B Q r > At %

GAG vv a vv

m9 lc_ mc_J O lJl

:Q 8 RG_ p T9 T_ O9 Tp_ Q 9d
vv G G d dvv c G vv G I vvJ

; Z Q9 D6 >9 =TF M vv D Ga vv Ga vv G

.[ 319 .)2011 ,?c=Qg_G IOJa_G B9TGQO RtQl :BaQc=(

) *(
b9 M Ql9f c

. O9Tp_ ?Jp9tl_ ? =Qg_ ?ld l__ m9g_

G c G F G Hc lF G

.y? lt aJ _G z aC O cWQ mt J_ U cT.A_ 9= vvvvv 1 vvvvv

: O9vvvTvvvpvvv_G IQvvvJ9vvvdvvvp ,avvvJvvvFvvv_G GPvvvJ zvvvf

v ?vvvv=vvvvcvvvvgvvvvl IQvvvvJ9vvvvd O9vvvvTvvvvpvvvv_G Ovvvvgvvvvc m_
v IQv J9v dv _G gPv J B9v =v =v Tv l ?v _GR@v = bv rv p caRv A
?v pB Kv =v Z C 9v lv FE , >v Tv Jv p ?v cv =Qv gv _G 9v Fv A9v gv lv Av Gv l
O9vvvvvTvvvvvpvvvvv_ Gz ?vvvvv= Q9vvvvvJvvvvvlvvvvvt , ?vvvvv8RvvvvvAvvvvvGvvvvvl B:9vvvvvJ
v uv Av pv A hv lv Av G*G B9v Fav tv l uav _v T v IQPv Gv Av l
Hvvvl uvvv_P yE 9vvvla ,yIavvvWQvvv_Gz aC ydvvvT9vvvcvvvTvvv_G
?v _v cv Ta \v = cav =v rv _G c;v M Hv l av lv Fv Aa ,\v Av W9v lv r
cviavAv_9v= 9vlvFE ,O9vTvpv_G ?vF 9vM v hvrvA B9vpvcvZavA
GPv vKv v=a .YaQv vW*G |v vi >v vTv vtv v_Ga cv vl9v vgv vAv v_G v
.\v _ ?v gv Gv W*G ?v 8v cv =v _G v Rv tQv la sv lv gv l cv tv Wv =
{vFGavr QGOvZE zvf \vAv=Q9vJvl QvZvAvrvA : bvFvg*G
?v8vcv=v_ G gPvJ v |vcvjvA EGOvJE 9vFvgvavAvTG 9vl bvAvla
9vlvFE ,\vTQ9vlvc Hvl zvf B9v=avrvf ^Qvpa B9c_Ba
cRv vfa O9v vTvvvpv v_G ?vvvTQ9v vlvvvl hv vGvvvWv vc 9v vl ?v v_GR@vvv=
o ?vp9vrvD OCav_ ?v_vZGavAvl B;vlvJv= m9vcvrv_ G >vGavAvc
cvZvF ?vcvgvlvAvG*G bvFv=v_G Hvf \vAvp9vrvDa \vcvTQ9vlvl
dv vJa ,9v vFv vA9v vgv vlv vAv vGv vl v jQv vWv vAv vT*G O9vvvTv vpv v_G
.\ c_G a =ZF j P_G mc_ T_G h l AG* G y E
yE ?vvvp9vvv]E ,>vvv_vvvavvvAvvvA ?vvv_vvvcavvva a ?vvvr9vvvW ?c_vvvlvvvf
k
v m9vvvvvK*G yaC hvvvvvrvvvvvA ,c9vvvvvG*G GPvvvvvJ va v G|v v cv v jv v A ,>9v v rv v gv v _Ga YOQv v _G cv v 89v v Ta ^Qv v p

:
k

{vvvF Gavvvrvvv_G v cvvvDvvvlvvvA*G QavvvZvvvrvvv_ G qvvvWvvvt aC v 9vvvlvvvt ,m;v vfDGa ?vvvp9vvvrvvvDvvv_ Ga mc_v vgvvvAvvv_G ?vvvlvvvdvvvF C

v O9v v vTv v vpv v v_G ?v v v=Q9v v vJ* IPv v vp9v v vFv v v_G BGAGQv v vGDGa OvlvAvgvA dvAv_G IOv89vTv_G ?vcO9vZvAvr:G mvdvFv_G |vcvjvA
q
BGQv jv Dv _G Ov T zv f cv lv gv _Ga
,?v cv =Qv gv _G Q9v av rFG cO9v gv _G |v i hv cRav Av _G zv f hv Gv Wv A a hv cQv _G zv f
q o
?vF9vcvZ Hvl {vFGavrv_G gPvJ Hvtvlvc 9vlv= ,?vcvFavF9vrv_ G A9v vTQE Qv vlFG >v v_v vav vAv vc 9v vlv vt .?v vcv vFv vaav v_G IaQv vDv v_v v_

9 9 Da ;HvaGavlv_v_ ?vZ9vMv_Ga ?vl9vgv_G savrvJv_G

k

vvcvvF vv ?vcvJvZv_ Ga ?vcvf9vlvAvG:G B9vlOvMv_9v= bvFvgvA OvfGavr

uv v _ P v 9v v lv v = ,O9v v Tv v pv v _G B:9v v J Hv v f qv v Wv v tv v _G mv vfOa ,Rav vgv v_Ga Qv vrv vpv v_G ?v v=Q9v vJv vla {v vFv vaGav vlv v_v v_

PavvvpvvvFvvv_G c;vvvjvvvAvvvTGa YaQvvvW*G |vvvi >vvvTvvvtvvv_G m9vlC IGa9vT*G H9vlv]a ,?v_avpvav_Ga ?vMavMvcvWv_G

9 D _9 Da ;A9v Wv AQ:Ga Iav WQv _Ga

k

uGQOE hv cv Tav A vv vv vv ,QvvvvMB bvvvvFvvvvgvvvvlvvvv= .?vvvv_vvvvrvvvvAvvvvTvvvvl HavvvvF9vvvvr ?vvvvavvvv_vvvvT

amer.khayatt@arabanticorruption.org. : d Fa~ t_ D G Oc }_ G )* (

218
219 / BGAGQvvra >vvAt

QvvvvWvvvvF Hvvvvf yaFG ?vvvvGQOvvvv_9vvvv= ?vvvv_aCvvvvT*G dvvvvJ mv Kv Av l;v T zv f ?v p6G gPv J Qv a9v M* {v Fv aGa*G

mOvvvMv vAv vTv vca .\v vlGOv vMvvvAv vTG mv vcv vlv vgvvvAa O9v vTv vpv v_G . Haa_ G H lC a ? l; Ta

?v v _9v v Jv v _ \v v _c_v v Jv v A v B9v v cv v av v g*G gPv v J >v v A9v v tv v _G

\v=Qvr c;vM Hvl Qv8GRvGv_G v dvT9vcvTv_G O9vTvpv_G

vvvvv 2 vvvvv

. 9K _aJ \c O _ B 9l a_g *G Q p aA a ? _9J _G gP K_

v EvvvJvvv=vvvc >9vvvAvvvtvvv_G Yavvv]avvvl HC hvvvla

Qv v8GRv vGv v_ G v ydv vT9v vcv vTv v_G O9v vTv vpv v_Gz Yav v]av vl
avJ dvT9vcvTv_G O9v Tv pv_G >vA9vtv_G }vAvgvc HC
B9v vJaQvvva Hvvvl |vvvDvvvtvvv_G 9v vlvvvFE ,[vvvcvvvZvvvMv vAvvv_9v v=
O9vvvTvvvpvvv_G ?vvv_ 9vvvJ dvvvWvvvpvvvAvvv_ dvvvT9vvvTFG >vvv=vvvTvvv_G
9v vlv vt ,Qv v8GRv vGv v_G v O9v vTv vpv v_G ?v v_9v vJ qv vcv vZav vAa
.X9v vrv vFv v_v v_ cv v=9v vr Qv vlC av vJ iQv vMFG 9v vKv va9v vlv vF.v v=
v mv89vr avJ 9vl zvf >vJvTvFvA ,>vA9vtv_G 9vJOQaC
svvvcQvvva uavvv_vvvT Qvvv8GRvvvGvvv_ G v ?vvv=vvvMvvvFvvv_ G cavvv=vvvrvvvp

?v vcv vlv vJC Hv vlv vtv vA 9v vFv vJa .?v vcv v=Qv vgv v_G caOv v_G ?v vcv vrv v=
\v_ ,c;vrvAvT:G Ovgv= ?v_vJQvl v ?vZ9vMa ,O9vTvpv_G
q ?vjv_9v= EGOvJC zvf Aav]v_G \vac_vTvA v :>9vAvtv_G
9v=vTvFvl ,M av]av= >vA9vtv_G 9vJOQvTv= m9vr ,>9v=vT C

v H9v v vt HE( 9v v vKv v vTv v vlv v va Ov v vlC c9v v va ?v v vcv v vlv v vJFG
dvvvT9vvvcvvvTvvv_G m9vvvdvvvFvvv_G ?vvvcvvvfQvvvW ?vvvlRC yE 9vvvJ9vvvcE
:a ,)?vvvcvvv=Qvvvgvvv_G caOvvv_G ?vvvcvvvrvvv= v aC Qvvv8GRvvvGvvv_G
dv v T9v v cv v Tv v _G QGQv v rv v Av v T:G mOv v fa ,)127 [(
9vKvAvcvlvJC zvf ?v_ :Ov_G
Hvl ?vgvGGQ*G gPvJ dvpvtvA
dvvvvvFvvvvvaavvvvv_G L9vvvvvlOvvvvvF:G ?c_9vvvvvtvvvvvWEa )130 [( k
GRvp9vJ >9vAvtv_G GPvJ Havtvc HC bvTvfa .?vjv_9v=v_G
dvAv_G ?vcO9vZvAvr:G B9vT9vcvTv_G yEa )136 [(
. iQ M C ? c = Q f c aO v Q l FG G PJ v EJ = __
,)149 [( ?v =v r9v gv A*G B9v lav tv Jv _G 9v Kv Av Gv Kv Av FG

)169 [( ?v cv GQ9v Mv _G cv lGav gv _G yE sQv av A mv D

GPvJ v EvJ9v=v_Ga >vA9vtv_G zvf bv_vAvMvc PEa
k
9v la ,?v cv Fav c O*Ga dv Tv FQv pv _G Q9v lv gv Av T:G 9v Kv Fv la
|v v Kv v Wv v Av v _G {v v = sv v cQv v pv v Av v _G 9v v F9v v cv v JC Yav v ] a*G

,9v Fv cCQ v ,9v Kv AGPv = ?v =v Mv Fv _G Hv tv A m_ HPE .uv _P yE

B9v vrv vpv vZ a EGOv vJC v Ev vJv v=v v_G {v vJ Q9v vKv vW DGa

,O;v =v _G v O9v Tv pv _G dv Wv pv Av _ dv Tv cv 8Qv _G >v =v T*G

sv vcv vpv v_v vAv v_G yE jOCv vc Ov vr 9v vlv v= O9v vTv vpv v_G 9v vKv v=av vWv vc
?v Gv _9v gv l v Bv _v Wv p IGOC Hv l Qv Dv tC Hv tv A m_ dv Kv p
>vA 9vtv_ G HC :E ,?vrvcvrvJv_G Hvf HvcOvcvgv=v_G mvcvlvgvAv_Ga
k
,c;vrvAvT:G ?v_vJQvl Ovgv= 9vKvKv=9vG jPv_G hv]av_G
.IQ9vvDDG >avv_vvTC Hvvf O9vvgvvAvv=:G v 9vvrvvpavvl H9vvt
k
dv v vAv v v_G ?c_aCv v vT*G iav v vAv v vTv v vl yE sv v vAQv v vA mv v v_v v vp
Rv vcRv vgv vA a Ev vJv v=v v_G v ?v vF9v vZQv v_G zv vf 9v vdv vp9v vJv vl

gOGQvvpC cvv]9vvF OvvcOvvG hvvlvvAvvGvvl A9vvFvv= 9vvKvv=vv_vvavvAvvc

yE 9vvJO9v FvvT@vv= ?vvcvvlv _vvgv _G \vvA9vvrvv_vvav Fvvla \vvA:avvrvvl
.c; rAT: G ccF _ ?a9 T==
v \v gv l qv _v Av Mv F PEa .?v rv Dav l hv GGQv la QO9v Zv l
k
HC :E ,9vrvJ: gQvtP mvAvcvT 9vlvt \vA;c_vJvA ^vgv=
Qv 8GRv Gv _G v ?v cv T9v cv Tv _G ?v =v Mv Fv _G ?v = Qv Gv A

. 9KA O 8 9 p a ?T GQ O _ G ? c lJ C Hl c _ r c : G P J
Bvvvtvvv_vvvT
iQvvvMC ?vvvcvvv=Qvvvf caO zvvvf >vvvJvvvTvvvFvvvA
k
mvcvlvgvA yE iOC 9vrvcQva 9vKcvp ?vcvT 9vcvTv_G >vMvFv_ G
vvvvv 3 vvvvv

H9vFv=v_ ,uv_P zvf c9vDvl ;O9vTvpv_G ?vp9vrvD svcvlvgvAa

cvJ yE cavZav_Ga ?c_vJFG >QvJv_G A9v KvFE Ovgv= ?vvvD ;vvvD Hvvvl \vvvDvvvJvvv= v >vvvA9vvvtvvv_G svvv_vvvavvvFvvvc

Ovvvvgvvvv= sGQvvvvgvvvv_ Ga ,)qvvvv89vvvvavvvv_G s9vvvvpvvvvAG( dvvvvlvvvv_vvvvT v O9v Tv pv _G mv d9v gv A , 9 _

vvKvv aC :?v cv Tv cv 8Q B9v cv av gv l

9 9 Da ;)15 [( ?vcv=Qv gv_G B9vgvlvAvG*G cvG

k

BGav v vrv v v_G cv v v=v v vr Hv v vl( 2003 ?v v vFv v vT c;v v vAv v vJG , vvcvvF vv

BOvlvf {vAv_9vJv_G dvpvp ;)qv_9vJvAv_Ga ?vcvtvcQvlFG dv T9v TFG >v =v T*G av J dv T9v cv Tv _G O9v Tv pv _G HC

A9vFv= IO9vfE zvf Rvcvt~v_G yE ?vcvT9vcvTv_G ?v=vMvFv_G ;)52 [( iQv v MFG O9v v Tv v pv v _G b9v v lv v FC ?v v p9v v tv v _

9 D _9 Da
k

?vcv89vWvFDG hvcQ9vW*G ?vl9vrE svcQva Hvf mOvKvA 9vl )?vcvT9vcvTv_G ?v=vMvFv_G 9vKvFvla( >vMvFv_G HC , v v v
 d=Qg_G c=rAT*G / 220

Hvl >vA9vtv_G gRQv=C 9vl hvcvlvG v HE ,c9vJv_G hvrGa w9vvAvv_9vv= a( c9vvlvvTCQvv_ G v ?vvp 9vvDvvt >vv_vvavvAvvA dvvAvv_G

>9v Av tv _G cav Zv p v O9v Tv pv _ G zv f ?v _v Dv lCa 9v c9v ]v r ?v= 9vrQv _G >9v cvi v O9vTvpDGa O9vTvpv _G yE jOCvA

iQvvvF )177 [ ,Ev v_9v vDv v_G cv vZvvvpv v_G( ?v vrvvvJ;vvv_G IO9vvvfE Bvvv_vvvlvvvJCa ,)s9vvvpvvvFDG zvvvf ?vvv=vvvT9vvvJ*Ga

Qv vlC GPv vJa.O9v vTv vpv v_G b9v vlv vFC ?v vp9v vtv v_ 9v vKv vAc_av vlv vW ,Ov cOv G m9v dvvF BvvJvvA \v _v cv J.v Aa Hv aGa*G yA9v Fvv=z
k
:
k

c9*G ?v av _v T LaGRv A Ov Fv f 9v lv 8GO gOv Gv F dv gv cv =v a sv cQv a Hv f aC ,O9v Tv pv _G dv Wv pv A yE iOC 9v lv l

O9vvTvvpvv_G QvvZvvAvvrvvc ;vvp ,?vvcvvT9vvcvvTvv_G ?vvavv_vvTvv_Ga ,HvvlvvD j.vv= ?vvavv_vvTvv_9vv= OGQvvpvvAvvT:Ga cavvZavv_G
k k
9 9 Da
k

Hav tv c 9v lv FE ,9v cv T9v cv T GO9v Tv p \v Fav t zv f Pv 8Fv cv J |v v v i c;vvvvvvjv v v Av v v T:Ga IO9vvvvvvpvvvvvvAv v v T:G vvvvvvcvvvvvvF vvvvvv

k
bv rv =v ca ,hv lv Av G*G H9v tQC ?v p9v t v Qv Mv Fv c GO9v Tv p hv cQ9v Wv la B9v rv pv Zv _ G Ov 8 Gav f Hv l {v faQv W*G

9v Kv 89v tQv Wa ?v cv T9v cv Tv _G ?v lv jv av _G ?c_ aCv Tv l Hv l ?v =9v rQv _ G mGOv gv F G Hv l ?v _9v J v A9v Fv =v _Ga A9v Wv FDG

9v Fv J ?c_9v tvW DGa .BGaQv Dv _Ga c9*G >9v JvZC Hv l v ev J;*G Hv la .Q9v av rFG gPv J v ?v _A9v T*Ga

zv v f >v v A9v v tv v _G O9v v lv v Av v fG IOc_a Bv v F9v v t 9v v Fv v cCQ v y?vcvGQ9vMv_G cvlGavgv_Gz ?vlvJ9vTvl B:9vJv_G gPvJ

)57 [( O9v v Tv v pv v _v v _ )qv v cQ9v v gv v A aC( qv v cQv v gv v A Hv vTv vJC v aC ,?v vcv vtv v_v vT*G gPv vKv v_ 9v vKv vgv vcv vGv vWv vAv v=

v dv vJa ,?c_aO B9v vlv vdv vFv vla B9v vKv vG 9v vJOv vlv vAv vgv vA cv _v Mv _G GPv J Hv f 9v Kv Aav tv T sv cQv a Hv f cGav JFG

9v v Kv v Ac_av v lv v W mOv v gv v _ IQv v Z9v v r qv v cQ9v v gv v A 9v v Fv v cCQ Ov_v=v_G ?vT9vcvT hv]a v IQvDCvl BvF9vt BG~vp v

qv c Qv gv Av _G av Jv F zv f IOOv gv A*G O9v Tv pv _G \v av lv FF .)d =FGF G cMOA _G a c;A J:G (

?vvJvvp9vvt* ?vvcvv=Qvvgvv_ G ?vvlvvdvvF*Gz cvv=vvr Hvvl OvvlvvAvvg*G k

k
m OMAT G vv vv vv Gz :cv t GO9v Tv p }v Av gv c jPv _G ,yO9v Tv pv _G
dv vWv vpv vA ?c_aCv vTv vlv vp ,9v vFv vJ Hv vl 9v vr;v vav vFG

sJ G
vvvvv O= vvvvvv QWl|i \vvvvvv a Ha vvvvvv aC vvvvv Ya vvvvvv vvvvvv vvvvvv
?v v =v v Mv v Fv v _9v v = IQv v Zv v Jv v Fv v l Bv v Tc_ dv v J O9v v Tv v pv v _G

? a _ T _ h l A G* v r _ Q Z g _
vvv vvv vvv vvv G vvv vvv vvv G I avvv vvv G j vvv vvv Fvvv vvv
9v vlv v=Qa .9v vKv v_ ?v v8}v vA GPv vJ v Uc_a ,?v vcv vT9v vcv vTv v_G

. c9 * ? a_ T ? T 9 T _
Ev cv J Hv l }v tC ?c_aCv Tv l >v Mv Fv _G gPv J cv lv Jv Av A
y G a c c G

H9vvt cv JGQv l hvvl >a9v Gv Av _v _ 9v Kv Avvf9v avvAv TG mOv f

mvtvJ UvcvT.vAv_ O;v=v_ 9v= ^avKvFv_G 9vKc _vf >vGavAvc

OvvvvvlvvvvvAvvvvvgvvvvvc HC yE BOC ?c_9vvvvvtvvvvvWDG gPvvvvvJ
dvWvpvA yE iOC GPvJ v 9vKv_vWvp .OvcvWQa Kv_9vZ
B9vvlavv_vvgvvl zvvf svvJ;vv_G \vv_vvcvvZvvpvvA v >vvA9vvtvv_G
?v vcv vT9vvvcv vTv v_G ,\v va9v vlv vFC ?vvvp9v vtv v=( O9v vTv vpv v_G ?vvv_9v vJ
,9v vJGaOv vG v uav vtv vWv vl O9v vTv vpv v_v v_ yB9v vT9v vcv vrza
k . ) ? c f 9l A G: G a ?c O 9Z A r :G a ? c _9 *G a
zv gv p . 9v c *9v f 9v Kv lGOv Mv Av TG ?v gv T Hv l mv iQvv_9vv=

157 [( >vvvvvA9vvvvvtvvvvv_G LQOvvvvvc c9vvvvvD*G cvvvvvcvvvvv=vvvvvT

vvvvv 4 vvvvv

m9vgv_ O9vTvpv_G B9vtQOvl QvWC* caGOvG )218 a

?cv v p 9v v pv v Wv v _G ?v v lv v dv v Fv v l Hv v f IQO9v v Zv v _G 2010 v ?v vJv v] Ga ?v vcv vGv vKv vFv vl >v vA9v vtv v_ G Ov vlv vAv vfG

zvf O9v lvAvf:G iaOvGv = OvrvAvgvF : 9vFvFE .?c_aOv_G Q9v aE hv ] a c F 9 _Zp

a v uv _v T . \v Av TGQO
G vvKvv vv vv

k
hvvvvrGaa ?vvvvrvvvvcvvvvrvvvvJz H9vvvvcvvvv=vvvvA v caGOvvvvGvvvv_G gPvvvvJ zv f GRv tQv l ,O9v Tv pv _G 9v c 9v ]v r cv tv Wv c 9* jQv dv F
k
Ev cv J Hv l :aC ,?v cv =Qv gv _G Q9v av rFG v yO9v Tv pv _G iQC : dv Fv FC :E .dvT9v cv Tv _G O9v Tv pv _G yIQvJ9v dz

yuGQODGz mav vKv vpv vl zv vf Qv vWC*G GPv vJ O9v vlv vAv vfG Hvvvvl YavvvvFvvvv_G GPvvvvJ AGRvvvvAvvvvG: hvvvvFvvvvrvvvvl >vvvv=vvvvT jC
k
dvvvv lt_ vvvv vvvv G U9v v cv v rv v _G yE Qv v rv v Av v pv v c mav v Kv v pv v l av v Ja Oav Gav _ ?v Z9v M , GQv Zv J \cv p Ev Jv =v _ Ga , O9v Tv pv _ G

?v vcv v=v vAGQv vA hv v]a

IOv v89v vp 9v vl ,mv vDa .dv vfav v]a*G )O9vTvpv_G dvFvgvc( b9vWvFv_G B:9vGvl {v= cvMGOvAz
k
GO9v Tvp QvDv tC Qv Zv l Hav tv A H.v t ,?v cv =Qvgv _G caOv _v _ y?v vtv v=9v vWv vA*G ?v vTQ9v vl*G b9v vlv vFC RQv vp ?v v=av vgv vZa

mvJFG ?c9vD*G cvcv=vT zvf ,Uvtvgv_9v= aC Qvavr Hvl .)58 [( svJv= >vA9vtv_G \c_E >vJP 9vl avJvF zvf
221 / BGAGQvvra >vvAt

QOv Gv c 9v lv la .)177 [( yQv 8GRv Gv _G v gQ9v DBa cv rC 9vvl ?vv_aO Q9v =vvAv fG H9vvtvvlD9vv= qvvcvvt uvv_P Hvvl
k k
v mOvvMvvAvvTG >v A 9vvtvv_G HC cvvZvvpvv_G GPv J v gQvvtP Q9v =v Av f:G HaOv = )uGQODG zv f GO9v lv Av fG( GO9v Tv p
k k k
?v _v Dv lCa B9v F9v cv = O9v Tv pv _G YGav FF \v _c_v Jv A cv lv Gv l B9c_ Ba ,9vvv=v vMvvvAvvvFv vl 9vvvcvvvF9*Qv v= 9vvvl9vvvdvvvF 9v vKvvvF GOvvvrvvvpv v_

zvf 9vJOvcOvJvA v O9vlvAvf:G mvA O9vTvp B:9vJ Hvf ?v=vMvAvFvl ?vc QavAvT O B9vav_vTa ,O9vTvpv_G ?vJvp9vt*

zvf .O9vTvpv_v_ )?vcvtGQOE BvTc_a( ?vcvlvt B9vT9vcvr ?vvvv=vvvvrGQvvvvlvvvv_vvvv_ ?vvvvgvvvv]9vvvvMa >vvvvgvvvvWvvvv_G cvvvv=vvvvr Hvvvvl

26 kv _v =v c 9v lv = ia9v WQv _G ?v cv ]v r c9v D*G cv cv =v T ?v v _v v =9v v r 9v v Kv v gv v cv v lv v G Qav v lFG gPv v Ja .?v v _A9v v T*Ga

hvl 9vJOvrvf mvA B9vrvpvZ Hvl BvGvAvF Q:aO Q9c_vl v H9*Qv= uv_9vFvJ Havtvc HC 9vl@vp .dvlvtv_G U9vcvrv_v_

1989 a 1962 {v v l9v v gv v _G {v v = ?v v cv v =v v Fv v GC caO ?vlRvJ uv_9vFvJ Havtvc HC aC ,Havtvc : aC 9vl ?v_aO

?v pQv jv _ G v U;v Av M:G ?v Jv cv ]v pa .)179 [( aC ,Havtvc : aC O9vTvpv_G ?vJvp9vt* ?v_vcB {vFGavr Hvl

Q:aO Q9c _vvvl 20 ?vvvlvvvcvvvrvvv= IQ9vvvGvvvAvvv_v v_ ?vvvcvvvFvvvaavvv_G IQv vZ9v vr aC ICRv vAv vGv vl {v vFGav vrv v_G gPv vJ Hav vtv vA HC

?vvvrvvvpvvvZ v IavvvWQvvv_G ?vvvJvvvcvvv]vvvpa ,)181 [( aC mvt9vJv_G Hvf ?v_vrvAvTvl ?vcv89v]vr ?vav_vT HGOvrvpv_

,)183 [( jQv 8GRv Gv _G R9v jv _9v = 9c_9v av cE Ov caRv A ?v cv rv cv rv J BGQv WCv l gPv J .?v cPv cv pv Fv Av _G ?v av _v Tv _G

c9*9v = >v f;v Av _G mv D ,{v Av _aO {v = ?v rv pv Z dv Ja :a m9v vdv vFv v_G v O9v vTv vpv v_G U9v vcv vrv v_ ?v vcv vfav v] av vla
q
.9J|ia )196 [( )U;AMG( m9g_G Hvl y?Fvcvfz gOvrvAvgvA aC y\vtQOvAz 9vl zvf OvlvAvgvA

.AG }M _G a C U 9F_ G
q
v O9v vTv vpv v_G Hv vaGav vl >v vA9v vtv v_G cv vZv vpv vc mv vD
q
zv v f BQv v l dv v Av v _G dv v T9v v cv v Tv v _G Oav v Kv v gv v _G ?v v p9v v t GPvJ v O9vTvpv_G QO9vZ* \vAvGv_9vgvl v 9vlC
k
w9vvvvJvvvv_G Uvvvvcvvvv8Qvvvv_G OvvvvKvvvvgvvvv= A9vvvvKvvvvAvvvvFG Qvvvv8GRvvvvGvvvv_ G Yavvvv]avvvvl yE >vvvvA9vvvvtvvvv_G sQvvvvavvvvAcvvvvp ,cvvvvZvvvvpvvvv_G

jF Ov vcv vpv vla Oav vlv vJv vl Ov vKv vG av vJa .?v vrc_v vpv vAav v= avvvvvvvJa )101 [( dvvvvvvvgvvvvvvvcQvvvvvvv_G O9vvvvvvvZvvvvvvvAvvvvvvvr:G

v O9v Tv pv _G c9v Jv _ ?v FQ9v rv la ?v cv lv cav rv A ?v gv GGQv l mvvdvvgv l cvvlvvWv ca ,?vvcvvlv JFG ?v c9vvi v Yav ]avvl

.?c=Qg _G Q9 ar: G 9v vKv vFv vla ,R9v vcv vAv vl9v v= 9v vKv v]v vgv v=a ,?v vcv v=Qv vgv v_G caOv v_G

HaOv v v= hv v vlv v vAv v vGv v vl jC mav v vrv v vc ;v v vp .Qv v v8GRv v vGv v v_G
9v vl .?v vcv vlv vJFG ?v vc9v vi v cGCv vT 9v vFv vJ R}v vc
L9v Av FDGa cv lv gv _G mav Kv pv l zv f xv tv _G O9v lv Av f:G
U;v v vAv v vMGa QOv v vJ Hv v vl( uv v v_P cv v vt |v v vD.v v vA H9v v vt
?vvvvcvvvvlvvvvFvvvvAvvvv_ G EGOvvvvJD {vvvvcvvvvT9vvvvT C {vvvvtQvvvvJvvvvlvvvvt
v QvcaRvA Hvl \vrvpGQ 9vla m9vgv_G c9*G v >vf;vAa
H9v ta .Oav Wv F*G |v cv jv Av _G w9v Av _9v =a ,?v lGOv Av T*G
?v av _v Tv _ G mGOv Mv Av TG v qv Tv gv Av _ Ga B9v =9v Mv Av F:G
Yav]a*G GPvJ v hvTavAvc HC >vA9vtv_v_ H9vtvlD9v=
>vvA9vvtvv_ G 9vvKvv_vvZvvp dvvAvv_G ,?vvcvvF9vv=Rvv_Ga ?vva9vvTavv_Ga
g|v vTv vpv vA v >9v vAv vtv v_G Hv vl dvvvF 9D_ cZp_
vvv vvv G vvv vvv vvv G v
Qv v8GRv vGv v_G v ?v vlGOv vAv vT *G ?v vcv vlv vFv vAv v_ G v )IA9v vpv vtv v=
)125 [( Qv v 8GRv v Gv v _G v O9v v Tv v pv v _G IQv v J9v v dv v _
k
cGCvvvTvvv_G ?vvv=9vvvGEa ?9vvvKcvvvp dvvvf9vvvavvvrvvv_G A9vvvlvvvFDGa
?vcvGQ9vMv_G cvlGavgv_9v= \vav=Qa ,\vAvcvlvJC yE GQvdvF

Ov cv p*G Hv l ,sv lv gv l jO9v Zv Av rG cc_v Jv Av _ hv ]v Mv c

hv vrGav v_ Uv vTCv vca ,)Q9v vlv vgv vAv vT:Ga c;v vAv vJ:G(
k
,iQvvMC ?v cv =Qv f Q9vvavvrCa Qvv8GRv Gvv_G v \vv= m9vvcvvrv _G
dv Av _G O9v Tv pv _G ?v p9v rv Dv _ 9v Tv TCv l )hv cQv _G( Hav t
?v vJv vp9v vtv vlv vp .?v v_v v89v va kv v_9v v=v vl hv vcQv v_G Hv vl 9v vKv v_v vMO
.c ; rAT: G ? _J Q l O g= 9 l v BO 9T
,jQv tv p qQv A Uc_ av J 9v Fc_E ?v =v Tv Fv _9v = O9v Tv pv _G

sv_vgv Av A ?vcv ]v r 9vKvF E .\v AGP OvJv = ?vc9vi Uc_ avJa vvvvv 5 vvvvv

.? lC a Haa c= rATla > gW | Zl= k

cZp_
vvv vvv vvv G v 9v vrv vpav vl >v vA9v vtv v_ G H9v vt Ov vrv v_a

>v A9v tv _G hv ]cv p , | MF c Z p _

vv G vv vv vv G v 9v lC dv T9v cv Tv _G O9v Tv pv _G YGav FC cc_v Jv Az v E _9 D _
vv vv vv G
 d=Qg_G c=rAT*G / 222

k
9vvKcvvp svvlvvgvvAv _G cvvtvvWv c ,?vvcvvlvvJFG ?vvjvv_9vv= GQavvlC v dv T9v cv Tvv_G O9v Tv pvv_G ?v Kv GGa* ?v cv Gv AG~vvTGz

O9vTvpv_G dvWvpvA >9v=vTC Hvf ?v=9vGDG ?v_a9vJvla IQvvcOvvGa ?vvcOvvG B9vvJ~vvrvvl 9vvKcvvpa ,yQvv8GRvvGvv_G
k
;v MOv l iQv MC ?v cv =Qv f Q9v av rC va Qv 8GRv Gv _G v .Pv vcv vpv vFv vAv v_G v I}v vgv v_G bv vrv v=v vA 9v vlv vFE .m9v vlv vAv vJ:9v v=
q
|v v cv v jv v A EGOv v JD IOv v cOv v G >c_9v v TC dv v Fv v =v v A yE IOGQDG Qv pav A ?v cv lv JC yE IQ9v WDG QOv Gv A 9v Fv Ja

. d = Q g_G h lA G *G v ?c fa F ?_ r F a 9vF Oavrvc .O9vTvpv_G ?v=Q9vJ* O;v=v_G v ?vcvT9vcvTv_G

L9v vAv vFE ?v vrv vcQv va v [v vcv vJv vlv vAv v_G yE Qv vlFG GPv vJ
?vcv=Qvgv_G 9vFv=avgvW \cvp iQvF Bvra v GPvJ
q 9v vlvvv= 9v vKvvv=v vcv vtQv vAa 9v vKv vG9v vAv vF E IO9v vfEa ,?v vavvv_v vTv v_G
b9v rv T@v = ?v =v _9v av lv _v _ ^v Kv Fv A 9v JQ9v av rC cv G v
.9K l9K l= m 9cr_ _ 9K _J Cc
,dv v =Qv v gv v _G H9v v Tv v FDG ?v v lGQv v t IO9v v fEa O9v v Tv v pv v _G

v \vvF9vvaaC v \vvWvvcvvf ?vvl;vvTa \vvFvvlC RvvcRvvgvvAa

vvvvv 6 vvvvv

,sav v=v vTv vl |v vi dv vf9v vlv vAv vGGa dv vT9v vcv vT uGQv vJ

9v v Kv v F9v v tv v l v ?v v cv v T 9v v TFG B9v v c av v _aFG hv v ] aa Hv v vl gGav v vAv v vJG 9v v vl v HPE >9v v vAv v vtv v v_G GPv v vJ

?v cv =Qv gv _G ?v lv dv FFG dv gv A HC bv Tv gv p .dv rv cv rv Jv _G EGOv vJFGa qaQv vdv v_v v_ MQv vWa jQv vdv vF cc_v vJv vA

cv lv gv A qv cv ta ,9v Kv =av gv W ?v Jv _v Zv l Hv lv tv A Hv cC \vlOvr 9vla ,?vcvf9vlvAvG:Ga ?vcvT9vcvTv_G ?vcvMvcQ9vAv_G

& u_ P sc rJA z f |vDvc ,m9vlvAvJ:9v= IQvcOvG ?c_vlvf B9vJ~vrvl Hvl

9D O J QOZ
k

j Q=9 G_ O =9f O lJl G

=Qf Q tp l B Q 9 T l
q

dv v G v

N W _ O lJ l O
c G .

. .. j @ O <9 f O } Iz :?vvvvvrQavvvvv_G gPvvvvvJ v

Q <9
vvvvv vvvvv G vvvvv vvvvv vvvvv vvvvv

>v vA 9v vtv v_G GPv vJ I|v vTv v= qv vcQv vgv vA yNQ f Q w q |

q

9T| q

vv vv vv vv J GQ vv vv

k k
OvrvF v jQvtvp YaQvWvl >vJ9vZa 9vpvrvDvla 9vF9vTvFE ,|v=vtv_G
k k k k
,9v vcv vT9v vcv vT 9v vG9v vKv vFv vla ?v vcv vFv v=a 9v vFv vcav vtv vA( dv v=Qv vgv v_G cv vrv vgv v_G
k k k
,IQvZ9v g*Ga EG~v_G 9vc9v ]vrv_ 9v Wv r9v Fv l 9v8Q9vra )9vcvr;v MCa
k k
B9vpv_ Cvl 9vlvcvT :a( EG~v_ G [avZvF v 9vrvr Ovl 9vrvrvJvla

Qty mv v Kv v p yE BGav v Fv v T \v v f9v v av v rv v FG mv v D ,)Ov v WQ Hv v =G

? JpZ
fB vvv vvv G

k k
] { LOC q
~+wA
32

Qty mOv vrv vp ,9v vJQv vWa 9v vpv vcQv vgv vA :

Q: O lD_
fB vvv vvv G E vvv G vvv vvv vvv G

q
>+ @Q @ > T I K \ ( y Q + T q A y ~ *Q w y
HG a : Hv v v G

v qv v_ Ca ,
9l _ O9 g 9l
vv vv vv vv vv G vv G vv vv vv vv vv G vv vv vv G

(Ty R!
K c aC

.A GRG C ?D; D \Fl >G aAT G 9 l , Q G dh