Therese Grace S. Bajarias  N.V.M.

Gonzales
CONTEMPORARY ARTS (FOURTH QUARTER)  Nick Joaquin
 Alejandro Roces
 Francisco Arcellana
LESSON 1: LITERATURE  Gregorio Brillantes
 Bienvenido Santos
 Edith Tiempo, etc
Poetry - during the contemporary period, there are also short stories produced which uses vernacular language
- however, it was only the publication of Filipino literary works that continued due to the lack of moral and financial
- the bond between the Philippines and the Americans continues even after the declaration of independence in 1946 support, and due to the writer’s choice of producing works using a language that can be understood by more readers
which is evident in the continual flourishment of modernism - short story writers produced more social conscious fiction during the 1970s. Short stories depicting the lives of the working
- in the field of poetry during the contemporary period, publication of young poets to campus journalists emerged class emerged
- social protest fiction was produced during the Marcos era
Bagay Movement

- kind of poetry which uses colloquial language and is built on concrete images which tend to describe experiences Novels
- poets who started the Bagay Movement:
 Jose F. Lacaba - the production of novels with sociopolitical themes continued after the World War II
 Rolando Tinio - English novelists, on the other hand, like the English poets and short story writer, focused on the search for identity
 Bienvenido Lumbera - in the area of essay & criticism, literary criticism was produced after the World War II aiming to analyze the Philippine
 Antonio Samson writings
 Edmundo Martinez
- Valediction sa Hillcrest - an example of bagay poetry written by Rolando Tinio, which employs Taglish Informal Essay
- later on, national consciousness was inserted into Bagay poetry - took the scene which was developed by women writers

 Amado V. Hernandez – introduced another form of poetry through his work “Ang Bayang Malaya”
 Ang Bayang Malaya – long narrative piece about a peasant leader. Oppression & fighting for human rights are the The Contemporary Philippine Literature was a mixture of a variety of subjects. It is also a product of different innovative
main themes of the said piece techniques.
 in the succeeding poems developed by Filipino poets, the influence of Amado V. Hernandez was evident
 Social Protest & Social Realism – became the theme of the poems. Protest poetry proliferated
 the nationalist spirit of many writers arose because of the Marshall Law
 during the contemporary period, the works of American and British poets influenced the English poems in the LESSON 2: MUSIC
Philippines
 poets who were influenced by Western poets: Classical Music
 Edith Tiempo
- during the early American period, the music of the country was mostly classical due to the influence of the European
 Emmanuel Torres - this kind of music continued flourishing until the 1950s
 Dominador Ilio
o their works revolved on subjects like the search for love and identity, oppression and those subjects  1960s - Avant-garde music emerged
concerning the poet’s private world  the Philippine music at that time evolved into a combination of classical & traditional or ethnic music
 this kind of poetry was followed by poems containing social issues  as time goes by, due to the introduction of radio, film, and other entertainment technology, the theatre music that once
 the rise of nationalistic poetry discussing poverty, inequality, political turmoil, and other social problems started flourished gradually declined
during the Marcos Era.  however, the rondallas or the string bands remain even up to the present

Pinoy Pop

- Philippine music continuously evolved, Pinoy pop or the Filipino pop music took place
- covers different forms like jazz, dance hits, folksong revival, rock and roll, rap, etc.
- with the development of Pinoy pop, Manila sound was born
Short Story

- after the World War II, short stories focused on the self-consciousness & self-expression of the writer
Manila sound
- some of the known English short story writers during those times are:
- characterized as Western-derived with English lyrics but with pure Filipino spirit

Philippine Contemporary Theater

Original Pilipino Music - those Filipinos in the field of theater started to experiment on traditional theater forms like the sarswela, komedya, and
sinakulo
- later on, the OPM or the Original Pilipino Music became popular - included in the directors who significantly contributed in the progress of the Philippine theater are the National Artists:
- kind of music that is purely Filipino and is composed and sung by Filipino Composers and singers  Lamberto Avellana
- it was followed by another form of popular music called “alternative music”  Severino Montano
 Wilfredo Ma. Guerrero
- different styles were employed in the Philippine contemporary theater
1. Representational style – composed of psychological and social realism
Alternative music
a) Psychological realism
- influenced by folk balladeers; sprouted out of protest that later on included themes like Filipino values, political and  deals with problems of individuals
environmental concerns, and other societal themes  examples:
- examples: • Paraisong Parisukat by Orlando Nadres
 Freddie Aguilar’s - Anak • Bayan-Bayanan by Bienvenido Noriega Jr.
 Herber Bartolome’s - Tayo’y Mga Pinoy b) Social Realism
 Florante De Leon’s - Ako’y Pilipino  deals with the problems of individuals considering the society
 example:
 at present, different music genre like pop, rock, OPM, indigenous music, jazz, rap, a mixture of different genre like ethnic  The World is an Apple – by Alberto Florentino
rock, and many other forms exist in the music industry. Also, rock bands & pop stars entered the limelight. 2. Presentational Style
 in the regional set up, through the establishment of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), the Filipino music, as well - highlights discussion of social ideas
as the Filipino artists, were given importance - the people in the field of theater employed this style during the Marcos regime since realistic portrayal was
 there were provincial art councils established which preserve the traditional music and innovate Philippine music prohibited
 Indigenous music – continuously thrives and spread in different localities - made use of different methods like dance, song, mime, etc. to summon ideas from the audience
 local composers - continuously create vernacular songs - example: Theater of the Oppressed by Augusto Boal
 moreover, local festivals like the Las Pinas Bamboo Organ Festival was established 3. Documentary style
- tends to discuss historical events.
- example: Mayo A-biente Uno by Al Santos

LESSON 3: THEATER

Bodabil

- Bodabil or stage show

- introduced by the Americans
- however, the bodabil in the American period was not a form of stage play since it was composed mainly of songs, dances, Dula-dula
and skits
- included short melodramas during the Japanese period - there are other forms of theater art that emerged like the dula-dula
- a short drama-poem

Musicals

American Period
- the educational system established by the American in the country paved the way to the development of legitimate theater
- through the Western education, production of Shakespearean plays and other Western contemporary classics entered the
scene
- in the early stage of Philippine theater, Western culture greatly influenced theater production
- theater artists tend to imitate popular American actors and actresses
The Philippine theater was Americanized. However, later on, because of the exposure to different theatrical styles and dramatic
theories, the Filipinos were able to expand their horizon and create stage plays that reflect Philippine realities and set up.
- with contemporary themes, dance dramas employing ethnic music and choreography, plays mixing realistic and non-
realistic styles, and traditional drama form with contemporary messages are also among the different theater art forms
today
 in the regional scene, the National Theater Festivals of the CCP involved performances of theater arts group established in
the regions
 the establishment of these groups only shows that there are regional initiatives to develop the theater art
 this included theater groups:
 Luzon - cultural workers from Bicol
 Visayas - Silay City’s sarswela group of dumaans and Dagyaw Theater and Dance Company
 Mindanao - Kaliwat Theater Collective and Sining Kambayoka Ensemble
 LESSON 5: ARCHITECTURE

LESSON 4: DANCE American Colonial and Contemporary Period

Vaudeville or Bodabil dancing - in the American Colonial and Contemporary Period, the Philippine architecture adopted the modern
Western architectural style while taking into consideration the physical and socio-cultural situation of the country
- became popular during the first years of the American period. - the Philippine architecture was characterized as simple, rational, and functional

Bodabil Early 20th Century

- a kind of stage show introduced by the American
- dances like buck-and-wing, tapdancing, clog, skirt dancing were among the dances being performed in the show
Ballet
- European classical ballet later on entered the scene
- there were ballet dance groups from other countries who went to the Philippines to perform
- other ballet dancers became instructors and taught Filipinas like Remedios de Oteyza & Leonor Orosa
- the huge popularity of ballet led to the birth of many ballet dancers in the Philippines during that time
- the ballet was followed by modern dance
Modern Dance
- is revolutionary in nature and does not conform to the rules of classical ballet
- it deals with a mixture of a wide range of dances, Western and Asian dances, traditional dances, and other experimental
dances
Folk and Social Dances
- followed the rise of modern dance
- this was after Francisca Reyes – Aquino researched on the Philippine folk dances in the educational system which resulted
to its widespread popularity
- numerous folkloric dances were established later on
Other Dances
- there were dance groups that developed Filipino adaptations of European and American dances like the valse, rigaudon,
polka, fandango, jota, etc.
- these dance groups integrated traditional customs in these western dances
- other dance groups revived the indigenous dance forms commonly performed during the rituals and ceremonies by the
indigenous groups
Present time
- today, the mentioned dance forms are still alive even in the contemporary setting
- people on the regions still perform traditional and folk dances especially in fiestas and festivals like the Sinulog, Maskara,
Ati-atihan, Sayaw sa Obando, Kadayawan, and many other festivals
- ballet still exists, and ballet schools and associations were established
- modern dance also continues to live with more techniques and innovations
- in the local setting, many dance groups were established like the Integrated Performing Arts Guild (IPAG) in the Mindanao
State University in Iligan City, and the Dagyaw Theater and Dance Company and Teatro Amakan in Iloilo City
- the Philippine High School for the Arts in Laguna hones the skills of the students in performing art; the school also has its
performing arts group
- these are only a few of the numerous performing art groups in the country
- there are still many other groups founded to develop further, promote, and preserve Philippine dance
- in the early 20th century the young Filipinos who studied in American universities and institutes went back to the country
and brought changes in the Philippine architecture
- among them were Juan Arellano, Carlos Barreto, and Antonio Toledo
- these Filipinos introduced the neoclassic style in building structures; they tend to revive the classic architecture
- one of the structures built during this period was the Metropolitan Theater; Arellano designed the theater and experimented
with romanticism
- decorative motifs incorporating native plants and variety of colors were employed in the building
- it was also in the early 20th century when the "tsalet" was developed; Tsalet - a type of house on stilts with a front porch
made of wood and concrete
- also, it was during this time when steel was used in buildings as protection for calamities like earthquakes
- the succeeding generations of architects changed path and deviated from the traditional architectural style; these architects
introduced new architectural design
- different business emerged at that time, and there had been a growing demand for commercial buildings
After World War II
- it was after the World War II when the architecture in the country departed from the native tradition
- real estate development started to take place, and two-story houses were introduced
- Filipino houses were Americanized.
- urban housing, multi-story tenements, and government housing projects emerged due to the increasing population and
decreasing land availability
- because government housing cannot accommodate all those who are needing low-cost housing, slums and shanties started
to proliferate
- on the other hand, those houses owned by the upper class were characterized as huge with large front garden
- condominiums also emerged
Marcos Era
- starting from the Marcos era, there had been constructions of expressways, convention centers, hospitals, hotels, malls,
high-rise buildings, amusement centers, etc.
- all these comes with technological advancements like escalators, elevators, air-conditioning system, computers, etc.
- in the regional set up, residential houses, churches, public markets, business space tend to imitate the architectural styles in
the urban
- also, eco-cultural tourism was introduced
- theme parks and resorts were developed in tourist spots like Palawan, Davao, Bohol, Batangas, etc.
- given cultural heritage preservation, heritage towns like Vigan, Intramuros, Dapitan, etc. were given attention
LESSON 6: FILM
History
- 1897 - The film industry in the Philippines started through the initiatives of foreign businessmen
- Swiss entrepreneurs were the first to feature film shows in Manila
- 1912 - The film became popular when foreigners Edward Gross and Harry Brown produced the film about the life of Dr. Marcos Regime
Jose Rizal; this started filmmaking in the country
- Jose Nepomuceno - “Father of Philippine Movies” and first Filipino who produced a film; his work was entitled “Dalagang - during the Marcos regime, the government regulated filmmaking
Bukid” - Board of Censorship Motion Pictures (BCMP) - film scripts had to be submitted prior production; content of the film was
given attention
Philippine Film Influencers - New Cinema - started by three directors Lino Brocka, Celso Ad and Ishmael Bernal
 New Cinema Themes:
- Philippine film during the early times was greatly influenced by Hollywood since local directors set Hollywood movies as  Nationhood
their model  Love in a hostile setting
- however, the Filipino producers still cannot level with the quality of American movies due to outdated technology and  Social issue
limited budget
- the only edge of the Philippine movies during those times was that the local films portrayed the lives of the Filipinos and  Known filmmakers in New Cinema
used Tagalog as its language
 Marilou Diaz – Abaya
- the use of Tagalog garnered more audience since the majority of the Filipinos cannot understand English during those
 Mike de Leon
times
 Laurice Guillen
- different theater forms like the sarswela, sinakulo, and komedya influenced the succeeding film productions
- there were films produced which were closely related to the mentioned theater forms  Maria O’Hara
- Philippines literature - another source of movie themes  Mel Chionglo
- film adaptations of the works of Francisco Baltazar’s Florante at Laura and Jose Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El
Alternative Cinema or Independent Films
Filibusterismo
- literary sources like novels and folklores inspired filmmaking - filmmakers produced movies through lightweight technologies
- due to the boost of the film in the Philippines, film companies were established like the: - usual screening venues are schools, international film festivals, and outreach programs
 Filippine Films - Kidlat Tahimik - one of the known independent film directors
 Parlatone Hispano – Filipino
 Excelsior Pictures Contemporary Period
 Sampaguita Pictures Inc.
 LVN Pictures - Philippine film revolved around a variety of subjects and themes like martyr wife, superhero, action, melodramas,
 X’Otic Films comedies, etc.
- number of local movie actors and actresses increased as well - film has the largest audience among all the art forms
- in regional setting, through CCP’s Coordinating Center for Film, educational and outreach programs which promote quality
- in Japanese Occupation, the Japanese brought their kind of films, but Hollywood films were still more appealing to the film and conduct film training courses have been established
Filipinos
- 1942 - movie production stopped and the Filipinos went back watching and producing stage shows; Movie productions
resumed after the war
- Films produced after the war contained war stories and heroism like Garrison 13 and Dugo ng Bayan
- 1950s - Philippine started to regain strength and flourished
- Four film studios became prominent and considered as the Big Four
1. LVN
2. Sampaguita
3. Lebran
4. Premiere
- Film awards were instituted like the:
1. Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS)
2. Maria Clara Awards
- moreover, Filipino movies, directors and producers started to be recognized not just locally but internationally like:
“Ifugao” of Gerardo De Leon and “Anak Dalita” of Lamberto Avellana

Films

- in the succeeding periods, there had been a decline of studios

- independent producers dominated the film industry
- Sex Films - started to enter the movie industry
- fan movies whose target audience were the avid fans of the stars also entered the scene
- slapstick comedies and action movies also became popular