y.aspx ?aid=1000370689 Deepwater Horizon. (n.d.).
Retrieved from Transocean Ltd.: https ://web.archive.org/web/20100426171257/ http ://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/ ID eepwater-Horizon -i-
Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html Deepwater Horizon – BP Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill. (2017, April 19). Retrieved from United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/deepwater-horizon-bp-gulf-mexico-oil-spill Deepwater Horizon.
(2010). Retrieved from Transocean: https://web.archive.org/web/20100426171257/http://www.deepwater.com/fw/main/ ID eepwater -Horizon-
i-Drills-Worlds-Deepest-Oil-and-Gas-Well-419C151.html Julie Coco, P. E. (2016). A Case Study in Engineering Ethics:. Retrieved from SunCam:
https://s3.amazonaws.com/suncam/docs/257.pdf Pallardy, R. (2020, April 13). Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. Retrieved from BRITANNICA:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Deepwater-Horizon-oil-spill/ Cleanup-efforts PRNewswire. (2000, August 21). Transocean Sedco Forex Signs
Definitive Agreement to Aquire R&B Falcon Coorporation. Retrieved from http://www.prnewswire. com /news- releases/transocean-sedco-forex-
signs-definitive-agreement -to- acquire-rb-falcon- corporation-72924152.html R&B Falcon Harvard Case Solution & Analysis. (n.d.). Retrieved
from TheCaseSolutions.com: https://www.thecasesolutions.com/ rb-falcon-15105 BOARD, U. C. (2010). INVESTIGATION REPORT VOLUME 1. BP.
(2020, APRIL 12). Retrieved from WIKIPEDIA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ BP#Violations_and_accidents DEEPWATER HORIZON. (2020, APRIL
18). Retrieved from WIKIPEDIA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon# Aftermath DEEPWATER HORIZON EXPLOSION. (2020,
MARCH 7). Retrieved from WIKIPEDIA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_ explosion#Discovery_of _oil_spill DEEPWATER
HORIZON OIL SPILL. (2017, APRIL 20). Retrieved from NATIONAL OCEAN SERVICE: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/news/apr17/dwh-protected-
species.html Ethical Problems Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Management. (2018). Retrieved from Study bay: https:// studybay .com/ blog
/ethical-problems-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill/ Code of Ethics. (2019). Retrieved from National Society of Professional Engineers:
https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/ code -ethics Hart, M. (2010). The Ethical Lessons of Deepwater. Retrieved from ASME:

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https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/the-ethical-lessons-of-deepwater Julie Coco, P. (n.d.). A Case Study in Engineering Ethics: The

Deepwater Horizon Disaster. SunCam. IEEE Code of Ethics. (2020). Retrieved from IEEE Sensors 2020: https:// 2020.ieee-
sensorsconference.org/pages/ieee-code-ethics BP Oil Spill Economic Impact. (2019). Retrieved from Costs of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill:
https://www.thebalance.com/bp-gulf-oil-spill-facts-economic-impact-3306212 Joel Amernica. (2016). Critical Perspectives on Accounting. CEO
speeches and safety culture: British Petroleum before the. NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers. (2020). Retrieved from
https://www.nspe.org/resources/ethics/code-ethics Sakineh Haghighattalaba, d. A. (2019). Accident Analysis and Prevention. Engineering ethics
within accident analysis models. Why Are Ethics Important for Professional Engineers? (n.d.). Retrieved from njspe.org:
https://njspe.org/2018/05/17/ethics-professional-engineers/ 19 | P a g e CASE STUDY OF DEEPWATER HORIZON CASE STUDY OF DEEPWATER
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