Worked Examples

has the following values for

Example 1: A periodic alternating voltage
tntervals changing instantaneously from
-10, -20, -40, etc.
one value
to
xt:0,eaual15,
the next :

5, 0, -5,
10, 20, 30, 40, 30, 20, 10,

50

20

-10f
-20

of Vs t
Figure 5.23 (a) : Graph
v

40
B0 30
20 20
1010-
0 10 20

Figure 5.23 (b): Graph of v2 Vst

40V
40
30 30
20 20
10t

710 Figure 5.23 (¢) : Graph of Rectified Wave of v Vs t

20
 193

a)If this is measured by an AC

voltmeter what is its reading
b)If this is measured bya moving coil voltmeter
fully, what does it read ? after rectifyng
Determine the form and peak factors; and
Determine the effective and average values, if the wave were to
be sine wave, uvith same
peak value.
Solution:
Eigure 5.23 (a) shows the plot of the given Stepped Alternating Vol tage ; for
cle. Figure sho
hows the graph of v Vs t and figure 5.23 (b) shows the fully
tified
nwave.
7-wave. At the end of every 10
intervals, the waves of v2 Vs t and rectified
n =
10.
strepeat.
The AC voltmeter usually moving iron instrument reads only the RMS
a)
hne of voltage. RMS or Effective value of v is

V=+v + --+
n

11/2
L10 +5 +10 +20 30 +40+30 +202 +10 +5
(02 +52 + 102 +202 + 302 +402 +302 +202+10 +5)
V
10
V 21.095 V Ans (a)

D)Rectifier instrument reads the average value (figure 5.23 c)

+02 +----
10

(0+5+10+ 20 +30+ 40+30+ 20+10+5)

10 Ans (b)
Va=17 V
9i) Form factor
RMS value of v
K value of v
Average
Ans ci)
21.095 1.24
17
) Peak factor
Maximum value
of v
K Its RMS value
 eerinig
Max. value =
40V (from figure 5.23(a))
40
K, 21.095
1.896
Ans ci
d)
d) For sine wave of maximum value
Vm
i) RMS valuue
40
28.28 v
2 s Ans d
ii) Average value

V V= 25.465 V Ans di
Example 2: A sinusoidally varying
alternating voltage has an RMS value of 100 y
Write down the mathematical form
for the instantaneous voltage,
f 50 Hz. Also find
a) the instantaneous value at 1.25 ns
b) the instantaneous value at 2.5 ms
c)the instantaneous value at 12.5 ms.
after the voltage has passed through the first zero value. Also find the
instant at which the voltage attains 70.71 V.
Solution
It is given that V = RMS Voltage = 100 V
V max. or peak value = V/2 (for sinusoidal voltage)
m

V 1002 = 141.42 V

Frequency =.f =
50 Hz.
27 f =Angular frequency
= 27x 50
=
(100r)rad / sec 314 radians/ second.
Equation for the instantaneous voltage is
V =
V, sin ot = 141.42 sin 100rt Volts Ans (
a) Instantaneous value v, at t =
1.25 ms is
v= 141.42 sin (1007 x 1.25 x 10
=
141.42 sin(0.125r) =
141.42 sin 22.5

0.1257 radians =0.1257x 180 degrees =22.5

or 54.12 V Ans
 se A.C. Circuits
ige.
195
nstantaneo value at t=
b) 2.5 ms is
v= 141.42 sin(1007 x2.5
nstantaneous value at t
x
10)= 100 V Ans (3)
o I n s

=12.5 ms is
v
141.42 sin(1007 x12.5
For v 70.71 V to
x
103)= -100 V Ans (4)
findt
141.42 sin 100rt = v = 70.71

70.71
sin100rt =0.71 =0.5 141.42
Considering the value is reached
for the first time after first zero

1007t sin0.5 =30

=
=
T
radians.

t=4x sec167
167 ms Ans (5)
6 100 600 SeC
it the 2nd time, it would attain the same value after passing through the maximum
1
ae) One cycle of 360° takesh of a second

0.02 sec = 20 ms

Half a cycle of 180° takes 10 ms

. Time to cover 90° =

5 mx.
Ans.

: t i s also =
(1.67 + 5) 6.67 ms]
=

of peak value 10 A decreases from

Hple 3A sinusoidal alternating current
0. Write down the equation for the instan-
maximum at t =
and
positive vector form, polar form
the gaphical form,
taneous value. Write
exponential of the same
forin
Solution
Peak value of Current I
=
10 A
value =I 10 A
At t = 0; i i n s t a n t a n e o u s

5.24
decreases.
See fig.
Then onwards i
1s
Therefore the equation
Ans (1)
i=I, cos0= I, coswt
o r i = 10 sin (6 = wt)
 B.E. 1/I Sem.
Basic Electricalal Engimeer

196
5.24.
is shown in the figure
The graph

Vm 10A

2T 0=ot-0

or t
3n/4
900
t or 0 Line
=ot-0
Fig. 5.25

Fig. 5.24
diagram
of i vs. 0 and phasor
Graph
Vector form

i= cos=10+90
=10sin(+90
90°.
phase of i
=
So the

OA represents the
currentOA= 10A.
5.25 vector
In figure
If RMS value is used, we get

10
7.07 A
I-DA
In polar form;
i= I290° 7.07 290" A Ans(
The exponential form is

Ans F
i= le=7.07e' 2amps
Example 4: Simplify into polar form,
a) 8+ j20 +5230 -10 60

15+j40 10-14+8.66-j5
b) 4-j6 20240*8.66-j5
Solution
Remember when two or more phasors
shou

be added all of are to

be rectangular or complex or
j-form. For tnld ldt
in polar form. Bearing all these in multiplication and division, they s
mind, we should do such
problems.
 A.C. Circuits
Plhanse

197

a)
8+j20+5L30-102-
(8+ j20)+(4.33+
j2.5)-(5-
(8+ 4.33-5)+ j(20+2.5+8.66)j8.66)
7.33+ j31.16 32.01L76.76°
Ans (a)
15+j4010-j2
20240 .66-j5
b) 4-j6
42.724110.56 10.24-11.31°
7.2114-56.31° 40+(8.66-j5)
=5.924 2166.87° +0.514-51.31
+(8.66-j5)
=-5.769+j1.346 +(0.3188-j0.3981)+8.66-j5
= 3.2098-j4.0521

5.1694251.62 Ans (b)

Esample 5: Express as a single sinusoidal function

v 10 sin 0 17.32 cos 0

Solution
The required form of solutionis

v=V sin(+0) )
We should get Vm and o
This can be done in two ways.
Method (1) using trigonometry
V= 10sine-17.32 cos6
sin17.32 cnsl
C C
becomes a single sine function of 0.
value of c is so selected that v

ABC (figure 5.26)

rom the right angle triangle

c=Va +b; tan

Let a =
17.32; b= 10

C=V17.322 10 20
 Sem. blsIC EIeCHcal
B.E. I
Engimeer
198
C

a-17.32

90
-60
b-10
A b
Addition of a and
Phasor
Fig. 5.26 :

1cos60°; 17.32 sin60 =

C
C
V= 20[cos60sin
0-sin 60cos
20sin -60°
An
Here V20 V; #=-60° =-radians
in polar form
Method (2) Express each quantity

10 sin can be put as 1020°=V, say

17.32 cos 6= 17.32 sin(6+90)

17.32290° = V2

.Phasor V=V,-V2
1020-17.32290°

= 10-j17.32

202-60
VP 20V d=-60° -radians
3
v= V sin(0+6)

20sin(6-60° ) 20sin| oy-

=
volts, as before.

(Hope youappreciate the second method).

Example 6: Simplify into single sine function
v= 10sin(0+30°)-5 sin(0-45°)+25 cos(0+ 20°
Represent all the
phasors, vectorically
 A.C. Circuits
ie Phuase
Singh
199

V
32.208
.V
900

25

N2
6.105-V2
110 10 V1
0 ° line
45

T 900
Fig. 5.27 : Illustration of Vector Addition
Solution:
Figure 5.27 shows the graphical representation of Vy, V, and V3. It also
demonstrates how to obtain V graphicaliy.

Let 10sin(0+30°)
5sin -45°)
and D3 =25cos(0+20°
25 sin 0+20+90°)
=25sin(0+110°)
Therefore, we should determine
U= V1 V2 + U3
In polar form;
V = 10230°

2V = 25L110°

V=V - V, +V,
= 10230° - 52-45° +252110°
+(-8.55+j23.49)
= 8.66 + j5 -(3.5355- j3.5355)
 V= -3.4255+ j32.0255
mgmeerim
32.208L96.105°
32.208 sin(e+96.105") and
96.105" = 96.105 x
180
= 1.677 radians

7
32.208sin(o + 1.677)
or 7 32.208 (Ar
Example 7: Two voltages V 25 V and V.= 50 V act in series with a n.
has
difference of 60°. Find V with respect to V as reference.

V25V V-66.144y
V
60
19.11°
V Vh50V
5.28 (a) Circuit set up 5.28 (b): Circuit Representation of
Va Vand V
Figure 5.28 (a) shows circuit diagram and figure 5.28 (b) shows the
representation of Vab and Ve
V resultant (vector sum) of Vab and V
Solution
With V, as reference phasor
V5020°V
V=25260°v
VA=V 25 260" +50L0
=
12.5+ j21.65+50+ j0
= 62.5+j21.65

=
66.144 Z19.11" Volts Ans
Example 8: i= 100 sin 0, iy 100 sin (0 -
120"), i, 100 sin (0 + 120) aamps =

Represent these vectorically. Show that their sum 0. i =

 AIse.

120
A

120

Fig. 5.29 : Phasor Diagram

Solution
in polar phasor form, we get
Representing ig iyY and ig
1002-120° A and I 1002120° A =

I 10020°, Iy
=
=

See figure 5.28.

can be drawn.
Therefore, using these the phasor diagram
To get iN
iy =i +iy +i
10020+1002-120+ 100120
j0+100(-0.5-j0866) +100(-0.5+ j0.866)
=
100+
0
IR =100-50-j86.6-50+j86.6
=

I =0 Annps

(That is, at all instants Iy 0 )

N is also zero amps.
as follows
This can also be shown

sin(6- 120)+ 100sin(8+ 120)

=
100sin0+100
Ocos 120"
-

cos0sin 120"|
=
100 sin6+100 sin
Ocos 120")
= 100 sin 8+ 100(2)sin

=
100sin +200sin inol-3)
6 0 anmps
100sine-100sin
=

=
 Basic Electrical
B.E. VI Sem. Engineerin
202
and the final
result may
result
may be
given i
o

following operation
Example 9: Perform the j7.5).
j6)(-10
-

the polar form : (8 +

Solution
(12.52-143.13")
(10236.87")x
(8+j6)x (-10-j7.5)
=

-
143.13)
=
(10x 125)L(36.76
1252-106.26

and express
the final result in
i he
the following operation
Example 10: Perforn
5230°+8230°.
polarform :
Solution
5230° +8L30° =
(4.33+ j2.5) +(6.928-j4)
= 11.258-j1.5

= 11.357-7.59°
11: Two alternating in a parallel circuit are represented by i, =5
currents
Example sin wt and i, = 10 sin(wt * 60). Find the eguation of the resultat
current and its RMS value. Show all the above threc quantities ona

phasor diagram.
Solution
Expressing i and i in the polar form, taking maximum value for the
respective magnitudes, we have
I = Phasor I = 520° Amps; and

= Phasor l, 10260" =

Amps
Therefore, resultant current is

I 13.2286A

00

40.9
5A A 0

Fig. 5.30:
Phasor Diagram
 hase A.C. Circuits

203
I =i, +i,(Vector
sum)
I = 520+10260°
or

=
5+ j0+ 5+ j8.66
= 10+ j8.66

- 13.28286240.9° amps

Hence, the equation for the resulting current is

i =
I, sin(ot +a) type
Or i= 13.2286sin(ot 40.9")
+
amps
RMS value of

13.2286-9.354
2

2, 10-j20; Z, 15-j15; find

= the following:
ample 12: If }, =
5+j2; =

c) Z,Z
a) Z,+Z2 b) 2,2 2,+Z

e) Z+ |Z,2
+Z,

Solution:
)2+2 =(5+j2)+(10- j20) Ans (a)
15-j18 23.432 -50.2"

2,2, (5+j2)+(10-j20)
(5.385221.8"(22.362-63.43)
Ans (b)
120.40862-41.63
204 B.E. 1/AI Sem. Basic Electrical
Engir
120.40862-41.63
c)
23.432-50.2

120.4086241.63 +50.2
23.43
= 5.13928.57
Ans
d) 1
5+2 10-j20
1 1
5.38521.8 22.362-63.43
=
0.1857 L-21.8+0.0447 263.43
=
0.1724 -

j0.0689 +0.02+ j0.04

= 0.1946L-8.54° Ans (
(10-j2015-j15)
e) Z,+ = (5+ j2)+
Z+ Z3 10-j20+15-j15

=5+ j2)+ (10-j20)(15-j15)

10-j20+15-j15

= (5+ 12)4+236463.43)(21.2132-45)
43.0122-54.46

= 5+ j2+2,36 * 21.213263.43 -45+5446

32.012
=

5+j2+11.032-53.97 5+j2+6.488-j8.92
Ans(e
11.488-j6.92 =13.412-31.06