Chapter 3

Introduction
to Logic

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley.

All rights reserved
Chapter 3: Introduction to Logic

3.1 Statements and Quantifiers

3.2 Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements
3.3 The Conditional and Circuits
3.4 More on the Conditional
3.5 Analyzing Arguments with Euler Diagrams
3.6 Analyzing Arguments with Truth Tables

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-2

Chapter 1

Section 3-5
Analyzing Arguments with Euler
Diagrams

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-3

Analyzing Arguments with Euler
Diagrams
• Logical Arguments
• Arguments with Universal Quantifiers
• Arguments with Existential Quantifiers

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-4

Logical Arguments

A logical argument is made up of premises

(assumptions, laws, rules, widely held ideas,
or observations) and a conclusion. Together,
the premises and the conclusion make up the
argument.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-5

Valid and Invalid Arguments

An argument is valid if the fact that all the

premises are true forces the conclusion to be
true. An argument that is not valid is invalid.
It is called a fallacy.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-6

Arguments with Universal Quantifiers

Several techniques can be used to check the

validity of an argument. One of these is a
visual technique based on Euler Diagrams.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-7

Example: Using an Euler Diagram to
Determine Validity (Universal Quantifier)
Is the following argument valid?
All cats are animals.
Figgy is a cat.
Figgy is an animal.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-8

Example: Using an Euler Diagram to
Determine Validity (Universal Quantifier)
All cats are animals.
Figgy is a cat.
Figgy is an animal.
Solution Animals
The diagram shows that
Figgy is inside the region Cats
for “animals”. The x
argument is valid.

x represents Figgy.
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-9
Example: Using an Euler Diagram to
Determine Validity (Universal Quantifier)

Is the following argument valid?

All sunny days are hot.
Today is not hot
Today is not sunny.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-10

Example: Using an Euler Diagram to
Determine Validity (Universal Quantifier)
All sunny days are hot.
Today is not hot
Today is not sunny.

Solution Hot days

The diagram shows that
x
today is outside the region Sunny
for “sunny”. The argument days
is valid.

x represents today
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-11
Example: Using an Euler Diagram to
Determine Validity (Universal Quantifier)

Is the following argument valid?

All cars have wheels.
That vehicle has wheels.
That vehicle is a car.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-12

Example: Using an Euler Diagram to
Determine Validity (Universal Quantifier)
All cars have wheels.
That vehicle has wheels.
That vehicle is a car.
Solution Things that
The diagram shows “that have wheels
vehicle” can be inside the x?
region for “Cars” or outside Cars
it. The argument is invalid. x?
x represents “that vehicle”
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-13
Example: Using an Euler Diagram to
Determine Validity (Existential Quantifier)

Is the following argument valid?

Some students drink coffee.
I am a student .
I drink coffee .

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-14

Example: Using an Euler Diagram to
Determine Validity (Universal Quantifier)
Some students drink coffee.
I am a student .
I drink coffee .
Solution
The diagram shows
that “I” can be People
inside the region for that drink
“Drink coffee” or I?
coffee Students
outside it. The
argument is invalid. I?
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 3-5-15