Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Assignment No 1: Submitted by Ayushi Bisen ROLL NO. 1200672056
Assignment No 1: Submitted by Ayushi Bisen ROLL NO. 1200672056
Assignment No 1: Submitted by Ayushi Bisen ROLL NO. 1200672056
MODULE 1
1. Formulation of the problem is the first and important step in the process of research.
There are two types of research problem. One which relates and states to the nature and
the other one which tends to show relationship between two variables. There are two
steps involved in formulation of the problem
• Understanding the problem thoroughly.
• And rephrasing it ,from the analytical point of view.
By discussing the problem with the colleagues and by the help of expertise one can
understand the problem . The researcher at the same time must access the available
literature about the selected problem . There are two types of literature available
• Conceptual literature that deals with the concept and theory.
The other one is Empirical literature that deals with prior studies about similar topic.
After this the Researcher the known the operational data that is available by which
he/she gets the Clear idea about the subject. The next he/she has to has to do is to
formulate the subject from analytical point view. This is the most crucial step as this
will become objective of the research
on the basis of which data will be collected or observation would be recorded during
research.
2. Extensive Literature Survey ,in this step the Researcher has to write a synopses of the
subject in which he/she has to give a brief a summary of the subject or should say ,
“a brief summary of the formulated problem” and have to submit it to the committee or
the research board for the approval. In order to the write the briefing about the subject
the researcher has to go trough a lot resources available in library and in the public
domain giving information about the topic. In this process one source leads to another
resources.
4. Preparing the research design, it is conceptual structure about how a research would be
conducted. It is preparation of such a model for research in which in minimal
expenditure or efforts ,time and money the researcher can access all the relevant
evidence . But how this has to be achieved depends upon the purpose of research.
Purpose of research can be classified into 4 categories
Exploration
Discription
Diagnosis Experimentation
A flexible research design which provides opportunity for considering many different aspects
of a problem is considered appropriate if the purpose of the research study is that of exploration.
when the purpose happens to be an accurate description of a situation or of an association
between variables, the suitable design will be one that minimises bias and maximises the
reliability of the data collected and analysed.
A research design can be
Informal designs such as before-and-after without control, after-only with control, before-and-
after with control.
Formal designs such as completely randomized design, randomized block design, Latin square
design, simple and complex factorial designs
Out which the research chooses one for his/her research.
Following Factors are kept in mind Research Design:
• Means of obtaining information.
• Availability of skills and staff of the researcher.
• Time available for research.
• Finance available for research. explanation of the way in which selected means
of obtaining information will be organised and the reasoning leading to the
selection
5. Determining the sample Design , It refers to that part of population which is taken into
consideration for the purpose of research. a sample design is a definite plan determined
before any data are actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given population.
Sample can be of two types
Sample
Probability Sample
With probability samples each element has Non Probability Sample
a known probability the non-probability samples do not allow
of being included in the sample the researcher to determine this probability
are based on convenience sampling,
are based on simple random sampling, judgement sampling and quota sampling
systematic sampling stratified sampling, techniques
cluster/area sampling,
Types of Sampling
• Simple random sampling, in sampling design every each and every item in the
population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample and each one of the
possible samples, in case of finite universe, has the same probability of being
selected. This procedure gives each item an equal probability of be in case of
infinite population, the selection of each item in a random sample is controlled
by the same probability and that successive selections are independent of one
another.
• Systematic Sampling, in this sampling an element of Randomness is introduced
by using random number and number are picked until the desired outcome is
not realised this method is useful when there is large no. sample is available.
• Stratified sampling, when the sampling population is not homogenous then this
sampling is used this method is used to obtain representative sample.
In this method the population is divided into strata and a sample item is taken
from each strata, if the item is selected by random sampling then the procedure
is known as Stratified Random Sampling.
• Quota Sampling, during Stratified Random Sampling the cost of random
sampling for individual of every strata is more expensive hence the interviewer,
are given quota that has to be filled by individual of different strata, and the
interviewer judgement select the actual sample, this type of designing is called
Quota Sampling .Size of the quota of a stratum is proportional to the size of
population of that stratum.
Quota sampling is thus an important form of non-probability sampling. Quota
samples is moreover a judgement samples than random samples.
• Cluster sampling and area sampling, in this sampling groups of population takes
place and a cluster is chosen rather than selecting an individual a group of
individual is chosen .The sample size must often be larger than the simple
random sample to ensure the same level of accuracy because is cluster sampling
procedural potential for order bias and other sources of error is usually
accentuated. The clustering approach can, however, makethe sampling
procedure relatively easier and increase the efficiency of field , specially in the
case of personal interviews.
Area Sampling is similar to cluster sampling in this ,we divide a geographical
area into a number of smaller areas and then an area is selected at random and
all the units in this area are selected . This design useful when there is no clear
idea regarding the population, it also make possible for interviewer to conduct
field interview .
• Multi-stage sampling, it’s a further enhancement of Cluster sampling.
technique is meant for big inquiries extending to a considerably large
geographical area like an entire country. The first stage of this sampling is select
large primary sampling units that is states, then district then town and also small
families that are living there ,if random sampling is done at every stage then this
sampling design is called Multi stage random sampling design.
• Sequential sampling: This is somewhat a complex sample design where the
ultimate size of the sample is not fixed in advance but is determined according
to mathematical decisions on the basis of information yielded as survey
progresses. This design is usually adopted under acceptance sampling plan in
the context of statistical quality control.
6. Collecting the data, there are variety of ways by which researcher can collect data but
unavailability of considerable resource make significant different in research .
Following are the ways by which a researcher can collect the data;
Through telephonic
interview By mailing questionnaire
Through schedule
Some Other
1 one-time research
2 Laboratory
3 Clinical
4 Historical
1. Descriptive Vs Analytical,
• DESCRIPTIVE research It deals with survey and fact findings .The main
purpose of this research is the describing the state of affair as it is . The
researcher has no control over the variable all he can do is to report thing as it
is . The researcher uses this research to find out the cause of the issue. Survey
method of all kind including comparative as well as correlational is applied by
researcher to collect data. It is also known as Ex post facto research.
• ANALYTICAL research , in this researcher uses facts and information that are
already available and analysis them to draw critical conclusion.
2. Applied Vs Fundamental
• APPLIED research, it deals with solving immediate problem of society ,
example business problem that occur in any organization. The applied research
is action approach of the research. central aim of applied research is to discover
a solution for some pressing practical problem,
• FUNDAMENTAL research, it deals with generalizing and formulation of
theory.
It done with pure intention of gaining know basic research is directed towards
finding information that has a broad base of applications and thus, adds to the
already existing organized body of scientific knowledgeledge .
3. Quantitive Vs Qualitative
• QUANTATIVE research, It deals with research that involves measurement
quantity or amount. It only concerned with quantitive phenomenon.
• QUALITATIVE research, it deals with quality or kind ,.
Motivational research is an important type of qualitative research, in this we
study about the human behaviour. word association tests, is a type of quantitive
research, sentence completion tests story completion tests and similar other
projective techniques. Attitude or opinion research i.e., research designed to
find out how people feel or what they think about a particular subject or
institution is also qualitative research.
4. Conceptual vs. Empirical
• CONCEPTUAL research, it refer to an abstract idea. It is generally used by
philosophers and thinkers to develop new concept empirical research relies on
experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory.
It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of
being verified by observation or experiments or to reinterpret existing ones.
• EMPIRICAL research relies on experience or observation alone, often without
due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with
conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment
5. Some Other RESEARCHS are as follows
• one-time research or longitudinal research
• field-setting research or laboratory research
• clinical research
• Historical research
• conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented
A. RESEARCH PROBLEM
Problems that are faced by researcher during research are called RESEARCH
PROBLEM. This problems can theoretical as well as practical and researcher
wants to overcome it in order to do his research. Following are the components
of a research problem;
• There must be group of individual who are having some problem
• There must be an objective to be achieved ,one cannot have any problem
if one has no objective to be achieved.
• There must be an alternative way achieve the objective.
• There must be some environment(s) to which the difficulty pertains.
Hence Research Problem is one which require researcher to find out best
alternative solution to achieve the objective.
B. Criteria for Good RESEARCH
Following are criteria for good research;
• A research must clearly explain the objective of research and
also concept that are used must be clearly stated and
explained .A good research must be Systematic , i.e., it must
be structured properly according to the set rules also a
research must not contain intuition and guessing to arrive at
the conclusion.
• A research must be yield an output i.e., it must be
meaningful. A research must be guided by logic rules and
logical process. Induction and deduction are two logical
process that are significantly important process included in
research .
Induction deduction
• It is the process of • is the process of reasoning
reasoning from a part to from some premise to a
the whole conclusion which follows
from that very premise