FUNCTIONAL TREE

MORPHOLOGY
 TREES OF PAKISTAN
In Pakistan, more than 430 tree species are
distributed over 82 families and 226 genera. Out
of these 22 species from 5 families and 11 genera
belong to softwood trees of gymnosperms. For
all plant families found in Pakistan, see Flora of
Pakistan.
 Parts of a tree

❖ Crown
❖ Stem/ Bole and limbs
❖ Roots
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (i)
❖ Parts:
▪ Leaves
▪ Flowers
▪ Seeds
▪ Twigs,
▪ branches.
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (iii)
❖ Types of Leaves :
✓ Needle shaped:
Common Trees: Pines, Cedar,
Spurce, Firs etc
✓ Broad leaves.
Common Trees: Dalbergia sissoo
Populus deltoides,
Morus alba etc.
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (iv)
❖ Other Types of Leaves
✓ Simple vs compound
✓ Large leathery leaves vs small scaly leaves etc.
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (v)
❖ Flowers
✓ Small, dull colored and inconspicuous.
✓ Pollination is generally by wind.
❖ Seeds (Important regeneration source of plants)
✓ Naked in Gymnosperm
✓ Enclosed in the fruit in Angiosperms.
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (vi)
✓ Parts of Seed:
◼ Food storage chamber i.e. Endosperm/cotyledons
◼ Embryo i.e. Future plant or Baby tree
◼ Testa i.e. protective cover.
◼ Plumule (future shoot)
◼ Radicle (future root)
✓ Seeds Characters
▪ Some seeds germinate on the tree but some after falling.
▪ Some undergo dormancy.
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (vii)
❖ Twigs
◼ Small branches of thumb thickness or less.
Support the leaves.
◼ Woody in nature.
◼ Entire tissue is alive.
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (viii)
◼ Function of Twigs:
✓ Support the leaves, flower and fruit to keep them
well spaced in the atmosphere to perform their
proper role.
✓ transport water, minerals and synthesized food in
one or other direction.
✓ Upward movement of water and nutrients
✓ Synthesized food downward
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (ix)
◼ Uses of Twigs:
◼ Twigs are the important source of plant
propagation
◼ Cuttings are used for multiplication of many
deciduous trees by vegetative method
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (x)
❖ Branches
✓ Larger twigs
✓ Woody in nature.
✓ Thickness is thumb to wrist.
✓ Central core of branches is generally dead.
◼ Function: Same as twigs
✓ Act as food storage.
✓ They support twigs
✓ Responsible for giving proper shape to the tree
 STEM AND LIMBS
❖ Limbs
✓ Limbs are larger branches (Size:Over wrist thickness)
✓ Fuel and timber use
◼ Function of limbs (same as branches)
❖ Stem:
✓ Most important and useful part of tree.
✓ Woody in nature and central core is dead.
◼ Function
✓ Stem sports limbs, limbs carry branches and braches
uphold limbs and leaves.
✓ They also transport water nutrients and food in the tree.
 Anatomy of trees
Wood: Central core of stem
(Dead xylem tissues)
CROSS SECTION OF STEM (i)
 Wood Macroscopic Structure
Annual Rings Outer Bark

Phloem
(inner bark) Pith

Xylem Cambium

Heartwood Earlywood
Knot
Sapwood

Latewood
CROSS SECTION OF STEM (ii)

◼ Pith
◼ Heartwood
◼ Sapwood
◼ Cambium
◼ Phloem
◼ Bark
◼ 2 growth spurts
◼ Earlywood
◼ Latewood
CROSS SECTION OF STEM (iv)
 CROSS SECTION OF STEM (iv)
❖ Heart wood
◼ Central core of dead xylem is surrounded by
thin layer of living xylem
◼ This layer transports water & nutrients from
soil to leaves.
CROSS SECTION OF STEM (v)
Function of Heartwood
◼ Deposition of food & waste products in central
woody cells and in canals.
Formation Annual ring
➢ Spring & summer woody cells= larger than the cell
➢ Woody cells of autumn & early winter= Samaller
❖ Both layers can be easily distinguished.
❖ Layer of spring/summer cells & a layer of autumn/winter is
called annual ring or annual growth layer.
◼ Layers are generally visible, indicate the age &
growth of tree (in conifers).
 CROSS SECTION OF STEM (vi)
◼ Central core dead thick walled xylem cells
and is called wood.
◼ Trachieds (Woody cells with oblique end
walls) in Gymnosperms and vessels (Large
woody cells with partially or completely open
end walls) Angiosperms.
 CROSS SECTION OF STEM (ix)
◼ Vessels distributed uniformly throughout the
C.S or concentrated in the form of rings.
◼ Some ray cells (Living parenchyma) also
present in radial direction.
◼ Central ray cells collapse and give rise to
canals.
 Cambium
◼ Living xylem is surrounded by a narrow layer
of growth cells i.e. Cambium.
◼ Function

✓ Responsible for leteral growth

✓ Produce xylem cells Inside and phloem outside.
✓ Cambium is Surrounded by phloem consisting of
sieve tubes and companion cells.
 Cambium (ii)
◼ Phloem transport synthesized food. Outer most
layers is called bark consists of dead phloem.
◼ Protects the inner living layer form extreme
temperature, drought and other factors.
◼ Bark yields important tree products like tannin
and cork for bottle stoppers and insulation.
 ROOT
◼ Underground part of the tree.
◼ Consisting of woody and fibrous parts.
◼ Woody part provide mechanical support,
transport and storage of food.
◼ Structure
➢ Central core dead xylem
➢ Many conductive tissues; mostly dead
➢ Conductive tissues of outer periphery; most of are
alive and functional.
 Root Layers
◼ The central core is surrounded by a single layer of
tightly packed, cemented cells called endodermis.
◼ Controls the movement of water & solutes. Degree of
control depends on vigor of cells.
◼ The next layer is called cortex.
◼ Loosely packed living parenchyma cells. Provide
cushion & lubrication.
◼ Outer most layer is corky tissue, Waste products are
deposited in it.
 Fibrous Roots
◼ Thin & Long, consist of few bundles of conductive
tissue
◼ Two additional structure, i.e. R.cap & R.hair
◼ Root Cap: is at the tip of F.roots, consist of loosely
packed living cells & provide lubrication.
◼ Root Hair: single celled appendages, increase the
area, absorb nutrients and water.
◼ Root surface area is 2-3 times more than leaf area
◼ F.roots of legume trees, also infected by nitrogen
fixing bacteria.
THANKS
Basic Terms in Forestry

1
 Agricultural Forestry
• Practice of forestry in farmlands for obtaining numerous benefits
such as wood, fuel and forage, etc.

Poplar + wheat
Coffee + Rubber tree
2
 Alpine Forests
• Forests of extremely cool climates, which are without distinct
summer.

During winter During Summer

3
 Angiosperms
• Trees with seeds enclosed by ovaries, i.e. broad leaved trees.

Temperate climate: Beech, Leaves of E. camaldulensis

Walnut, Poplar, Maple, Palm tree

4
 Annual Rings
• Annual growth layers formed by contrasting thin walled spring cells
and thick walled summer/autumn cells: Conspicuous in conifers.

Counting of annual rings

5
 Avenue Plantations
• Planting of trees in single lines or in belts along roads, railway tracks
and canals etc

Along road

Along canal 6
 Basal Area of tree
• Cross-sectional area of a tree stem at a height of 1.37 meter (4.5
feet) above ground.

BA = π r2

7
 Bela Forest
• Forests growing along riverside are subjected to inundation

8
 Biomass
• Material produced by living organisms

9
 Board foot
• Volume of a plank of wood with dimensions 12 ̏ x 12 ̏ x 1 ̏

Difference between cubic foot and board foot

10
 Bole
• Stem of a tree: In botany, trunk (or bole) refers to the main wooden
axis of a tree which is an important diagnostic feature in tree
identification.

11
 C. A. I.
• Current Annual Increment: It is the increment, which a tree or a crop
puts on in a single year. Periodic annual increment (PAI) is commonly
used instead of current annual increment as a basis for computing
growth per cent.

Where: Y is the yield (volume,

height, DBH, etc.) at times 1
and 2 and T1 represents the year
starting the growth period, and T2 is
the end year.

12
Thanks

13
Basic Terms in Forestry

1
 Cambium
• A thin layer of living parenchymatus cells surrounding sapwood,
responsible for growth cells division tangentially as well as
radially.

2
 Canopy
• Roof of a forest consisting of tree crown.

Tropical rain Forests 3

 Catchment
• Watershed; an area which drains into pond or streams.

4
 Charcoal
• Coal made by incomplete burning of wood.

5
 Chip Board
• A board of hard consistency made by strongly pressing together of
glued and heated chips wood or agricultural waste products.

6
 Cleaning
• Removal of undesirable woody plants during early growth stage of
a forest.

7
 Climax vegetation
• Final stage vegetation that is more or less in equilibrium with the
environment.

8
 Co-dominant trees
• Trees next to dominants having some control on the forest.

9
 Compression wood
• Wood which is formed on lee-ward side of the stem as a result of
compression in conifers.

10
 Coppice
• Ratoon , new growth from old stubbles/stumps

11
 Crown
• Top portion of a tree comprising of branches, twigs, leaves, flowers,
fruits and seeds, etc.

12
 Crown fire
• Burning of tree crown as well as surface litter together

13
 D.B.H.
• Diameter of tree stem at
breast height
( about1.37 meters)

14
 Defoliation
• Loss of leaves due to seasonal change or insect attack, etc.

15
 Diffuse porous wood
• When vessels (pores) are uniformly distributed throughout the
cross-section area of the stem.

16
 Dominant trees
• Tallest trees that control a forest

17
 Ecosystem
• A community of plants and animals that is independent of adjoining
communities

18
 Even aged forest
• A forest with trees of uniform age

19
 Evergreen plants
• Plants that do not shed leaves during dormant season

20
 Farm Arboriculture
• Agro-Forestry

21
 Form Factor
• A reducing factor for estimating log volume; it take care of log taper

Correction factor= true volume of a tree (m3)

Breast height based volume (m3)

22
 Agro-Forestry
• Practice of forestry in farmlands for obtaining numerous benefits
such as wood, fuel and forage, etc.

23
 Felling
• Harvesting of trees at the end of rotation

24
 Fibre
• Very long and narrow woody cells with thickened cell wall; pointed
ends; found in broad leaved trees.

Hardwoods
Softwoods (tracheids)
25
Thanks

26
Basic Terms in Forestry

1
 Forest
• A community of plants and animals dominated by woody vegetation

2
 Forestry
• Science and art of managing forests for obtaining maximum sustained
yield of timber, forage, etc.

3
 Forest land
• Land under forest or capable of supporting forest or reserved for
growing a forest by some authority.

4
 Forest Inventory
• Survey of forest growing stock for estimating its total volume,
growth rate, etc.

5
 G.B.H.
• Girth of tree stem at breast height (about 1.37 meters or 4.5 feet).

D
6
 Girdling
• Removal of a narrow band of living bark around a stem for promoting
flowering or for killing it

7
 Gymnosperms:
• Trees with naked seeds lying on flat ovaries, i.e. conifers

8
 Habitat
• The environment (Place and climate) where an organism grows/lives

9
 Halophytes
• Plants that can tolerate high concentration of salts.

10
 Hard Board
• A thin board of hard consistency made by strongly pressing
together of glued and heated fibres of wood or of agricultural waste
products.

11
 Healing in trench
• A trench in moist shady place where planting material is buried for
temporary storage.

12
 Heartwood
• Central core of a tree stem, usually darker in color due to deposition
of waste biological products.

13
DISTRIBUTION OF TREES IN THE
FARMLANDS
 Agroforestry
• Practice of forestry in farmlands for obtaining numerous benefits such as
wood, fuel and forage, etc.

Coffee + Rubber tree

Poplar + wheat

Success or failure of agroforestry dependant

on wise distribution of farmland trees!!!!!
 Factors to determine tree distribution

⚫ Objectives of Agro-forestry: timber versus protective

⚫ Tree species and chracteristices: growth habit,
depth of root system, shape of the crown, branch angle,
deciduous or evergreen, etc.
Crown shapes
Branch angle
 Factors to determine tree distribution

⚫ Objectives of Agro-forestry: timber versus protective

⚫ Tree species and chracteristices: growth habit,
depth of root system, shape of the crown, branch angle,
deciduous or evergreen, etc.
⚫ Farm crops characteristics, its light requirement,
depth of root system, sensitivity to desiccating winds, etc.
⚫ Site conditions: moisture, erosion, salinity
⚫ Market conditions: requirements and price
Methods of tree distribution

➢ Inter-planting
➢ Linear planting, shelterbelts
➢ Compact block planting
 1-INTER-PLANTING
Growing of trees and crops side by side in the same field.
Practiced in many countries of the world to obtain various benefits!

Spacing vary from 7-14 m

In Changa Manga for poplar

trees 10 x 10 m
 1-INTER-PLANTING
General practice
Forest land is put to agriculture use for a few years
after harvesting or during regeneration

Benefits obtained:

i. Income ii. Bumpered crop yeild

iii. Forest establishment free of cost

 Qualities of suitable tree
▪Deep rooted
▪Fast growing: shorter rotation
▪Straight erect stem and ascending branches
▪Deciduous
▪Conical crown with light shade
▪High market value
 Suitable trees and crops
▪Trees: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Bombax ceiba,
Populus deltoides etc.
▪Crops: Wheat, Barley, Oat, Berseem, Lucerne etc.
▪Cotton and rice are not suitable

Poplar
Simbal
 Competition reduction

▪Intense for identical species or identical requirements.

▪Pruning /adjustments/stratification for different plants
▪Symbiosis relation of trees: fertility enhancement
▪Micro-climate moderation.
 2. LINEAR PLANTING
Planting of trees in lines: along road, canal, water channel etc.

Common in Europe, Russia, N. America to moderate climate

Distance b/w trees can vary from 3 to 8 m.

Shelterbelts: When planted for protective role : can be single

row or 2 rows
LINEAR PLANTING
LINEAR PLANTING
Questions…….???
DISTRIBUTION OF TREES IN THE
FARMLANDS
 Competition reduction by
⚫ Proper orientation of tree lines with respect of sun
movement: east-west direction
⚫ Selection of suitable species: species suitable for inter-
planting are also suitable for linear planting. Acacia
nilotica
⚫ Cultural operations: pruning: reduce the competition
for light and trenching: minimize competition for water
and nutrients.
⚫ Selection of suitable crops: certain crops being more
sensitive or strong light-demanders, i.e. cotton and rice
should not be grown in close proximity to trees. Fodder
crops are very suitable
 ▪ Short rotation:young trees cause less harm Larger trees:
larger crown ,extensive root system. Obstructions in
equipment and machinery. Light,nutrients etc.

▪ Proper location: (a) between a farm road and water

channel (b) around water pond (C) around farm-house or
village, etc.

Edge Effect and environmental factors: trees reduce environmental extremes`

 Shelter-Belts
• Linear Planted trees for the purpose of protecting crops,
houses, animal sheds etc.
 Shelter-Belts
Single Row: Alternative conincal tree (Kikar) with Shrubs (Kaner)
Two Row shelterbelts: First line shrubs second line tall trees
Three Row shelterbelts: Shrubs, medium sized tree, tall trees
Windward side

Leeward side
 SHELTER BELTS
o Spacing between any two shelterbelts:
wind velocity, land configuration
15-25 times the tree height
o Orientation
Right angle to prevailing hot/cold wind
If variable: average, leeward side bend.
o Porosity
Must not thick/solid:
Should be porous (40-60%)
Differential air pressure avoid
o Uniformity of Porosity
single row, 2 row or 3 row shelterbelts.
o Continuity of shelter belts
Should be continuous without break
Opening in shelterbelt can severely damage.
• windbreaks and shelterbelts,
Wind breaks around a farm house
 3. COMPACT BLOCK PLANTING

⚫ Growing of trees in the form of compact blocks

without crops
⚫ Some situations do not permit interplanting or
linear planting
⚫ Spacing : 3 x 2 b/w trees
Compact Block of Eucalyptus
 COMPACT BLOCK PLANTING
(advantages)
⚫ Wood quality is better
⚫ Less intensive post-planting care is required
⚫ Tree species that are unfit for inter or linear
planting can grown
⚫ The effect of tress on soil becomes more
conspicuous
⚫ One can grow trees of large size
Questions…….???
Week No. Dates Contents Name of Teacher

September 10,11 Basic Concepts, Importance and Potential of Forestry and Agro-
1 Dr. M. Ayyuob Tanvir
Forestry
September
2 16, 17, 18 Functional Tree Morphology Dr. M. Ayyuob Tanvir

Sept- October
3 30, 1, 2 Plant Growth and Environment (Environmental Factors) Dr. Fahad Rasheed

October
4 07, 08, 09 Principles of Forestry and Agro-Forestry Dr. Khayyam Anjum

October
14, 15, 16 Land Capability Classification, Introduction to Various Agro-
5 Dr. Khayyam Anjum
Forestry Systems

October
6 21, 22, 23 Distribution of Trees in The Farmlands Dr. M. Frarrakh Nawaz

October
7 28, 29, 30 Basic Forestry Terms, Dr. M. Frarrakh Nawaz

November Tree Harvesting and Utilization

8 04, 05, 06 Mr. Muhammad Asif

November
9 11, 12, 13 Revision of Course up to Mid Test Mr. Muhammad Asif

November
10 18, 19, 20 Forest Types of -I H. Masood Ahmad

November
11 25, 26, 27 Forest Types of Pakistan-II H. Masood Ahmad

December
12 02, 03, 04 Tree Planting in Problem Soils Dr. Irfan Ahmad

December
13 09, 10, 11 Introduction to Range and its Importance Dr. Zahoor H. Khan

December
14 16, 17, 18 Range Ecosystem Principles of Range Management Dr. Zahoor H. Khan

December
23, 24, 30 Introduction to Wildlife and its Importance,
15 Dr. Rashid A. Khan
Principles of Wildlife Management

Dec-January
16 31, 01, 06 Important Wildlife Species of Dr. Ihsan Qadir

January
17 07, 08,13 Basic Forestry Terms-2 Dr. Fahad Rasheed

January
18 14, 15, 20 Revision of Course Dr. Irfan Ahmad
FRW 401 3(2-1)

By
Dr. Fahad Rasheed
Introduction and Basic Concepts
INTRODUCTION (i)
 WOOD
A natural organic material: being used for many
centuries
✓ as construction material
✓ and a variety of other structures
INTRODUCTION (ii)

What is wood?
Wood is a central core of stem which
consists of dead xylem tissues.
 Introduction (iii)

 Tree
✓ Perennial woody green plant
✓ Distinct upright stem (6 ft or more).
 INTRODUCTION (iv)
Shrubs Perennial woody green plant
Whose stem cannot be distinguished from stem
Forest (i)
Forest (ii)
Introduction (v)
 Forest
A community of flora and fauna dominated
by wood vegetation is called forest

Flora: trees, shrubs, herbs, crops grasses
Fauna: Animals etc.

 FORESTRY: Application of science and arts

to mange a forest for getting maximum
yields on sustained bases
 Agro-FORESTRY /FARM FORESTRY
Practice of forestry in farm lands for
obtaining numerous benefits such as wood,
fuel, food, forage, shelter etc. OR
Growing of trees along with farm crops is
known farm forestry
Types of Agro-Forestry

 Alleycropping
 (growing crops between trees planted in rows).
 Silvopasture (Tree and pasture combinations)
 windbreaks and shelterbelts,
 Riparian buffer strips (Trees, grasses, and/or
shrubs planted in areas along streams or rivers)
 Forest farming (natural forested area is managed for
both wood products and an additional enterprise)
ADVANTGES OF FOREST
 ADVANTGES OF FOREST
Trees
➢ Take our waste carbon dioxide
Relationship b/w forests and GHE
▪ Addition of CO2 by artificial way through
burning of fossil fuel:
Railway, Industries, automobiles and
domestic cooking
▪ The Excess CO2 has created a GHE

▪ CO2 allows solar radiation to penetrate

through earth surface but does not allow
earth radiation to pass through and radiate
back to space
 Remember that:
 To grow a pound of wood, a tree uses 1.47
pounds of carbon dioxide and gives off 1.07
pounds of oxygen.
Ref: Smith, M. Scott. 2002.
http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Forestry/forestr
y.html.

o A mature leafy tree produces as much oxygen in

a season as 10 people inhale in a year

Follow the rule:

Cutting of trees (Prohibition) Act 1992.
Punishment for Cutting of trees w/o prior
permission.
❖ Fine of Rs. 5000 + Occupation of Cutting
Tools and equipment
 Potential of a tree to produce per day
Oxygen (in term of Rs.)?
How much oxygen does a person consume in a
day?

 The average adult at rest inhales and

exhales something like 7 or 8 liters (about
1/4 of a cubic foot) of air per minute. Thus
a total of 11,000 liters of air (388 cubic
feet) per day is needed.
 About 20-percent oxygen is available from
the inhaled air, the same is 15-percent by
the air exhaled, so about 5-percent of the
volume of air is consumed in each breath
for yielding CO2.
Potential of a tree to produce per day
Oxygen (in term of Rs.)? (Contd.)
 Therefore, a human being uses about 550
liters (5% of 11000) of pure oxygen (19
cubic feet) per day.

Ref: http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-
body/systems/respiratory/question98.htm

(Price of oxygen: Rs 1200/230 cft OR Rs 150 kg-

1: (Rs. 5.00 cft-1)
 A mature leafy tree produces as much
oxygen in a season as 10 people inhale in
a year
ADVANTGES OF FOREST (DIRECT) (i)
 Timber Wood: Construction, agricultural
equipment and household articles
 Charcoal
 Fire wood
 Forage: For cattle in dry season and
shortage period of fodder
 Food=> Fruit, Nuts,
ADVANTGES OF FOREST (DIRECT) (ii)
 Dyes
 Medicine
⚫ Smoke of Neem powder is mosquito
repellent
⚫ Eucalyptus and Cassia fistula: Treatment
of influenza
⚫ is also used)
 Raw Material: For sports and
decoration pieces
INDIRECT ADVANTAGES OF FOREST (i)

 1. Source of income: i-Increase crop production

ii-Minor forest product
iii-Honey from forest.
iv-Silk by raring Silkworm on
Morus alba.
v-Provision of raw material for
Industries
vi-Poles, plywood, timber, paper
board, gums, oils, sport
goods.
2. Soil Fertility: Rhizobium (in nodules),
(N-Fixation) Nitrobacteria (in Soils), etc.
Improve soil structure
(by adding organic matter)
3. Landscaping
INDIRECT ADVANTAGES OF FOREST
1. Source of income:
➢ Increase crop production
➢ Minor forest product
➢ Honey from forest.
➢ Silk by raring Silkworm on Morus alba.
➢ P. rob. =>Resin on distillation
➢ Resin=Turpentine oil (75%) and Rosin (22%)
➢ Provision of raw material for
Industries
➢ Poles, plywood, timber, paper board, gums, oils,
sport goods.
➢ Moderation of climate
INDIRECT ADVANTAGES OF FOREST (ii)
4. Role for Environmental Stability

i. Moderation of climate: Shelterbelts

decrease wind speed
Increase atmospheric
humidity,
Minimize temperature
fluctuation

ii. Control of Water logging and salinity

iii. Decrease of soil erosion
INDIRECT ADVANTAGES OF FOREST (iii)

iv. Watershed protection

v. Habitat of wildlife
vi. Prevention of floods
vii. Minimizing of Land-sliding
INDIRECT ADVANTAGES OF
FOREST (iv)
According a research conducted by Andrio
(Univ. of Cambridge, Dept of Plant
Sciences)
❖ About 70% of Carbon containing
Biomass in Fish comes from Forest
trees
 Economic importance of Forest
in current scenario (i)
 Forests play a vital role in our economy.
 Contributions of wood industries in our
economy = Rs. 30 million which is 60%
of total G.D.P. whereas,
 Contribution of forest resources in G.D.P
is only = 0.15%
 Consumption of wood for different
purpose = 35 millions m3 whereas,
 Economic importance of Forest
in current scenario (ii)

 Local production of wood = 19 million m3

 Import of wood => 35-19=16 million m3
 Thus: about Rs 20 billion/anum are being
spent on 16 million of wood
 About 60% of domestic energy (for fuel)
is obtained from wood
Economic importance of Forest
in current scenario (iii)
In many developing countries fuel
wood is the major source of energy,
supplying as much as 97% of total
consumption.

Over the coming years 3 billion

people worldwide will face acute fuel
wood shortages as this resource
disappears from traditional fuel wood
sources.
What is your perception now?

Is it possible
to survive in
forest deficit
scenario?
Follow the rule:
Cutting of trees (Prohibition) Act
1992.
➢ Punishment for Cutting of trees
w/o prior permission.
➢ Fine of Rs 5000 + Occupation of
Cutting Tools and equipment
We must not ignore the ground reality (1)?

 Recommended % forest area for a balanced

economic and environmental stability=20-
25%
 Present forest area = 4.5%
(with uneven distribution)
-Four fifth (4/5) is located in N. area:
-Remaining 1/5 is spread all over the
country in 3 province which covers 84%
of the total area of Pakistan.
We must not ignore the ground reality (2)

 Our major handicaps

= small % age of forest area
with its uneven distribution.

 Scientific estimate: If 50,000 acres

of land per anum is brought under
trees by governmental agencies in
traditional way, the per year
increase in forest area will be
=0.025% i.e. (2.5% after 100 yrs.)
We must not ignore the ground reality
(3)

To have 1% increase in forest in

Punjab:
✓ An additional 7 lac cusec irrigational
water
✓ An additional We need 2 lac Ha land.
✓ Investment mony worth of Rs 700
billion.
Importance of Agro-Forestry (i)
 Timber wood requirement is fulfilled
by:
State-forest = 20%
Farmaland = 45%
Import = 35%
 Contribution of farmland for our total
Fuel wood production 90%:
 Contribution of farmland in our total
timber wood production 60-70%:
Importance of Agro-Forestry (ii)

How to overcome the present

situation?
The above referred facts depicts a gloomy picture of
our forests like Pakistan which mainly depend upon its
agricultural products for its economic development.

The only possible way is:

To enhance our forest resources
To adopt agro-forestry practices on scientific lines.
Importance of Agro-Forestry (iii)

Wood Production Potential in Farmland

% Tree % Timber % Fuelwood

cover of producing Producing
farmland
Existing 2 60-70 90

Potential 10 Saving of Rs 30 billion with 25

m3 additional wood up to 2020
Importance of Agro-Forestry (iv)
Wood Production potential in farmland

Parameter Farm Forest State Forest

Growth rate 11% 1.5%
Cost of 47 m-3 372 m-3
production (Rs)
Profit/loss (%) 200-400 5-50% Loss

Possible 4-5 times doubled

increase in area
Importance of Agro-Forestry (v)
Suggestions=>

The above discussion suggests clearly to

have a revolutionary approach: i.e.
-Involvement of local people especially
the farmer in making our country green
during our life time.
-The farmer must be aware about
productive as well as protective role of
trees for safeguarding the vital interest
of agricultural land and its produce.
 Importance of Agro-Forestry (vi)

 It is interesting to note that growing of trees

along with farm crop is especially becoming
popular now a days.

 Farmer must realize the protective role of

trees
 Farmer must understand that farming alone
cannot be done successfully particularly in
marginal soils or in our extreme climate.
 The only way to success under these
conditions is to grow farm crops of trees
side by side.
 Reasons for not increasing
forest area of Pakistan
 Lack of research
 Small holding
 Delayed income
 Tree-crop competition: For food, water and light.
Farmers do not grow plants near the crops.
 Trees are carrier of pathogens
 Difficulties in farm operations
 Lack of publicity.
MEASURES TO INCREASE THE
AREA OF PRODUCTION

 Publicity
Education of farmer to get awareness
about modern techniques and benefits of
trees.
 Financial Assistance:
 Provision of planting material
 Agro forestry graduates
 Research
 Wood Based Industries:
 Managerial objectives of Agro-forestry
under various climatic, edaphic
or socio-economic conditions
Northern areas (Temperate climate),
Soil of water conservation
Production of timber of fuel wood
 Planis of Punjab and Sindh
Controle of W. logging and salinity
Production of fuel wood
 Desert area (Punjab of Sindh and dry mountains
area of Baluchistan)
Sheltring of farm crop of homes against
both cold dry wind and
Production forage during cold dry period
Tree as a compliment of history
SAVE ENVIRONMENT
THANKS
From: Dr. Irfan Ahmad
Happy to see you
once again
FUNCTIONAL TREE
MORPHOLOGY
 TREES OF PAKISTAN
In Pakistan, more than 430 tree species are
distributed over 82 families and 226 genera. Out
of these 22 species from 5 families and 11 genera
belong to softwood trees of gymnosperms. For
all plant families found in Pakistan, see Flora of
Pakistan.
 Parts of a tree

❖ Crown
❖ Stem/ Bole and limbs
❖ Roots
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (i)
❖ Parts:
▪ Leaves
▪ Flowers
▪ Seeds
▪ Twigs,
▪ branches.
CROWN (The Head of a tree) (ii)
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (iii)
❖ Types of Leaves :
✓ Needle shaped:
Common Trees: Pines, Cedar,
Spurce, Firs etc
✓ Broad leaves.
Common Trees: Dalbergia sissoo
Populus deltoides,
Morus alba etc.
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (iv)
❖ Other Types of Leaves
✓ Simple vs compound
✓ Large leathery leaves vs small scaly leaves etc.
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (v)
❖ Flowers
✓ Small, dull colored and inconspicuous.
✓ Pollination is generally by wind.
❖ Seeds (Important regeneration source of plants)
✓ Naked in Gymnosperm
✓ Enclosed in the fruit in Angiosperms.
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (vi)
✓ Parts of Seed:
◼ Food storage chamber i.e. Endosperm/cotyledons
◼ Embryo i.e. Future plant or Baby tree
◼ Testa i.e. protective cover.
◼ Plumule (future shoot)
◼ Radicle (future root)
✓ Seeds Characters
▪ Some seeds germinate on the tree but some after falling.
▪ Some undergo dormancy.
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (vii)
❖ Twigs
◼ Small branches of thumb thickness or less.
Support the leaves.
◼ Woody in nature.
◼ Entire tissue is alive.
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (viii)
◼ Function of Twigs:
✓ Support the leaves, flower and fruit to keep them
well spaced in the atmosphere to perform their
proper role.
✓ transport water, minerals and synthesized food in
one or other direction.
✓ Upward movement of water and nutrients
✓ Synthesized food downward
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (ix)
◼ Uses of Twigs:
◼ Twigs are the important source of plant
propagation
◼ Cuttings are used for multiplication of many
deciduous trees by vegetative method
 CROWN (The Head of a tree) (x)
❖ Branches
✓ Larger twigs
✓ Woody in nature.
✓ Thickness is thumb to wrist.
✓ Central core of branches is generally dead.
◼ Function: Same as twigs
✓ Act as food storage.
✓ They support twigs
✓ Responsible for giving proper shape to the tree
 STEM AND LIMBS
❖ Limbs
✓ Limbs are larger branches (Size:Over wrist thickness)
✓ Fuel and timber use
◼ Function of limbs (same as branches)
❖ Stem:
✓ Most important and useful part of tree.
✓ Woody in nature and central core is dead.
◼ Function
✓ Stem sports limbs, limbs carry branches and braches
uphold limbs and leaves.
✓ They also transport water nutrients and food in the tree.
 Anatomy of trees
Wood: Central core of stem
(Dead xylem tissues)
CROSS SECTION OF STEM (i)
 Wood Macroscopic Structure
Annual Rings Outer Bark

Phloem
(inner bark) Pith

Xylem Cambium

Heartwood Earlywood
Knot
Sapwood

Latewood
CROSS SECTION OF STEM (ii)

◼ Pith
◼ Heartwood
◼ Sapwood
◼ Cambium
◼ Phloem
◼ Bark
◼ 2 growth spurts
◼ Earlywood
◼ Latewood
CROSS SECTION OF STEM (iii)

v
CROSS SECTION OF STEM (iv)
 CROSS SECTION OF STEM (iv)
❖ Heart wood
◼ Central core of dead xylem is surrounded by
thin layer of living xylem
◼ This layer transports water & nutrients from
soil to leaves.
CROSS SECTION OF STEM (v)
Function of Heartwood
◼ Deposition of food & waste products in central
woody cells and in canals.
Formation Annual ring
➢ Spring & summer woody cells= larger than the cell
➢ Woody cells of autumn & early winter= Samaller
❖ Both layers can be easily distinguished.
❖ Layer of spring/summer cells & a layer of autumn/winter is
called annual ring or annual growth layer.
◼ Layers are generally visible, indicate the age &
growth of tree (in conifers).
 CROSS SECTION OF STEM (vi)
◼ Central core dead thick walled xylem cells
and is called wood.
◼ Trachieds (Woody cells with oblique end
walls) in Gymnosperms and vessels (Large
woody cells with partially or completely open
end walls) Angiosperms.
 CROSS SECTION OF STEM (ix)
◼ Vessels distributed uniformly throughout the
C.S or concentrated in the form of rings.
◼ Some ray cells (Living parenchyma) also
present in radial direction.
◼ Central ray cells collapse and give rise to
canals.
 Cambium
◼ Living xylem is surrounded by a narrow layer
of growth cells i.e. Cambium.
◼ Function

✓ Responsible for leteral growth

✓ Produce xylem cells Inside and phloem outside.
✓ Cambium is Surrounded by phloem consisting of
sieve tubes and companion cells.
 Cambium (ii)
◼ Phloem transport synthesized food. Outer most
layers is called bark consists of dead phloem.
◼ Protects the inner living layer form extreme
temperature, drought and other factors.
◼ Bark yields important tree products like tannin
and cork for bottle stoppers and insulation.
 ROOT
◼ Underground part of the tree.
◼ Consisting of woody and fibrous parts.
◼ Woody part provide mechanical support,
transport and storage of food.
◼ Structure
➢ Central core dead xylem
➢ Many conductive tissues; mostly dead
➢ Conductive tissues of outer periphery; most of are
alive and functional.
 Root Layers
◼ The central core is surrounded by a single layer of
tightly packed, cemented cells called endodermis.
◼ Controls the movement of water & solutes. Degree of
control depends on vigor of cells.
◼ The next layer is called cortex.
◼ Loosely packed living parenchyma cells. Provide
cushion & lubrication.
◼ Outer most layer is corky tissue, Waste products are
deposited in it.
 Fibrous Roots
◼ Thin & Long, consist of few bundles of conductive
tissue
◼ Two additional structure, i.e. R.cap & R.hair
◼ Root Cap: is at the tip of F.roots, consist of loosely
packed living cells & provide lubrication.
◼ Root Hair: single celled appendages, increase the
area, absorb nutrients and water.
◼ Root surface area is 2-3 times more than leaf area
◼ F.roots of legume trees, also infected by nitrogen
fixing bacteria.
THANKS
LAND CAPABILITY
CLASSIFICATION
 Land Capability Class
• Land capability classification is a system of
grouping soils primarily on the basis of their
capability to produce common cultivated
crops and pasture plants without deteriorating
over a long period of time.
• Classes. Land capability classification is
subdivided into capability class and capability
subclass.
 Capability Class
• Capability class is the broadest category
in the land capability classification
system. Class codes I (1), II (2), III (3), IV
(4), V (5), VI (6), VII (7), and VIII (8) are
used to represent both irrigated and non
irrigated land capability classes.
 Capability Subclass
• Capability subclass is the second
category in the land capability
classification system. Class codes e, w, s,
and c are used for land capability
subclasses.
 Evaluation of Important Land
Features
➢To properly evaluate range or intensity of each
land feature is broken down into degrees.
➢e.g, soil depth: deep, moderately shallow and
shallow
➢ Steepness of slope: nearly level, gently slopping,
moderately slopping strongly sloping,
➢Erosion: no apparent erosion, moderate erosion,
severe erosion, v.severe erosion and v.severely
gullied.
 Capability Classes
• 1. Land suited for conventional farming

• 2. Land suited for Permanent vegetation

 Class I
➢Very good
➢Nearly leveled
➢Does not wash or blow readily.
➢The soil is deep and easy to work.
➢Holds water well
➢Well supplied with plant nutrients
➢No pre-cautions, no treatments and no
limitations regarding the use of this land
➢Colour shown on the map= Light green
 Class II
➢Good, but not quite as good as class I.
➢Certain limitations
➢Slope may be just enough to create erosion hazard.
➢May be slightly wet and may require a few drains
➢May not have quite as good water holding capacity as
Class I land
➢May require light and occasional additional watering.
➢Good management is required
 Class II
➢Management Practices:
➢Contouring
➢Cover Crop
➢Simple Water Management
➢Crop Rotation
➢Use of Fertilizers
➢Colour shown on the map= Yellow
 Class III
➢Moderately good land for cultivation.
➢More limited in use than class II
➢Because of some natural restrictions
➢Can be used regularly for crops but with Intensive
precautions and some treatments
➢Poorly drained and may requires intensive
drainage.
➢Trees should be planted for protection purpose
➢Colour shown on the map= Red.
 Class IV
➢Good enough for occasional cultivation under
careful management,
➢Not suited for regular cultivation because
➢Large part is steep, danger of erosion
➢Some flat sandy lands are droughty.
➢Trees should be planted for protection and
amelioration
➢Colour shown on the map= Blue
 Class V
➢Not suitable for regular cultivation except in pockets.
➢Natural Limitations:
➢Stoniness, steep slopes; water logging etc.
➢Excellent for Forestry
➢Good management is must
➢Trees should be planted for production and protection
➢Colour shown on the map= Dark Green
 Class VI
➢Absolutely not suitable for regular cultivation
➢Limited for grazing or forestry
➢Features: shallow soil, steep slopes, excessive
stream bank cutting
➢Amelioration for crop production is difficult
➢Trees, shrubs, bushes and grasses should be
palnted
➢Colour shown on the map= Orange
 Class VII
➢Not only unsuited for cultivation
But
➢Several limitations for grazing or forestry.
➢Requires extreme care to prevent erosion.
➢Used for either grazing or woodland with
special care.
➢Bushes and grasses should be planted
Colour shown on the map= Brown
 Class VIII
➢Suited only for wildlife or recreation purposes.
➢Extremely dry
➢ rough, steep, stony, sandy,
➢wet, or severely eroded

➢Colour shown on the map= Purple

 Capability Subclasses
• Subclass e is made up of soils for which the
susceptibility to erosion is the dominant
problem
• Subclass w is made up of soils for which
excess water is the dominant hazard or
limitation affecting their use.
• Poor soil drainage, wetness, a high water
table, and overflow are the factors that affect
soils in this subclass.
 Capability Subclasses
• Subclass s is made up of soils that have soil
limitations within the rooting zone, such as
shallowness of the rooting zone, stones, low
moisture-holding capacity, low fertility that is
difficult to correct, and salinity or sodium
content.
• Subclass c is made up of soils for which the
climate (the temperature or lack of moisture)
is the major hazard or limitation affecting their
use.
 Land Capability Classes
Increased Limitations and Hazards + Decreased Adaptability +freedom of choice of use
Increasing Intensity→
LAND
USE → Map Limited Moderate Intensive Limited Moderate Intensive
Wildlife Forestry
colour Grazing Grazing Grazing Cultivation Cultivation Cultivation
Class↓

Light
I
Green

II Yellow

III Red

IV Blue

Dark
V
Green

VI Orange

VII Brown

VIII Purple
THANKS
 Plant growth &
Environmental factors

By
Dr. Fahad Rasheed
Assistant professor
Dept of Forestry
UAF
• Resumption of growth after a time of arrested
embryonic development

• Environmental factors influence germination

– Spring rains provide the water amounts necessary to swell

and rupture the seed coat (imbibition)

– Oxygen moves in and allows the embryo to switch to

aerobic metabolism

– Increase temperatures
 Growth and development are necessary for plants
to survive

 Growth is defined as an increase in the number, size,

and volume of cells

 Development is the emergence of specialized,

morphologically different body parts

 Plant hormones have central roles in the selective

gene expression underlying cell differentiation and
patterns of development.
• Gibberellins: Promote stem elongation

• Cytokinins: Stimulate cell division in root and shoot

meristems, where they are most abundant.

▪ Auxins: Affect lengthening of stems and coleoptiles

(the protective cylinder that covers and protects the
tender leaves during germination)

▪ Abscisic Acid (ABA): Inhibits cell growth, helps

prevent water loss (by promoting stomata closure),
and promoting seed and bud dormancy.
There are 3 key processes that occurs during plant growth

 Photosynthesis Light energy is used to convert

abiotic components in to biotic
components

 Respiration Convertion of biotic componemts to a

biotic components and release of
energy

 Transpiration Getting water from the roots to the

leaves
Is a chemical reaction that occurrs in the
chloroplasts.
 Convert light energy to chemical energy.

 Produces glucose that is used to build

cell components.

Water + Carbon Dioxide → Glucose + Oxygen

6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Converted to

Carbohydrates
(e.g. starch)
 Chlorophyll is a green pigment inside the
chloroplasts found in plant cells.
 Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis
 At the center there is a Mg molicule surrounded by
four N molicules?
 Deficiency causes yellowing of leaves
Oxygen + Glucose → Water + Carbon Dioxide
O2 + C6H12O6 → H2O + CO2

Energy released

This energy is the useful

output that ‘power’ other
cell processes such as the
formation of proteins and
lipids
Purpose of respiration
 Release energy from glucose.

 The water and carbon dioxide

are waste products and most
of the water and carbon
dioxide exit the plants through
the stomata.

 Respiration occurs in all living

cells in the plant.
Consequently oxygen is
needed in all parts of the
plants including the roots
Transpiration is the process of that starts
with water movement
 Into the roots
 Up the stem and
 Out of the stomata in the leaves.

 Invisible process—you can't just go and

see the leaves "sweating".
 During a growing season, a leaf
transpires many times more water than
its own weight.
 A large oak tree can transpire 151,000
liters per year. A hectare of corn gives
off about 30,000-45,000 liters of water
each day.
• Surroundings of a living thing

• Climatic factors
• Edaphic factors
• Physiographic factors
• Biotic factors
• Pyric factors

 Maximum level
 Minimum Level
 Optimum level
 Climate – average weather of an area

 Air
 Precipitation
 Temperature
 Light etc.
 Humidity
 Wind
 Airpollution
 Elevation (temperature)
 Amount

 Form

 Distribution patterns

 Intensity

Soil moisture
 Deficiency, excess
 Precipitation is most abundant in tropical/sub-tropical regions

 Areas of high precipitation/rainfall have dense forest vegetation

 Years of high precipitation/rainfall are years of abundant forest
growth
 Average temperature between 20-25 C is best for growth purposes
 High temperature is a threat only when accompanied with drought
 Unexpected/sudden changes in temperature are more damaging for
trees than gradual seasonal changes
 Qunatity
 and Duration.

 Shade tolerant and intolerent species.

 Chlorophyll does not absorb green light – instead it reflects

green light and the plant (leaf) looks green.
 Soil depth
 Texture
 Structure
 Drainage
 Soil profile
 horizons
 Humus
<20% humus = mineral soil
>20% humus = organic soil

 Provides nutrients, aeration

 Increases water holding capacity
Leaf humus
 Deeper soils have a large pool of moisture and
nutrients. Trees use these nutrients and easily
overcome drought.

 Shallow soils susceptible to erosion, lack of

nutrients and rapid fluctuations in temperature
 Microorganisms
 Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa,
actinomycetes
 Insects
 Earthworms, beetles, nematodes,
ants

Importance to plants
 Aerate soil
 Become humus on death
 Influence soil pH
 13 essential mineral nutrients
 N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl, Mn, B, Zn, Cu,
Mo
 3 essential non-mineral nutrients
 C, H, O
LIEBIG’s LAW OF MINIMUM
 States that growth is controlled not by the total of
resources available, but by the scarcest resource
(limiting factor).

 The water level in the barrel represents plant

growth.
 By adding more light, Phosphorus, warmth etc
there will be no further increase in growth.

 What is the limiting factor?

What makes these nutrients essential? deficiencies
S K Mg

Fe P
 Slope
▪ Land forms and degree of slope have strong
modifying effect on available nutrients etc.

 Aspect of slope
▪ Direction of slope with respect to sun.

Altitude
Height of place from sea level.

 Latitude
▪ Distance from equator
Competition
 Trees with trees.

 Trees with crops

 More density more competition and vice versa

 More competition b/w trees of same species and less
b/w trees of different species.

 Trees provide protection to each other. e.g. nurse

tree.

 Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the root nodules fix

nitrogen.

 Livestock/animals/birds help in dispersal of seeds

 These are related to forest fire

Forest fire include:

 Wild fires
 weakens the trees, shrubs in favor of grasses

 Controlled burning
 Regulates vegetation composition and control of weeds.

 Ground fire
 Release nutrients and make them available for other plants.

 Crown fire
 Very dangerous and vigorous.
Thank you
 Very high temperature is a
threat for trees only when
accompanied with drought.

 Unexpected/sudden changes
in temperature are more
damaging for trees than
gradual seasonal changes
A plant tropisms is a growth response

 Evidenced by a turning of a root or shoot

toward or away from an environmental
stimulus.

 Hormones mediate the shifts in rates at

which different cells grow and elongate to
cause the overall response.
 Gravitropisms: isthe growth response to gravity–
shoots grow up, roots grow down.
 Auxins, together with a growth—inhibiting hormone,
may play role in promoting, or inhibiting, growth in
strategic regions
 Statoliths, which are unbound starch grains in the
plastids, respond to gravity and may trigger the
redistribution of auxins.
Stem moving away and roots moving towards gravity
 Phototropisms: is a growth response to light
 Bending toward the light is caused by elongation of
cells (auxin stimulation on the side of the plant not
exposed to light).
 Flavoprotein, a pigment molecule probably plays a role
because of its capacity to absorb blue wavelengths of
light
 Thigmotropism is shift in growth triggered by
physical contact with surrounding objects.
 Prevalent in climbing vines and in the tendrils that
support some plants
 Auxin and ethylene may have roles in the response
Principals of
Forestry and
Agroforestry

By
Dr. Fahad Rasheed
Assistant Professor
Introduction

 Fast growing population

 Living standards are raising
 Forestry development in important for
balanced growth in agriculture and industry
 Higher production of paper, construction and
furniture wood and even of fuel wood is
required.
 Linear and compact plantation are
indispensable for sustainable forest
production.
Some Statistics
 Forest area 4.4mha (4.9%)
 State forest 1.29mha
 Privately owned forests 3.1mha.

 Per capita fuel wood consumption

0.205m3 and total 34.95 mm3
 Per capita timber consumption is 0.08m3
and total of 13.57m3.

 91% is met by agroforestry, 5% imports and

3% by state forests
Imports of wood

 Wood of worth 5.4 billion is imported

during 2008-2009.

 According to FBR report, only Canadian

exports to Pakistan are of $60 million in
2007.

 Problemis how to increase forest area

and production?
Increasing wood production?
 Increasing state forest area.
 Most area is arid and receives low
precipitation to support sustainable growth.
 Tree plantation is difficult due to site
inaccessibility.

 Promoting agroforestry
 Immense potential lies in this sector

 Promoting urban forestry

 Immense potential lies in this sector
Basic concepts
 Tree:
Perennial plant with distinct woody
stem of 6 feet or more

 Shrub:Perennial woody green plant

whose stem stem can not be
distinguished from branches.

 Bush: Small shrub up to 3-4 feet height.

 Forest: A community of flora and fauna
dominated by woody vegetation

 Forestry: Application of science for growing

tree crops on suitable land for maximum
production and sustainability.

 Forest ecosystem: A large natural community

of flora and fauna with distinct boundaries
and dominated by woody vegetation.

 Silviculture: Science and art of establishing

tending and perpetuating a desired tree
crop.
Principles of Forestry and
Agroforestry
1. Precise objective of Forestry or
agroforestry for a specific site
 Extremelyimportant to determine
objective before planning out further.

 Entrepreneur
must consider their
preference and visit the site:
 Note environmental conditions
 Needs of local peoples
 Market potential
Continue…
 A site may have more than one possible
objectives but need to prepare a priority list.

 Some objectives of forestry and agroforestry

might be:
 Moderation of climatic extremes (rendering
shelter to farm residents and animals)
 To conserve and ameliorate the soil.
 To provide forage during cold or dry periods
 To provide fire wood and timber

 Once the objective is decided then all

operations are conducted to achieve those
objectives
2. Selection of Suitable site

 The
sites are categorized from highly
productive down to least productive.

 Highly
productive sites are the one with all
environmental factors favorable for plant
growth.
 Climatic factors
 Edaphic factors
 Physiographic factors
Continue…
 There are land capability classifications
where sites are divided in to 8 classes
 Site quality class IV and V are best forest
sites.
 Sites of quality class VI and VII are of good
to moderate forest soils.

 Correct decision regarding site selection

early stage will ensure success and will
help overcoming minor deficiencies.
3. Selection of suitable species

 Extremely Important.
 Select species suitable for a given set of soil
and climatic condition or market demand.

 Trees must attain a given size before they can

be of value under a given objective.
 For example, some trees are managed for
timber others for fuel wood.
 Some fore managed for forage propose and
shade.
Continue…

 Selected species must not be breeding

place for any insect.

 Theselected species must not be an

alternate host for any serious disease.

 Thereforea lot of search must go in to the

selection of a suitable species.
4. Establishment of woody
vegetation
 Treeand shrubs comes from natural
regeneration but the process is slow and
species such selected are not always
desirable.

 Another reason is that we can not control

plant to plant and row to row distance.
Continue…
 Therefore
artificial regeneration is
important.

 Speeds up the process of regeneration

 Complete control on species selection

 And complete control on where and how

to plant trees
Continue…
 There are four silvicultural several systems
 Clear felling system.
 Selection wood system
 Shelter wood system
 Coppice with standard system

 Linearplantations
 Agroforestry
5. Cultural operations
 Generally trees do not need much cultural
operation once established

 At early stages of tree establishment, trees are

susceptible to environmental factors and
biotic factors.

 Some of them are:

 Watering,
 Staking
 Weeding
 Interplanting
Continue…
 Thinning,
 Pruning
 Pollarding
 Toping etc.

 In agroforestry and liner plantations extra care

is required as individual tree are exposed to
extreme environmental conditions.
 Grazing
 Browsing
 Trampling
6. Timely felling, proper conversion
and skillful marketing
 Felling of trees at proper time is very important.

 Once they have served the predefined objective

(1st Principle), they must be felled, properly
converted and marketed.

 As long as the tree stands on ground, they yield

some production, although they might not do it
efficiently.

 Once the growth is slow, they must be felled, sold

and replaced with young and vigorous tress.
Thanks any questions
 FOREST TYPES
OF
PAKISTAN
bY
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY & RANGE MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN
FOREST TYPES OF PAKISTAN
1- Alpine Scrub Forest
2- Sub-Alpine Forest
3- Himalayan Moist Temperate Forest
4- Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest
5- Sub-Tropical Pine Forest
6- Sub-Tropical Broad Leaved
Evergreen Scrub Forest
FOREST TYPES OF PAKISTAN
7- Dry Tropical Thorn Forest
8-Tropical Littoral and Swamp Forest/
Mangrove (Coastal) Forest
9-Man Made Irrigated Forest
10-Riverain (Bela) Forest
11-Agro-Forest / Farm Forest
12-Linear Plantations
 TYPES OF CLIMATE
• 1 – Tropical Climate
• 2 – Sub-Tropical Climate
• 3 – Temperate Climate
• 4 – Alpine Climate
 DEFINITION OF FOREST TYPE

A group of plants living together under

similar ecological conditions and having
the similar plant successional trends is
called Forest Type (BCFT)
1- ALPINE SCRUB & GRASSLAND
General Description:
Occurs on high mountain tops above sub
alpine forest and below snow lines
The scrub & grasslands are in the form of
narrow belts around mountain tops
Altitudinal Range 12500 feet and above
These are also called Alpine Pastures
ALPINE SCRUB FOREST
GENERAL DESCRIPTION (Alpine Scrub & grassland)

Alpine Scrub zone face very long, severe

winter with heavy snowfall so it is not
easily accessible.
Vegetation of dwarf height with small
leaves
No trees, only shrubs and grasses
Good herbaceous flora with palatable
grasses
Mostly deciduous plants
SNOW LINE AND TIMBER LINE
Snow lines are imaginary lines on high
mountains tops, above which there are
permanent snow caps and glaciers
Timber lines are also imaginary lines on
high mountains, above which there are
no woody trees only shrubs and grasses
are found
SNOW LINE
TIMBER LINE
DISTRIBUTION (Alpine Scrub & grassland)

All regions where mountain height

extended above coniferous tree line
Sawat
Dir, Chatral
Skardu
Gilgit Baltistan
Northern Areas
Azad Jammu & Kashmir
FLORISTICS (Alpine Scrub & grassland)

Only two gymnosperms all others are

angiosperms
Gymnosperm Species:
Juniper (Juniperus communis),
Ephedra (Ephedra nebrodensis)
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS
EPHEDRA NEBRODENSIS
FLORISTICS (Alpine Scrub & grassland)

Angiosperm Species:
Willow (Salix babilonica),
Sumblu (Berberis lyceum),
Chan (Rhododendron arboreum),
Phut (Lonicera japonica),
Guchh (Viburnum nervosum)
2- SUB-ALPINE FOREST
General Description:
Sub-Alpine Forest is the topmost tree
formation in Himalayan mountains
It is below alpine scrub forest and above
temperate forest
Altitudinal Range 11000 to 12500 feet
Two conifer species Fir and Kail are
dominant
SUB-ALPINE FOREST
GENERAL DESCRIPTION (Sub-Alpine Forest)

Lower story is of broad leaved trees

Rocks with little soils
Soil formation process very slow due to
heavy snow fall.
Severe long winter with very short
summer (Alpine Zone)
The forest is being managed under
Selection Wood Silvicultural System
DISTRIBUTION (Sub-Alpine Forest)

Sub alpine zone is topmost tree formation

in Himalayas and its upper boundary is up
to Timber Line. Found in:
Hazara District
Dir, Chitral and Sawat
Skardu
Gilgit
Northern Areas,
Azad Jammu & Kashmir
FLORISTICS (Sub-Alpine Forest)

Conifer species:
Only few conifers occur in this forest
type which are:

Fir or Partal (Abies pindrow)

Kail or Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana )
Juniper (Juniperus communis)
FLORISTICS (Sub-Alpine Forest)

Broadleaved species
Birch (Betula utilus),
Guchh (Viburnum nervosum),
Chan (Rhododendron arboreum),
Batangi (Pyrus pashia),
Willow (Salix acmophylla), (Salix
babilonica)
3-HIMALAYAN MOIST
TEMPERATE FOREST
General Description:
Altitudinal Range 5500 to 11000 feet
Upper boundaries with Sub-Alpine Forest
Lower boundaries with Sub-Tropical
Chirpine Forest
Extensive growth of conifer trees
MOIST TEMPERATE FOREST
GENERAL DESCRIPTION (Moist Temperate Forest )
Most productive Natural Forest of the
country with very tall trees
Very rich Biodiversity
Very thick vegetation cover
Ideal site for Watershed & Wildlife
Catchment areas of Mangla and Tarbela
Dams
Being managed under Selection Wood
Silvicultural System
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOIST
TEMPERATE DRY TEMPERATE
Moist Temperate Zone receives
moisture in the form of rainfall in
summer and snowfall in winter.
Dry Temperate Zone receives moisture
only in the form of snowfall in winter.
There is no rainfall in summer
DISTRIBUTION (Moist Temperate Forest )

Murree
Parts of District Abbottabad,
Mansehra
Hazara
Sawat,
Malakand
Naran Kaghan
Azad Jammun & Kashmir
FLORISTICS (Moist Temperate Forest )

Conifer Species:
Kail (Pinus wallichiana),
Deodar (Cedrus deodara),
Spruce (Picea smithiana),
Fir or Partal (Abies pindrow),
Barmi (Taxus bacata).
FLORISTICS (Moist Temperate Forest)

Broadleaved Species:
Important genera of broadleaved include:
Quercus, Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Fraxinus,
Prunus, Poplar and Ulmus
White oak (Quercus incana),
Barungi (Quercus dilatata),
Brown oak (Quercus semicarpifolia),
Chan (Rhododendron arboreum),
FLORISTICS (Moist Temperate Forest)

Broadleaved Deciduous Species:

Horse Chestnut or Bankhor
(Aesculus indica),
Ash/Sum (Fraxinus hookeri)
Prunus (Prunus padus)
Batangi/Wild pear (Pyrus pashia)
Alnus (Alnus nitida)
Himalayan Poplar (Populus ciliata)
QUESTIONS ???
 FOREST TYPES
OF
PAKISTAN
bY
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY & RANGE MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN
4-HIMALAYAN DRY TEMPERATE
FOREST
General Description
Occurs at 5500 to 11000 feet on Southern
Aspects
Occur at same altitude as Moist
Temperate Forest
Poor productivity as compared to Moist
Temperate Forest
DRY TEMPERATE FOREST
GENERAL DESCRIPTION (Dry Temperate Forest)

Vegetation as a whole is of xerophytic

character with greyish foliage
Winter long and severely cold
Summer short and relatively dry
Due consideration is given to soil and
water conservation
GENERAL DESCRIPTION (Dry Temperate Forest)

Medicinal and aromatic shrubs are

common
Receive heavy snowfall in winter but
there is no monsoon rainfall in summer
that’s why this is called as Dry Temperate
Zone
Managed under Selection Wood
Silvicultural System
DISTRIBUTION (Dry Temperate Forest)

Some parts of Chitral and Kaghan Valley

Northern Areas
Gilgit, Sakardu,
Hunza,
Tribal areas (Wazirstan)
Higher parts of Suleiman Mountain Range
Loralai
Ziarat
FLORISTICS (Dry Temperate Forest)

Conifer Species:
Deodar (Cedrus deodara),
Chalghoza (Pinus gerardiana),
Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana),
Spruce (Picea smithiana),
Pencil Juniper (Juniperus macropoda),
(Juniperus excelsa),
Barmi (Taxus bacata)
FLORISTICS (Dry Temperate Forest)

Broadleaved Species:
Walnut/Akhrote (Juglans regia),
White oak (Quercus incana),
Barungi (Quercus dilatata),
Chan (Rhododendron arboreum),
Horse Chestnut/ Bankhor (Aesculus
indica),
Ash (Fraxinus hookeri),
Maple (Acer oblongum)
5-SUBTROPICAL PINE FOREST
General Description:
Pure forest of Chir Pine
Altitudinal zone between 3000 to 5500
feet
Tree height up to 120 feet
In depressions and on flat areas evergreen
oaks and some deciduous plants are
grown
SUBTROPICAL PINE FOREST
GENERAL DESCRIPTION Sub-Tropical Pine Forest

Evergreen Forest
Even-aged Forest
Pure Forest in some patches
Fire hazards very common in summer
due to heavy needle fall in May-June.
Very important for environment, eco-
tourism and watershed management
Managed under Shelter Wood
Silvicultural System
DISTRIBUTION Sub-Tropical Pine Forest

Kahuta
Margla Hills (Islamabad)
Ghoragali (Muree Hills)
Abbottabad
Mansehra
Haripur
Balakot
Azad Jammun & Kashmir
FLORISTICS Sub-Tropical Pine Forest
Conifer Species:
Single coniferous species Chir (Pinus
roxburghii) is completely dominant.
Broad leaved Species:
Walnut (Juglans regia),
Oak (Quercus incana),
Pear (Pyrus pashia),
Kangar (Pistacia integerrima)
Pomgranate (Punica granatum)
6-SUBTROPICAL BROAD LEAVED
EVERGREEN SCRUB FOREST
General Description:
Consist of shrubs and small tress
Occur on foot hills and lower slopes of
Himalayas
Elevation: 1500 to 3000 feet
Merging downwards with Tropical Thorn
Forests & upwards with the Sub-Tropical
Chir Pine Forest
SCRUB FOREST
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Sub-Tropical Broad-leaved Forest

Vegetation mostly thorny, broad leaved,

evergreen in scrub form
Managed under Selection Wood
Silvicultural System
Small timber, fuel wood and high quality
forage obtained
DISTRIBUTION Sub-Tropical Broad-leaved Forest

Foot hills of Muree ,

Margalla Hills (Islamabad),
Pothowar Region (Rawalpindi)
Salt Range (Jehlum),
Hazara Division (KPK)
Suleiman Mountain Range (Sindh)
Foot hills of Himalayan Mountain Ranges
FLORISTICS Sub-Tropical Broad-leaved Forest

Trees: Phulai (Acacia modesta),

Kau (Olea ferruginea),
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana),
Lahura (Ticoma undulata),
Shrubs: Sanatha (Dodonaea viscosa)
Granda (Carrissa spinarum),
Kangar (Pistacia integerima),
Pataki (Gymnosporia royleana)
7-DRY TROPICAL THORN
FORESTS
General Description:
Forest having thorny hardwood species
Kikar frequently found being characteristic
species of thorn forest
Trees of short bole, low branching crown
and small leaves
TROPICAL THORN FORESTS
TROPICAL THORN FORESTS
Mixture of different species
Heavy grazing & browsing by domestic
animals.
Illicit felling of trees for fuel wood is very
common
Found in driest and hottest parts of the
country
FLORISTICS
Trees
Van (Salvadora oleoides)
Kikar (Acacia nilotica)
Jand (Prosopis cineraria)
Frash (Tamarix aphylla)
Phulai (Acacia modesta)
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana)
Sohanjna (Moringa oleifera)
FLORISTICS
Grasses:
Khabbal grass (Cynodon dactylon)
Dhamman grass (Cenchrus ciliaris)
Malai grass (Panicum antidotale)
Lamb grass (Aristida depressa)
Chhimber grass (Eleusine flagellifera)
Gorkha grass (Lasiuruss cindicus)
Palwan grass (Bothriochloa pertusa)
Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus)
8-TROPICAL LITTORAL AND
SWAMP FOREST
General Description:
Also called as Mangrove Forest or Coastal
Forest
Grown along the sea coast
consist of evergreen species
QUESTIONS ???
 FOREST TYPES
OF
PAKISTAN
bY
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY & RANGE MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD, PAKISTAN
MANGROVE FOREST
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Roots produce finger like aerial out-
growths for the exchange of gases
which are called Pneumatophores
Seeds germinate on the mother plant
before shedding and fall on marshy land
This phenomenon is called Viviparous
Germination
PNEUMATOPHORES
VIVIPAROUS GERMINATION
GENERAL DESCRIPTION

These are protection forests

These forests provide shelter, protection,
habitat, and feed to aquatic wildlife and
marine animals
GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Most of the species are Halophytes

Soil is water logged and poorly
oxygenated
Seventh largest coastal forest of the
world
Managed under Selection Wood
Silvicultural System
FLORISTICS

Timar (Avicennia marina) 95%

Kirriri (Ceriops tagal)
Kamri (Rhizophora conjugata)
(Rhizophora mucronata).
9-MAN MADE IRRIGATED
FOREST PLANTATIONS
General Description:
Outcome of human efforts
Irrigated with canal water
Originally established to provide fire wood
for railway engines
Now these are managed to get high quality
timber
MAN MADE FOREST
GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Spread over the plain areas of Pakistan

Size of plantations varies from three
hundred acres to three thousand acres
Managed under Clear Felling System and
Coppice With Standard Silvicultural
System
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
High quality timber, Fuel wood, Forage,
Environmental and Recreational benefits
are out-comes of these forests
Changa Manga is the oldest and most
famous Plantation of Pakistan having an
area of 12510 acres
Changa Manga was established in 1866
DISTRIBUTION
Spread over the plains of Pakistan i.e.
Changa Manga Plantation in District Kasoor
Chichawatni Plantation in District Sahiwal,
Pirowal Plantation in District Khanewal,
Daffar Plantation in District Gujrat,
Kundian Plantation in District Mianwali
Kamalia Plantation in District Toba Tek Sing
 FLORISTICS
Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo),
Mulberry (Morus alba)
Kikar (Acacia nilotica),
Simal (Bombax ceiba),
Bakain (Melia azedarach),
Neem (Azadirachta indica),
Sufeda (Eccalyptus camaldulences),
Siris (Albizzia lebbek)
Poplar (Populus deltoides)
10-RIVERAIN FORESTS

General Description:
Also known as Bela Forests
Occur on the flood plains and banks of
Rivers.
Flood water spills over the river banks
during Monsoon season
RIVERAIN FOREST
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Dense and tall forest in which Babul (acacia
nilotica) is dominant
Fast growing and very productive forest
Produces good quality hard wood timber
Heavy grass growth,
Good place for grazing and browsing of
livestock
DISTRIBUTION

These forests occur on both sides of

Indus River and its major tributaries
FLORISTICS
Trees:
Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo),
Kikar (Acacia nilotica),
Jand (Prosopis cineraria),
Frash (Tamarix dioca),
Van (Salvadora oleoides)
Poplar (populus euphratica)
11-AGRO–FOREST / FARM FOREST
General Description:
Agro-forestry is a component of social
forestry
Agro-Forestry means “growing together
of woody vegetation and farm crops on
the same piece of land either side by side
or one after the other in the best interest
of site and man.”
AGRO–FOREST
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Contribution of farm forests for timber
production is 5 to 9 times more than that
of state forests
Fulfills 60% of total demand of timber and
90% of total demand of fire wood
Trees growing on farm lands grow fast as
compared to trees growing in natural
forests
AGRO-FORESTRY SYSTEM
Agro-Forestry System is “an integrated land
use approach (including various
combinations of Agriculture and Forestry)
for obtaining maximum possible benefits
from a unit area of land.”
Different agro-forestry systems are:
Agri-silviculture system,
Silvi-pastoral system,
Agri-silvi-pastoral system
FLORISTICS
Woody Trees:
Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo),
Kikar (Acacia nilotica),
Sufeda (Eucalyptus camaldulensis),
Siris (Albizzia lebbek),
Poplar (Populus deltoides),
Neem (Azadirachta indica),
Bakain (Melia azadarech),
Simal (Bombex ceiba),
12-LINEAR PLANTATIONS
Several tree species have been planted as
borders along roads, canals and railway
tracks, these are called Linear Plantations
The linear plantations act as:
Wind breaks and shelterbelts,
Improve environment,
Reduce noise and environmental pollution,
Provide timber, fuel wood, forage and
medicines
LINEAR PLANTATIONS
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Canal side plantations are very productive
that’s why these are called as Timber Mines
These plantations are mostly in urban areas
“The science and art of growing trees in
urban and peri-urban areas for obtaining
various environmental benefits is known as
Urban Forestry.”
These plantations have specific landscape
and ornamental values
DISTRIBUTION
All over Pakistan along:
Motorways
Hihgways
Roads,
Canals
Railway tracks
FLORISTICS
Woody Trees:
Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo)
Sufeda (Eucalyptus camaldulensis),
Siris (Albizzia lebbek),
Poplar (Populus deltoides),
Neem (Azadirachta indica),
Bakain (Melia azadarech),
Mulberry (Morus alba),
Simal (Bombex ceiba)
FLORISTICS
Flowering Trees:
Gul Mohar (Delonix regia),
Amaltas (Cassia fistula),
Neelam (Jacaranda mimosifolia),
Gul-e-Nishter (Erythrina suberosa),
Dhak (Butea frondosa),
Kachnar (Bauhinia purpuria),
AMALTAS TREES
GOLD MOHR
FLORISTICS
Foliage Ornamental Trees:
Devil Tree (Alstonia scholaris)
Pilkhan (Ficus infectoria),
Silver oak (Grevillea robusta)
Kanak-champa (Pterospermum acerifolium),
Jiaputra (Putranjia roxburghii),
Willow (Salix tetrasperma),
Arjun (Terminalia arjuna
QUESTIONS ???
Basic Terms in Forestry

1
 Heartwood
• Central core of a tree stem, usually darker in color due to deposition
of waste biological products.

2
 Humus
• Decayed, more or less stable organic matter.

3
 Hydrophytes
• Plants that can grow in water or wet places

4
 Interplanting
• Planting of trees in between existing plants

5
 Kiln Seasoning
• Drying of wood in a chamber with controlled temperature, humidity
and wind speed.

6
 Laminated wood
• Wooden Unit made of thin wooden layers (Veneers) glued together
in a way that their grains are in one direction.

7
 Leeward
• Away from the wind

8
 Litter
• Dead biomass such as leaves, twigs lying on forest floor.

9
 Linear planting
• Tree planting in lines

10
 Logging
• Felling of trees for removing logs

11
 Lopping
• Removal of branches for fuel or forage etc., without any respect for
the standing tree.

12
Thanks

13
Basic Terms in Forestry

1
 M.A.I.
• Mean Annual Increment or average annual growth.

2
 Mangrove Forest
• Forests growing along sea coast subjected to sea water inundation.

3
 Marginal farmland
• A land where income from farming is equal to its expenditure

4
 Marginal Forest land
• A land where income from forestry is equal to its expenditure

5
 Mesophytes
• Plants that grow in moist places.

6
 Mineralization
• Breakdown of organic matter into its mineral constituents

7
 Mixed Forests
• Forest where less than 90 percent trees belong to one species

8
 Mortality
• Death rate.

9
 Mulch
• Layer of litter that is spread artificially to cut down evaporation

10
 Normal Forest
• A forest having trees of all age classes in proper proportion.

11
 Nurse Trees
• Trees that provide shelter/protection to desired plants during their
early growth stage after which they are removed

12
 Organic matter
• Biomass

13
Thanks

14
URBAN FORESTRY
FRW-301
 URBAN FORESTRY
• Urban forestry is the care and
management of single trees and
tree populations in urban settings for the
purpose of improving the urban
environment.
• Urban forestry involves both planning and
management, including the programming
of care and maintenance operations of the
urban forest
 What Is Urban Forestry?
• Urban Forestry is a specialized
segment of forestry.
– Takes place in populated areas of cities.
– Offers challenges in managing trees not
often found in forests.
• Air pollution, confined growing space,
and compacted soils are some factors
that can make the management of
trees difficult. 3
 What Is Urban Forestry?

• The care of trees is called arboriculture.

• Arborists are people that see to the care of trees.

– Certification enhances arborist credentials.

4
 What Is Urban Forestry?
• Certified Arborists are regarded as
“professionals” in the following areas:
– Tree Nutrition and Fertilization
– Tree Identification and Selection
– Tree Installation and Establishment
– Safety/Tree Climbing and Cabling/Bracing
– Tree Risk Assessment and Pruning
– Tree Diseases and Diagnosis/Treatment
– Tree Biology and Forest Ecology
– Soil and Water Relationships 5
What are the benefits of urban
forest and urban trees?
• Healthy urban forests improve the quality
of life by cleaning the air.
– They remove smog & pollutants from
the air. This is important since we take
23,000 breaths in a day.
• Trees produce oxygen
– A half hectare of trees produces
enough oxygen for 25 people.
6
What are the benefits of urban
forest and urban trees?

• Trees absorb carbon

dioxide
– One acre of trees
annually consumes the
amount of carbon
dioxide equivalent to
that produced by
driving an average car
for 26,000 miles.
7
What are the benefits of urban
forest and urban trees?
• Trees serve as barriers
– Trees can serve as windbreaks
• Very useful in winter months.
– Trees can block unsightly views
• Blocks industrial highways or areas.
– Trees can lower sound pollution
• Reduces noise near places of work.
• Improves residential quality of life.
8
 What are the benefits of urban
forest and urban trees?
• Trees have a cooling effect on summer
days.
– Air temperature under a large shade tree
can be 15 degrees cooler than the
temperature in the sun.
• A single large deciduous tree in leaf
provides protection from UV rays.

9
10
 What are the benefits of urban
forest and urban trees?
• Trees are beautiful, and some have
showy flowers, or attractive foliage.
– Well-landscaped houses with mature trees
can be valued at 10 to 15% more than
houses lacking trees.

11
Which would you pay more for?

12
What are the benefits of urban
forest and urban trees?
• Although difficult to measure, trees
have a positive effect on humans.
– Research shows urban forests to be good
for mental health.
• Urban forests contribute to a healthy
environment.
– Reduces storm water run-off & soil
erosion, produces oxygen, and provides
food/shelter for wildlife.
13
 What are the various aspects of
urban forestry management?
• Urban forests are managed with
different uses in mind.
• In urban settings trees impact
watersheds, wildlife, fish habitats, and
wood production.
• Urban forestry programs address the
need to educate the public on the role
of trees in the environment.
14
 What are the various aspects of
urban forestry management?
• Urban forestry management programs have
a variety of objectives:
– Inventorying trees as to species,
size, age, and value.
– Care and Maintenance of trees
• Includes pest and disease
management.
– Installation and Removal of trees
• Urban forests are always changing
therefore the removal of trees due to
15
death, decline or safety is necessary.
 The General Goals for
Community Forest Programs
1. Establish & maintain maximum tree cover.
2. Maintain trees in a healthy condition
through good cultural practices.
3. Establish and maintain an optimal level of
age & species diversity.
4. Promote conservation of tree resources.
5. Select, situate, and maintain street trees.
6. Centralize tree management.
7. Promote efficient management of urban
forestry.
8. Foster community support for forestry. 16
 What are the various aspects of
urban forestry management?
• Municipalities often
adopt tree
ordinances to meet
goals of attaining a
healthy, vigorous,
and well-managed
community forest.
– Provide authorization
& standards
management
activities.
17
 What are the
3 types of tree ordinances?
• Street tree ordinances primarily cover
the planting and removal of trees within
public rights-of-way.
– Often contain rules regarding private trees,
which pose a hazard to traveling public.
– Planting requirements, like those in
parking lots, are generally outlined.

18
 What are the
3 types of tree ordinances?
• Tree protection ordinances involve
protection for native trees or trees with
historical significance.
– Usually require that a permit be obtained
before protected trees can be removed or
pruned.
• View ordinances outline rules
pertaining to trees that block views or
sunlight.
19