12/12/2018

Lecture Outcomes;

ROADWORKS • At the end of this session, students should be

able to:
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION III
1. Identify different type of road construction
Prepared by,
2. Provide sketches and explain the road
SITI HAMIDAH BINTI ABDUL HAMID
construction method.

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
• The road construction consist of the following components:
1. Preparation or Earthworks
 A line of communication (travelled way) using a stabilized
base open to public traffic. Primarily for the use of road 2. Pavement construction
motor vehicles and also includes of "bridges, tunnels, 3. Road kerb
supporting structures junctions, crossings and toll roads. 4. Scupper drain
5. Road marking
 Ways that allow the movement of motor-vehicles. 6. Road signage

 Ext work: access to the building, circulation around the

building(s)

Cross section of a road…. 1) Preparation / Earthworks

Asphalt concrete (commonly • A thorough soil investigation to determine the nature of the
called asphalt, blacktop, or subgrade.
pavement in North America,
and tarmac or bitumen
macadam in Great Britain and • Subgrade carry the traffic loads from the pavement above.
Ireland) is a composite material
commonly used to surface
roads, parking lots, and • Trial holes should be taken down to at least 1.000m below
airports. It consists of mineral the proposed formation level.
aggregate bound together
with asphalt, laid in layers, and
compacted.

1

1) Preparation / Earthworks
• The information required is to ensure that a good pavement
design can be formulated. These are:
• i) Elasticity (flexible)
• Ii) Plasticity (smooth)
• Iii) Cohesion (solid, consistent)
• Iv) Internal friction properties
• If the subgrade is not to be immediately covered with the
sub base of the pavement, it should be protected by an
impermeable membrane such as plastic sheeting/geotextile
with 300mm side and end laps.
12/12/2018
Earthworks Process….
• Remove topsoil
• Scraping and grading the exposed surface to the required
formation level (reduce level)
• Forming any embankments or cuttings
• The strength of the sub grade will decrease as the moisture
content increases.
• The pavement covering will give final protection to the
subgrade from access moisture.
• During construction period the subgrade should be
protected by a waterproof surface such as a sprayed
bituminous binder with a sand cover applied at a rate of
1litre per square metre.
Laying of plastic sheeting/ geotextile…
2
 12/12/2018

2) Pavement Construction Flexible Pavements

•The sub-grade – existing soil
• Pavement refers to any
paved surface applied reduce to formation level
specifically to the whole
construction of a road. •Will be covered by sub-base
layer
• 2 type of road pavement:
1. flexible pavements
2. rigid pavements.

Flexible Pavements Flexible Pavements

•The sub-base is directly laid onto
the formation level and consists of
a well-compacted granular
material such as a quarry or
crushed rocks.
•The sub-base material
should have a CBR value > 80%
and should be well compacted in
layers (between 100 and 150mm
for each layer)

•Material chosen must

remains stable in water.
Other example;
•dry lean concrete
•blast furnace slag
•compacted dry-bound macadam
•compacted wet mix macadam

Flexible Pavements
•The last two components are • The base course consist of rolled asphalt , dense
called collectively the road tarmacadam, dense bitumen macadam or open-textured
surfacing layer. macadam.
–Base course
–Wearing course • Applied to a minimum thickness of 60mm.

• Base course are laid to correct thickness and gradient to

receive thinner wearing course.

3
 12/12/2018

• The wearing course is usually laid by machine.

• Provides the water protection for the base layers.
• Should also have non-skid properties, reasonable resistance
to glare, have good riding properties and good life
expectancy.
• Materials include hot rolled asphalt, bitumen macadam,
dense tar surfacing and cold asphalt.
Characteristic of flexible pavements:
• Design life: 10 – 20 years
• Low flexural strength
• Expand and contract without the need of expansion
joint
• Consists of a series of layers of materials to
distribute the wheel loads to the sub-grade
• Strength depend on the strength of sub-grade

• It should be laid within 3 days of completing the base

course.

Advantages Disadvantages
• Easily repaired • Loses some flexibility and cohesion with time
• Good non-skid surface • Regular resurfacing required
• Tolerates a greater range of temperatures • Could damage by water (wet sub-grade)
• Quieter and smoother rides (comfortable ride) • Design life is shorter
• Additional thickness can be added any time
• Cheap

Rigid Pavements Rigid Pavements

• Type of concrete pavement: • A form of road using a
– Jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) concrete slab laid over a
base layer.
– Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP)
– Jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP)
• Preparation of the sub-grade
are as per flexible pavement
but should be well protected
against water.

4
 12/12/2018

Rigid Pavements Rigid Pavements

• Base layer material; • Thickness of the concrete
– crushed concrete slab depends on:
– crushed stone – condition of sub-grade.
– crushed slag – intensity of traffic.
– graded gravels. – whether the slab is to be
reinforced.
• Thickness (min); • Slab thickness (e.g.):
– Weak sub-grade -150mm – 125mm (carrying light
weight traffic)
– Normal thickness - 80mm
– 200mm without
reinforced(carrying
medium to heavy traffic).

Rigid Pavements Rigid Pavements

• Before concrete is laid, base • Reinforcement in the form
layer should be covered with of welded steel – prevent
a slip membrane of cracks (drying shinkage)
polythene sheet (prevent
grout/water loss)

Curing Advantages
• Curing of rigid roads is to maintain the strength and to avoid • High strength
surface crack.
• Curing protection is by covering the newly laid surface with a • High durability
suitable material to give protection from rapid drying effect • Longer life cycle
of the sun and wind (water proof paper, plastic film,
tarpaulin sheets). • Can withstand flooding and surface water
• Also protection against pitting of surface due to rain.

5
 12/12/2018

Disadvantages 3. Road Kerb

• Difficult to repair (curing process) • Pre-cast
• Surface could be slippery • Cast in situ
• Noisy and rough rides

Road kerb 4. Drainage / Scupper drain

• Excavation • Open drain / Surface drain
• Concrete • Closed drain / underground
• Kerb installation
• Painting

Drainage
• The surface water is to flow off the paved area by
crossfalls which must be designed sufficient gradient to
cope with the volume of water likely to encountered
during a heavy storm to prevent vehicles skidding.
• A minimum crossfall of 1:40 is generally for urban
roads and motorways
• Crossfalls of between 1:40 and 1:60 are common
specifications for service roads.
• The run-off water is directed towards the edges of the
road where drainage channels are and finally discharge
into the surface drains.

6
 12/12/2018

5. Road marking
• Lines
– Centre line (broken line or continuous)
– Edge line / Side line
– Parking line
– Stop line
• Sign
– Directional arrow
– Yellow box
– Zebra crossing
– Text & Drawing / Symbol

6. Road Signage MACHINERY USED IN ROAD

CONSTRUCTION
• E.g.
– Parking “P” sign  Machinery used in road constructions are used for rough
– Speed limit – e.g. “110 km/j” grading, fine grading, surfacing, paving, compaction and to
– “U-turn” sign control moisture level.
– Stop at intersection – “BERHENTI” sign
– “Right bend” sign  AIR-TRACK DRILL
– “Roundabout ahead” sign A drilling machine for quarry or opencast blasting equipped
– “Give way” sign with tracks and operated by independent air motors.
– “ No entry” sign
– “One way traffic” sign
– “No left turn” sign

7
 12/12/2018

Cold planers
Backpusher
 A cold planer (also known as a pavement planer, pavement
recycler, mill or asphalt milling machine) is a machine used
to remove bituminous pavement or asphalt concrete from
roadways.

Compactors / roller compactor

Grader
 Used for compactions

Vibratory Steel Drum compactor Pneumatic tired roller

 Vibratory roller compactor is used to compact soil, gravel,  Pneumatic tire compactors are used on small to medium size
concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads and compaction jobs, primarily on bladed, granular base
foundations. materials.

8
 12/12/2018

Padded Drum Compactor

 Padded drum compactors are usually applied to compact
soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction of roads
and foundations.

Tyred Roller

Tandem Roller Water Tanker

Chip Spreader Premix Paver

 A chip spreader lays down the aggregate on top of a  A paver is a machine used to lay asphalt on roadways. It is
bituminous binder which is then rolled by a compactor. normally fed by a dump truck which brings hot asphalt.

9
 12/12/2018

Bitumen sprayer
 Asphalt distributors are used to apply prime or tack coats on
a surface in preparation for paving.

10