(IV) VEHICLE TRANSIENT ROAD LOAD REQUIREMENTS

Date: 24th of September, 2020

Mohd Syaifuddin bin Mohd
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 AT THE END OF THIS LECTURE, STUDENTS WILL UNDERSTAND:
 HOW TO DETERMINE TRANSIENT POWER REQUIREMENTS
 HOW TO ESTIMATE VEHICLE ACCELERATION PROFILE AND TOP SPEED
RECAP

Steady state resistance forces:

Faero = ½ · ρ · Cd · Af · V2 ; Froll = M · g · Crr · cos(θ) ; Fgrade = M · g · sin(θ) ;

Total steady state resistanec force, FR_SS = Faero + Froll + Fgrade ;

Additionally, Power, P = F · V ; Wheel torque, T = F · Rwheel ; Energy, E = P · t ;

Force due to acceleration/deceleration:

Faccel = kr · M · a ; where kr is rotational inertia and a is dV/dt

Total transient resistance force; FR_transient = Faero + Froll + Fgrade + Faccel ;

 F IR =  meff −vehicle a

F IR =  mvehicle + meq a 
where:
FIR = inertia resistance [N]
meff-vehicle = Vehicle mass + Equivalent mass of rotating parts [kg]
a = car acceleration [m/s2],
mvehicle = Vehicle mass [kg]
meq = Equivalent mass of rotating parts [kg]

FIR = ± 𝑘𝑟 × 𝑚𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑎
 Source: Thomas D Gillespie, “Fundamentals of Vehicle
• Typical values for kr Dynamics”, Society of Automotive Engineers

• To simplify analysis, sometimes kr value is taken as average over the whole

operational envelope.
• Actual values can be determined through calculations considering actual
rotational masses of components in the driveline.
The load power of a vehicle varies randomly in real operation due to frequent acceleration, deceleration, and
climbing up and down grades, as shown in Figure 5.2.

Urban Daily Driving Schedule Highway Fuel Economy Test

 • This figure shows typical
vehicle acceleration profile.

• Although the actual profile is a

curve, to simplify analysis we
may assume straight line or
linear acceleration for some
segment.

• For example, can we calculate

power required to achieve 0 –
100 km/h in 5 s?
Vehicle Acceleration to Top Speed
 • For example, can we calculate
power required to achieve 0 –
100 km/h in 5 s then
maintain 100 km/h speed?

• The target acceleration rate is:

• a = (100 km/h)/5 s
= (27.78 m/s)/ 5 s
= 5.56 m/s2

• Let’s say the vehicle

properties are:
M = 800 kg, Cd = 0.3, fr = 0.012
Vehicle Acceleration to Top Speed Af = 1.6 m2, kr = 1.1
• Let’s say the vehicle properties are:
M = 800 kg, Cd = 0.3, fr = 0.012
Af = 1.6 m2, kr = 1.1
Slowly brake at 60 seconds, full stop at 70 seconds

1
2
3
• A series of data points representing the speed
of a vehicle versus time.

• Produced by different countries and

organizations to assess the performance of
vehicles in various ways, as for instance fuel
consumption, electric vehicle autonomy and
polluting emissions.

• Fuel consumption and emission tests are

performed on chassis dynamometers. Tailpipe
emissions are collected and measured to
indicate the performance of the vehicle.
 A. Screen Share: Lab1 Matlab Simulink Model
• Drive cycles is in vehicle simulations, specifically, they are used in propulsion
system simulations to predict performance of internal combustion engines,
transmissions, electric drive systems, batteries, fuel cell systems, and similar
components.
velocity

current
 A. Screen Share: Lab1 Matlab Simulink Model
• Drive cycles is in vehicle simulations, specifically, they are used in propulsion
system simulations to predict performance of internal combustion engines,
transmissions, electric drive systems, batteries, fuel cell systems, and similar
components.

velocity

current
 B. Screen Share: Advisor, Honda Insight/EV default
• Complex simulation model can combine mapping of actual component
performance as look up tables/graphs in a mathematical model.
 C. Screen Share: MS Excel – acceleration example. Show how to change drive cycle data
• A simple transient model could also be built using MS Excel spreadsheet.
• There are 3 methods that could be used to determine transient
road load requirements:
• Estimations using simplified calculations of several points
where the velocity or acceleration is changing.
(Assignment)
• Utilize spreadsheet tool such as MS Excel and use drive
cycle data with reasonable constant increment as input.
(Assignment & project)
• Simulation using object oriented drivetrain model where
different maps of components/subsystems and
mathematical models could be combined and integrated
with proper control strategy. (Lab work)
• Exercise#2: If the acceleration rate in Example#2 is 0 – 100 km/h in
3 seconds and braking performance is 100 – 0 km/h in 3 second,
recalculate and replot wheel power vs time. If 100% energy is
recovered in regenerative braking, calculate the amount of
energy usage. Other conditions remain the same.

• Exercise#3: Replace the drive cycle in the MS Excel file with HFET
drive cycle. Compare the results between HFET and UDDS cycles
and state your observations and conclusions.