SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003
SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings
TECHNOLOGY Guide NO. 16
Guide to Specifying and Selecting Dust Collectors
1. Scope
1.1 This guide will assist end-users in the selection of dust
collectors to be used in conjunction with containment systems
to control emissions to the environment, enhance visibility, and
reduce worker exposures within the containment. It will discuss
the purpose of dust collector use in painting projects; define
dust collector terminology; describe the types of dust collec-
tors and the mechanisms of collection; and discuss efficiency,
operation, and maintenance of dust collectors.
2. Definitions
The definitions below do not appear in the SSPC Protective
Coatings Glossary.
Aerosol: A system of small liquid or solid particles
suspended in a gas, in this case air. The aerosol particle can
be a single particle or an aggregate of connected smaller
particles. The size of these particles can be in the range of
0.002 to 100 micrometers in diameter. Particles that are of
the most significant health concern are between 0.2 and 5.0
micrometers in aerodynamic equivalent diameter.
Air to cloth ratio: A size or rating of the fabric filter media
that is expressed in terms of air flow capacity versus fabric
media area, in units of cubic feet per minute per square feet
of fabric. The ratio represents the average velocity of the gas
stream through the filter media and is sometimes referred to
as the filtration velocity in feet per minute (ft/min).
Can Velocity: Also known as “Approach Velocity.” The
velocity of the dust-laden air as it passes upward between
the filter media. The can velocity is calculated by dividing the
volume of air of the system (cfm) by the effective cross-sectional
area of the filter chamber. This effective area is calculated by
subtracting the area occupied by the filters (sum of the areas
of the number of the bags) from the total cross sectional area
of the filter chamber.
Dust Collectors: A subset of a larger group of gas cleaning
devices. Dust collectors are used to remove large amounts
of particulate matter (typically greater than 1 grain per cfm)
from gas streams and come in a wide range of designs to
meet various industrial applications. For the purpose of this
document, the gas stream is assumed to be air at ambient
temperatures.
1
Dust Load: The quantity of dust in the air stream. Usually
expressed as grains of dust per cubic foot of air (grains/cfm).
ft/min: feet per minute, units of speed (velocity).
Grains: A measure of the mass of particles in the air. One
pound contains 7,000 grains.
Inches of Water: Units of pressure equal to the pressure
exerted by a column of liquid water an inch high at standard
temperature. Typically expressed in inches w.c.
Inlet Loading: The amount of material going into the
collector. Extremes of high or low loading might allow slightly
higher can velocities.
Static pressure (SP): The flow potential force within a duct
or device that acts in all directions and is measured relative to
the surrounding atmospheric pressure. Static pressure can be
positive or negative with respect to the external atmosphere.
Velocity pressure (VP): The pressure required to accel-
erate air from zero velocity to a given velocity, proportional to
the kinetic energy of the air stream. Velocity pressure can only
be exerted in the direction of airflow and is always positive.
Total pressure (TP): The algebraic sum of the static pres-
sure (SP) and the velocity pressure (VP); typically in inches of
water. TP can be positive or negative.
Velocity: The time rate of movement including the direction
of movement; feet per minute (ft/min).
3. The Purpose of the Dust Collector
The purpose of a dust collector is to remove entrained
particulate matter from air streams to maintain compliance with
particulate emission laws and to reduce damage caused by dust
to people, equipment, the finished product, or adjacent property.
The concept is very simple; however, the process of separating
particulate from air can be complex. The complexity arises from
the extremely heterogeneous nature of the size and physical
characteristics of particles and from the quality and quantity of
the air stream that is to be cleaned. A thorough understanding
of the purpose and intended use of the dust collector is needed
before selection of a dust collector can be made.
SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003
The dust collector is a critical component of the contain-
ment system for the maintenance painting process. The
exhaust fan attached to the dust collector draws contaminated
air into the collector. This creates negative pressure inside the
containment that draws clean air into the containment from the
outside. The airflow through the containment helps to remove
contaminants from the breathing zone of the workers. Airflow
can also improve visibility inside the containment. The ability
of the dust collector to provide both negative pressure and
airflow within the containment is directly related to the design,
construction, and maintenance of the containment system, dust
collector, and supporting parts (e.g. duct work). To prevent
contaminants from being released into the environment, all air
leaving the containment should pass through the dust collector.
The containment system is only as good as the weakest element
that makes up the containment system.
The primary purpose of the containment system is to
contain debris and protect the environment. The primary
purpose of the dust collector is to provide airflow through
the containment to reduce worker exposure to airborne dust,
improve visibility, and maintain an inward airflow (negative
pressure).
Containment systems and methods of monitoring releases
are discussed in detail in SSPC-Guide 6, “Guide for Containing
Debris Generated During Paint Removal Operations.”
Knowledge of the containment structure is critical in selecting
the dust collector and will be discussed as needed to aid in
the understanding of dust collector functions.
4. Types of Dust Collectors
There are four major types of dust collectors: centrifugal,
wet, electrostatic, and fabric collectors. Each of these will be
briefly discussed.
4.1 Centrifugal Collectors: These collectors separate
particulates from air streams by gravitational, inertial, or
centrifugal force. Collection efficiency is affected by particle
size, particle velocity, collector design, and dust concentra-
tion. Centrifugal collectors can be designed to remove large
particles effectively and economically; however, they are not
generally suitable for the collection of fine particles. Most
centrifugal collectors (e.g. cyclones) are used in stationary
applications; however, some vacuum systems incorporate
centrifugal collectors.
4.2 Wet Collectors: Wet collectors separate particulates
from air streams by impacting the particles with water spray.
They are commonly referred to as scrubbers. Wet collectors
are typically used for high temperature and moisture-filled
gas streams. Neither of these conditions typically exists in
maintenance painting applications.
2
4.3 Electrostatic Precipitator Collectors (EPCs): EPCs
separate particulates from the air by introducing a charge
into the atmosphere and using a negatively charged plate to
precipitate (attract) the charged particles. EPCs are primarily
used for heavy-duty dust applications such as utility boilers
and cement kilns. While they have the ability to effectively filter
the concentration of interest to the industrial painting industry,
they generally cannot handle the size range of dust typically
generated by industrial painting operations.
4.4 Fabric or Cartridge Filter Collectors: This type of
collector separates particulate from air streams by straining,
impaction, interception, diffusion, and electrostatic charge. Air
must pass through a specially designed fabric that retains the
dust on the fabric but allows the cleaned air to pass through.
Fabric dust collectors are the type of collector used most
frequently in the industrial painting industry.
Fabric dust collectors (hereafter called dust collectors)
are further broken down into two primary types based on the
filter configuration (bag and cartridge dust collectors), both of
which are used heavily in the painting industry. Both bag and
cartridge systems can attain capture efficiencies of 99+% of
particles over the entire size range of 0.1 to 100 micrometers.
Fabric filtration systems are normally designed to collect dry
particulate; therefore, their use with wet removal processes
requires careful consideration.
4.4.1 Baghouses: Baghouses or bag collector’s account
for more than 80% of the fabric dust collection systems used
in all dust collection applications today (primarily fixed plant
facilities, although they are also used in abrasive recycling
equipment). Baghouse dust collectors use vertically mounted
tubes or bags of fabric media ranging from five to twelve feet in
length to remove contaminants. They can filter a wide variety of
materials (e.g. fibrous, particulate, moisture laden, and hydro-
scopic materials). They are used at temperatures up to 500 ˚F
and can handle extremely heavy dust loads. Many abrasive
recycling systems utilize baghouse collection systems due to
the heavy to extremely heavy particulate loading (2 to greater
than 10 grains per cubic feet of air per minute (gr/cfm), and
varying particulate size (0.1 to 100 micrometers).
4.4.2 Cartridge Collectors: Cartridge dust collectors are
used on dry dust applications or when high concentrations of
small (less than 1 micrometer) particulate are likely, but are
capable of filtering a broad range of particulate sizes (0.1 to
30 micrometers). Most mobile dust collectors utilize cartridge
collector systems. While the abrasive blasting process gener-
ates particulate ranging from 3 to 100 micrometers in size, the
dust collection system is primarily responsible for removing fine
particulate suspended in the air (i.e., small particulate).
Cartridges are composed of rigidly pleated elements
providing a large amount of filter area in a comparatively small
housing. Cartridges are typically mounted either horizontally or

vertically within the filter housing. Cartridge systems should not
be used when the loading is expected to exceed 3 gr/cfm.
5. Types of Cleaning Mechanisms
Dust collectors are typically classified by their
cleaning mechanism. There are three common types: shaker,
reverse pulse, and pulse jet. Baghouses utilize either shaker,
reverse pulse, or pulse jet systems. Cartridge collectors utilize
either reverse pulse or pulse jet systems. In the industrial
painting industry, almost all current equipment uses pulse jet
systems.
5.1 Shaker Systems: In shaker systems, dirty air enters
at the center of the bag area and the dust cake accumulates
on the interior surface. Shaker systems rely on a vibrating
mechanism to shake the filters. This creates a sine wave
along the top of the bag that ripples down the length causing
a portion of the dust cake to change shape and fall into the
hopper. Pressure drops across the baghouse determine the
shake interval. Typical shake intervals range from 10 to 30
seconds. Shaking speed and frequency are dependent upon
the diameter and length of the bag. Multiple baghouse filters
are packaged in separate compartments in the dust collector.
During cleaning, one compartment at a time is shut down for
the shaker process, while the remaining compartments remain
in operation. This is called off-line cleaning. Shaker systems
have a low air-to-cloth ratio (A/C). This means that the units are
typically oversized (i.e., requiring high air volumes) and many
bags are required in order to maintain filtration efficiency during
the cleaning cycle. Additionally, because shaker baghouses
have multiple bags per compartment, the time necessary for
filter replacement is increased.
5.2 Reverse Pulse Systems: Reverse pulse systems
have largely supplanted shaker systems and are currently
being replaced by pulse jet systems. The design of the dust
collector for reverse pulse systems allows the dust-laden air
to enter at the top of the unit. The dust collects on the interior
of the bags or cartridges. Heavy particles fall into the hopper,
helping to extend bag life. The filtered air is then vented to the
atmosphere. Reverse pulse systems are multi-compartment
systems. Cleaning is accomplished by isolating one compart-
ment at a time (while the others continue to operate). Pulses of
compressed air enter through a venturi nozzle, which creates
a shock wave. The wave causes the dust cake on the inside
of the bags to fracture and fall into the hopper. Typical pulse
durations range from 30 seconds to several minutes. Reverse
pulse systems are considered the least aggressive cleaning
method, but one which extends bag life.
5.3 Pulse Jet Systems: Pulse jet systems are consid-
ered to be the most aggressive and effective filter cleaning
1
Lloyd M Smith and Gary L. Tinklenberg, Lead-Containing Paint Removal, Containment and Disposal, FHWA RD 94-100, Federal Highway
Administration, McLean, VA , February 1995.
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SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003
approach. An FHWA publication, Lead-Containing Paint
Removal, Containment and Disposal (FHWA-RD-94-100)1,
published in February 1995, indicated that only those dust
collectors using pulse jet cleaning mechanisms were effec-
tive over the duration of the study. Pulse jet systems are the
only systems where cleaning occurs while contaminants are
entering the compartment.
In pulse jet systems, the inlet air stream enters the unit
and passes vertically between the bags or cartridges. Dust
accumulates on the outside surfaces of the filters. Pulse jet
systems continuously remove some dust from the bag or
cartridge through an adjustable cleaning frequency dictated
by a timer or differential pressure across the filters. When
the differential pressure point is reached, a high-pressure jet
of compressed air is directed inside the filter for 0.1 to 0.15
seconds at intervals ranging from 1 to 30 seconds. The
pulse creates a shock wave similar to that used in the reverse
pulse system, causing the dust cake to fracture and fall into
the hopper. Proper adjustment of the cleaning frequency in
these systems is necessary for optimal particulate removal
efficiency. If the duration of the pulse is too short, cleaning is
inefficient. If the duration of pulsing is too long, the bag life
is reduced. For optimal operation, the frequency of cleaning
should be adjusted so that differential pressure across the
collector ranges from 3 to 6 inches water column (w.c.). Some
manufactures employ timers rather than differential pressure
drops to determine the cleaning sequence.
The pressure of the compressed air at the delivery tube
can severely affect bag life. Too high a pressure or a misdi-
rected jet of air due to misalignment of the delivery tube can
damage the top several feet of the bag or cartridge. Average
compressed air pressures range from 40 to 90 pounds per
square inch (psi).
One of the popular features of pulse jet systems is the
on-line cleaning feature, which allows work to continue without
interruption of project operations. However, if high can velocities
are present, on-line cleaning can have negative impacts due
to gravity settling problems and re-entrainment of fine dust on
the adjacent row of filters. During on-line cleaning, particles
may stay suspended in the air due to the continuous upward
movement of air. This can affect filter efficiency and overstress
the system, because particulates are not removed from the
air stream. Solutions to these potential problems would be to
conduct off-line cleaning or to utilize a pulse-jet system equipped
with multiple compartments (usually in a row).
6. Background on Dust
6.1 Dust Characteristics: Dust particles are generated by
many maintenance painting processes. Of particular concern
are those particles generated during the removal of potentially
toxic paint (e.g. lead-based paint) from structures. It is important
to understand the process that creates the particles to obtain
SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003
an estimate of resulting particle size. In general, the majority
of particles generated from mechanical action ranges from 3
to 100 micrometers. The larger particles will not stay in the air
long enough to cause any great concern. Smaller particles are
generated as well, but in smaller quantities. Very small particles
(for example, fumes generated during the burning of paints)
are so small (0.001 to 0.1 micrometer in diameter) that they
will pass right through a typical dust collector filter. A special
air-cleaning device is needed for such operations. Specialty
air cleaning devices will not be covered in this guide.
6.2 Dust Particle Size and Health: The size of particles
is important for three reasons: health, settling velocity, and
filtration. The dust collector user should be aware that particle
size determines the deposition site within the respiratory tract.
Smaller particles will travel further and be deposited deeper
within the lung. Air coming from the dust collector may contain
aerosols that are hazardous to health.
6.3 Dust Settling Velocity: Size will affect the rate at
which the particle falls through the air. The smaller the particle,
the longer it will stay airborne. For all practical purposes, the
extremely small particle will behave more like a gas, staying
airborne indefinitely. A particle with an aerodynamic equivalent
diameter (AED) of one micrometer will fall at a rate of 0.04
feet per minute. It would take 200 minutes for a 1-micrometer
particle to drop 8 feet. If the dust collector is working properly
and removing the air from the containment system, the aerosols
inside the containment will be removed within minutes after
the paint removal has occurred. However, high concentrations
of small AED aerosols may remain inside the containment for
hours if the ventilation system is improperly designed, oper-
ated, or maintained.
7. Dust Collector Selection Criteria
7.1 Fan Performance: Fan performance is depen-
dent on the design of the fan blades. Different fan designs will
yield different characteristic performance curves. However,
the performance of a fan can be generalized and discussed
in relatively simple terms. The performance of a fan can be
described by a graph of the airflow capacity (x-axis, abscissa)
and the resistance to airflow or static pressure (y-axis, ordinate),
as illustrated in Figure 1.
Fan characteristics can be evaluated experimentally for
different fan revolutions per minute (rpm). For the present
discussion, assume the fan and motor have been matched and
sold as a unit. In the extreme, when running the fan with the
outlet closed off, and reducing the flow rate to zero, the pressure
developed inside the duct would, for all practical purposes, be
the maximum that the fan could deliver. This pressure is called
the static no delivery (SND) pressure. At the other extreme, if the
fan were running without any obstructions, at zero resistance,
with minimal connecting ductwork, the fan would be operating
at maximum air movement. This is called the free delivery or
wide-open operating condition. The SND and the wide-open
4
points would be the two limits of the fan performance curve.
The intermediate points on the airflow versus pressure graph
describe the slippage characteristics of the fan. This graph is
a universal way of describing fan performance, however, this
information can also be given in tables.
7.2 Fan Power: Power considerations for driving the fan’s
propeller are usually addressed by the fan manufacturer. An
end-user will normally purchase the fan and engine (or motor)
in combination. Increasing the number of fan rpm increases the
capacity of the fan to move air or overcome static pressure.
However, there are limits to the rpm at which each fan is rated
to operate. Exceeding the rpm rating can reduce the life of the
fan and may become a safety hazard. The fan and motor should
be matched to meet the needs of the operations.
7.3 Fan Selection: The selection of a fan for a given
application is best done by a professional. In most cases,
the fan is located downstream from the filtration housing,
protecting it from air streams that are heavily loaded with dust.
In order for the dust to be transported to the dust collector,
duct velocities (called transport velocity) of 4,000 ft/min or
higher are needed. The high transport velocities are needed
to keep the dust airborne so that it does not settle out in the
duct. The higher the duct velocity, the higher the resistance
to airflow. High velocities commonly result in large losses of
static pressure, 5 inches w.c. or more. Thus, the fan must be
rugged and have the capacity to overcome high static pressure
losses. A backward-curved fan is typically used in dust collec-
tors for this industry. It is intended to move air after filtration.
For moving air laden with dust, a more rugged fan design,
such as a radial tip wheel, should be considered. Other fan
types include: propeller fans, tube-axial fans, vane-axial fans,
centrifugal fans, multiple-blade fans, forward-curved multivane
fan, paddle-wheel fans, and airfoil fans.
7.4 Can Velocity: Can velocity is generally described as
the upward velocity of the air through the entire body of a dust
collector including the open area between the filters.
Can velocity is an important factor in the proper design
and functioning of a dust collector. If the can velocity is too
high the dust pulsed off of the filters during the cleaning cycle
will not fall downward into the hopper area. Rather the dust
will be held suspended in the air stream and reattach to the
filters. This will result in a greater drop in pressure (reduced
air flow), excessive use of compressed air, and shortened filter
life. High can velocity can be almost impossible to correct on
an existing collector.
Can velocities are an important consideration when
deciding the location of the inlets on the collector body. If the
inlets are placed low on the collector and dust-laden air is
introduced into the hopper area, the velocities will be highest
at the very bottom of the filters. If the can velocities are too
high, this could form a barrier for the dust falling from the
filters. High velocities in the hopper area could also cause
dust already settled in the hopper to be reintroduced into the
 SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

FIGURE 1 the operator to inspect on the “clean” side of the filter system,
FAN CURVE rather than the “dirty” side.
In side access systems, the exterior of the filters is easily
viewed. This would provide easier inspection of the filters for
determining the amount of abrasion. Since visual observation
of filter leaks is also important, a properly designed side-access
system should provide a man-way or other access into the top
(clean) portion of the collector for this purpose.
The end-user should verify that the dust collector provides
adequate access to both the clean and dirty side of the unit
for inspection and maintenance.

7.7 Horizontal versus Vertical Filter Mounting: Some

of the older dust collectors currently in use on abrasive blast
cleaning projects utilize horizontally mounted filters. Most new
models utilize vertically mounted configurations. In horizontally
mounted filter systems, the cleaning mechanism pulses the
dust from the filters and it falls onto the filters below. Therefore,
many of the filters never properly release their dust cake. This
will result in decreased air velocity and premature filter wear
and clogging.
Filters mounted vertically allow the dust cake to fall directly
into the hopper without impacting other filter banks.

air stream. This could be further exaggerated if the hopper is

7.8 Access Area for Inspection (Shaker, Reverse Air,
not emptied on a regular basis.
and Pulse Jet): Regardless of whether the system provides
To optimize can velocity within the collector, the designer
top or side load access, the access area should be large
must consider the size of the collector body and the spacing
enough to allow personnel entering it to wear supplied-air
between filters. The designer must also consider such vari-
respirators as required by confined space regulations (29 CFR
ables as inlet loading, bulk density, particle size, and particle
1910.146). Many older systems do not allow sufficient room
characteristics.
for maintenance personnel to wear the required respiratory
protection when entering the access area to perform cleaning
7.5 Off-line versus On-line Cleaning (Pulse Jet): One
and maintenance.
of the reasons that pulse jet systems are so popular in the
industrial painting industry is the ability for the filters to be
7.9 Hopper Size (Shaker, Reverse Air, and Pulse
cleaned on-line without interrupting production. If the system
Jet): If the hopper height is too shallow it could result in dust
is equipped with only one compartment, on-line cleaning can
accumulation and resulting turbulence, causing particulates to
have high suspended dust levels and ineffective cleaning that
remain in suspension and the pulse jet systems to energize
ultimately increases static pressure. In a single compartment
more frequently. This can lead to accelerated deterioration of
design, the on-line cleaning process can prevent effective
the media and leakage through the filters. It also has the effect
gravity settling of the particulate due to the continuous upward
of increasing the static pressure of the system. If the end-user
movement of air (can velocity). It also fosters the re-entrain-
does not empty the collector on a regular basis, the higher
ment of smaller dust particles (less than 10 micrometers) into
dust bed levels will keep dust suspended in the air stream. A
the air and onto adjacent or recently cleaned filter media. As a
hopper that is too small can also result in higher can velocities,
result, the overall filter efficiency and filter life may be reduced.
which could cause turbulence and higher abrasion on filters
Consideration should be given to specifying multi-compartment
and metal parts.
pulse jet systems to maintain the benefits of on-line cleaning
(i.e., production) while reducing the effect on the filtration
7.10 Design of Filter Cleaning Jets (Pulse Jet): Poor
system. These compartments or dividers are usually the length
design of the venturi in the pulse cleaning systems can cause
of the filters and separate the filters by row.
bags and cartridges to abrade or rupture when they are moved
or shocked by the pulse. Additionally, the air delivery tube (at
7.6 Top versus Side Access (Pulse Jet): Pulse jet
the top of each filter) should be secured to prevent misalign-
systems can be provided with top or side access to the filter
ment after filter replacement.
media. Top loading systems allow the easiest access for
visual observation for filter leaks and tears by providing a view
down the inside of the filter. Top access systems also allow

5
SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003
7.11 Mixing Chamber: Some units employ a mixing
chamber between the tube inlets and the cartridge filters. This
slows the incoming air prior to it reaching the filters, allowing
larger particles to drop out of the air stream and better disper-
sion of incoming air across all of the filters in the collector.
Slowing the incoming air also allows for lower can velocities
and less abrasion on the filters.
7.12 Blast Plates (Diffusers): All units should have a
blast plate (diffuser) mounted across the inlet duct to reduce
direct abrasive impact on the filter media and to reduce
approach velocities. The diffuser should be inspected for
wear regularly.
8. Filter Selection Criteria
8.1 Air-to-Cloth Ratios: Another factor in selecting the
size of the dust collector for a specific application relates to
the air-to-cloth ratio (A/C), which is the size of the filter media
expressed in terms of dust collector capacity (cubic feet
per minute) versus fabric media surface area (square feet).
This is also called filtration velocity, and defines the average
velocity of the air stream through the filter media. A low A/C
ratio denotes a large unit (in terms of air volume). Selection
of dust collector A/C ratios is typically based upon particulate
loading and particle size distribution, as well as the type of filter
(bags or cartridges). A lower A/C is better within each range.
Generally, a lower A/C ratio is desired when the particle size
distribution includes a higher concentration of small particles or
when the particulate loading is high, both of which are factors
to be considered in the industrial painting industry. Actual A/C
ratios also vary greatly based on the type of collection system
and filter media utilized. Pulse jet systems generally operate
with higher A/C ratios of 5:1 to 10:1; shaker systems generally
require A/C ratios ranging from 3:1 to 6:1; and reverse pulse
systems generally require A/C ratios of 2:1. Closely pleated
filters typically require an A/C ratio of 3:1, while lightly pleated
or non-pleated filter materials would allow for higher A/C ratios.
Most cartridge dust collectors currently in use in the industrial
painting industry have standard A/C ratios ranging from 3:1 to
3.5:1, dependent upon the type of filter media utilized.
8.2 Filter Efficiency and Permeability: Fabric filter
selection is a careful balance between maintaining perme-
ability (the ability of the fabric to allow air to pass through)
and filter efficiency (the amount of dust captured). The best
filter efficiency (and worst permeability) occurs right before
the filters are cleaned. The highest inefficiency or penetra-
tion typically occurs during start-up and immediately after
reconditioning. Fabric permeability typically ranges from 25
to 40 cfm/ft2. Choosing filter material with better efficiency or
greater permeability but lower filter efficiency is not as critical
as it may seem. The efficiency of a particular fabric filter is
only relevant when first put into service. Once the fabric filter
has been in service for any length of time, the dust cake on
the filter performs almost all of the filtration.
6
Particulate that is all the same size is difficult to filter, as
it creates a dense mass that restricts the flow of air through
the filter (reduced permeability). Fine particles (less than 10
micrometers in size) may be too small for some filter media to
collect and can “bleed through” the filter and exit the collector,
resulting in emissions. In some cases, pulse jet systems pref-
erentially retain small particles (less than 1 micrometer) during
the cleaning process.
Another consideration is the effect of filter permeability on
total dust collector airflow. Heavily caked filters can reduce the
airflow generated by the dust collector by 50% or more. As most
dust systems are used for multiple purposes (i.e., to improve
visibility, reduce worker exposures, prevent emissions to the
environment) the designer and/or operator must be aware of
these diametrically opposed conditions. Maximum efficiency
in filtration may result in inadequate airflow in the containment.
Therefore, careful balancing of all factors is required for optimal
dust collector operation.
8.3 Filter Types
8.3.1 Bags: Bag collector filters are typically long tubular
shaped filters consisting of woven and non-woven fibers. They
are hung vertically in rows and typically are approximately 4.5
to 8 inches in diameter with standard lengths of 5 to 12 feet.
Because of their simple (non-pleated) shapes, thicker fabrics
can be used. Employing thicker fabrics can provide a longer
filter life and higher abrasion resistance. Bag filters accom-
modate many types of media including hydroscopic, sticky,
fibrous, and moisture-laden dusts. Because of their smooth
shape, they will release their dust cakes more readily than
pleated designs. Due to their shape and the ability to use
thicker fabrics, bag collector filters are generally specified for
applications requiring higher negative pressure levels. These
characteristics also allow bag filters to be pulse-cleaned at
higher pressures ranging from 80 to 100 psi.
8.3.2 Cartridges: Cartridge filters use rigidly pleated
elements making it possible to accommodate a larger amount of
surface area in a smaller filter. Pleated filter cartridges provide
as much as a 300% increase of filtration surface area, resulting
in lower air-to-cloth ratios without increasing the size of the
collector body. They are typically used for dry dust applications
and exhibit high efficiency when used on moderate concentra-
tions of dry dust such as is generated from ventilating abrasive
blast cleaning containments. Cartridge systems are typically
used for low to moderate dust loading conditions (approximately
3 gr/cfm ). Cartridge type filters are usually pulse-cleaned at
pressures ranging from 75 to 85 psi.
Cartridge filters may not be appropriate for moist or
hydrocarbon environments or for wet methods of removal,
due to the impact of moisture on some types of filter material.
Cartridge filters made of cellulose or paper may be damaged by
moisture, causing filter failure or solidification of the dust cake,
affecting cleaning and filtration efficiency. For wet applications,
use of moisture resistant materials such as Teflon or polyester

may be necessary. However, regardless of the filter type and
filter material used, reduction in filter efficiency and problems
with dust-cake release are still very likely in wet applications.
Suitability of specific cartridge filters for use during wet applica-
tions should be confirmed with the filter media provider prior
to project start-up.
8.4 Filter Materials: Filters may be constructed of any
fibrous material (natural or synthetic) that can be spun, woven,
felted, or impacted to create a filtering mass. Woven fabrics
are typically characterized by thread count and weight of fabric
per unit area (ounces per square foot). The weave pattern
of woven fabrics can influence the porosity of the dust cake
accumulating on the fabric surface. Gaps between the weave
can be more than 50 micrometers in size. Woven media can be
used in all three types of dust collector systems. Felted media
is comprised of randomly oriented fibers attached to an open
weave material (i.e., a scrim). Felted fiber media is primarily
used in pulse jet systems.
Many media manufacturers apply a coating to woven or
felted media to improve certain characteristics such as heat or
abrasion resistance. One of the more common material addi-
tives is Teflon. The application of Teflon to filter media reduces
fiber-to-fiber abrasion, and improves dust-cake release and its
ability to handle hydroscopic (e.g., water attracting) particles.
100% Teflon or blended Teflon coated filter media should be
considered during wet removal applications. Typical materials
and their characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
Dust collector manufacturers in the industrial painting
industry typically equip their systems with polyester or cellulose
fabrics. However, as most filter material is interchangeable (can
be used in most dust collectors), contractors can select more
or less efficient media for filter replacement. Consideration
should be given to specifying the type of filter material for
specific operations (i.e., wet methods). Note that blended
materials are also available that can combine multiple filter
characteristics (e.g. 80% cellulose/20% Teflon).
Felted materials are usually thicker than cellulose or
blended materials. They cannot be pleated as heavily as the
thinner materials. Having less pleats within a cartridge’s diam-
eter would mean less filtering area per cartridge and thereby
a higher A/C ratio if the collector size is maintained. This is
not necessarily a negative as the thicker material may provide
desirable characteristics that the thinner material cannot. Some
projects are of a short duration and require filter disposal at
the end of the job; in such instances, a less expensive filter
could be the best choice. In other projects where the unit may
be on site for an extended period of time and/or the production
schedule will not allow for down time to change filters, or if
the unit is located where physical access to change filters is
limited, a premium filter should be used. If the dust collector
has a high can velocity, the user may want to select a thicker
fabric media to reduce leaking due to abrasion.
8.5 Filter Selection: Most filter media is now available to fit
almost any dust collector. However, the selection of a particular
7
SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003
type (e.g. cartridge or bag) or material (e.g. felted or Teflon
coated) should be made through an analysis of the actual dust
characteristics that will be encountered. For plant operations
using dust collectors for air pollution control, the engineer typi-
cally quantitatively assesses a variety of characteristics using
EPA Methods before specifying either the dust collector or filter
media. Factors that are typically identified include: particulate
loading, particulate size, inlet air temperatures, moisture and
particle content, particle composition, available space for
the dust collector, desired life expectancy of the filters, and
maintenance issues.
In the industrial painting industry, filter media is often
selected using “one size fits all approach” or based upon cost
considerations rather than dust characteristics.
Selection of different filter media may be warranted based
upon the process or removal methods. In the industrial painting
industry, most of the particles generated during mechanical
action (i.e., abrasive blast cleaning, power tool cleaning) typi-
cally range from 3 to 100 micrometers in size. Filters used
for these applications must be capable of handling a wide
range of particulate sizes without clogging the media. For
wet methods, a water-resistant media such as Teflon should
be considered.
9. Verification and Measurement
9.1 Base Filter Capacity: This test is designed to deter-
mine the true dust collection capacity of the dust collector filter
media. With the dust collector running at its designed speed,
a measured amount of test dust can be introduced into the
unit, with the filter cleaning system (e.g. pulse jets) turned off.
Dust is added until an amount sufficient to restrict the airflow
to the advertised airflow capacity is reached. At this point, the
amount of dust consumed versus the airflow restriction across
the filters is recorded. This indicates how much dust the unit
can “store” in its filter media during operation before it has a
negative impact on air flow capacity.
9.2 Dust Load Capacity: This test is designed to determine
the active dust load that the unit can handle while still maintaining
its advertised capacity. Unlike the Base Filter Capacity test,
the dust collector is in full operational mode with the automatic
filter cleaning system engaged. A test dust load is introduced
into the collector until the advertised flow rate is reached, and
the load continues at that rate for a predetermined amount of
time. Any subsequent drop in airflow rate is recorded during
this time. This sustainable dust load rate is a true measure of
the Dust Load Capacity of the unit. This number will tell the
user if the dust load to be generated may overwhelm the unit.
At the end of the test, the unit is shut down, and the amount of
dust collected in the filter hopper is measured. The difference
between the amount of dust input and the amount removed
indicates the amount of dust retained by the filters.
9.3 Dust Cake Release Test: This simple test is designed
to determine how the filters will clean in an “off-duty” mode.
SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

After completion of the Dust Load Capacity test (see Section
9.2), the duct inlets are closed and the blower shut down.
The unit is allowed to “pulse down” the filters for a specified
period of time or number of pulse cycles. After the “pulse down”
cycle, the hopper is unloaded again and the amount of dust
released from the filters measured. Then, the unit is run again
to determine its “refreshed” airflow rate and pressure drop
across the filters. This determines how well the unit cleans
between work cycles.
9.4 Filter Cleaning Efficiency: This is the measure of the
ability of the collector to clean the filters while in use. It should
be noted that no filter cleaning system completely cleans the
filters. Some residual dust, along with dust cake, will fall from
the filters during shutdown and movement of the collector,
sometimes resulting in the assumption that the collector was
not emptied after the last use. A new dust cake will build up on
the filters at the beginning of the next use of the collector.
Operating dust cake thicknesses and filter differential
pressures vary with the type of filter or cartridge in use and the
model and type of dust collector. Pressure differential over the
filter is usually measured using a static pressure gauge such as
a magnehelic gauge or manometer. The greater the operating
filter differential pressure, the less pressure is available for
moving the air through the containment area. Therefore, two
collectors with the same overall pressure rating but different
pressure differentials at the filter will have different air flow
capacities.
9.5 EPA Reference Methods: The EPA has established
several methods for evaluating fabric filter performance used
in stationary source applications. The total filterable particulate
mass emission rate can be measured using EPA Reference
Method 5 or EPA Reference Method 17. The total filterable PM-
10 emissions can be determined by EPA Reference Method 201
or 201a.2 While these methods are commonly used in stationary
source evaluation of dust collectors, several problems may limit
the applicability of these test methods on filtration systems.
The testing is expensive, ranging from $3,000 to $5,000 per
set of three runs. Other problems are related to the fact that
most mobile dust collectors do not have conventional stacks
to support the required test equipment.
10. Sizing of Dust Collectors
10.1 Dust Collector Capacity: The amount of air a
dust collector can process is dependent on both the exhaust
capacity (volume of air in cfm) and the resistance to airflow
(static pressure in inches of water) the system must overcome.
The resistance of the system includes pressure drop within
the dust collector as well as pressure drops from ductwork,
air inlets, and all other parts connected to the dust collector.
The fan performance curve and all the pressure drops of the
system must be considered in order to estimate the actual air
flow rates within the system for each given application.
A fan, which is the central component of a dust collector,
operates in accordance with a specific “curve” corresponding
to a specific fan speed (rpm). The actual exhaust capacity in
the field is based upon where the system static pressure loss
intersects the fan curve. For example, a dust collector rated at
40,000 cfm may only provide 30,000 cfm exhaust capacity at
14 inches of static pressure loss (see Figure 2). Typical static

TABLE 1
FILTER MEDIA PROPERTIES

Generic Common Tensile Abrasion Moisture Fiber

Name Name Strength Resistance Resistance Characteristics

Natural Fiber, Cotton Good Good Good Good permeability

Cellulose

Polypropylene Polypropylene Excellent Excellent Average Strong fiber, low moisture

absorption

Polyamide Nylon Excellent Excellent Good Rugged fiber

Acrylic Orlon Good Good Good Good in acid conditions

Polyester Dacron Excellent Excellent Average High tensile strength

Fluorocarbon Teflon or Tef- Average Average Excellent Excellent chemical and moisture
lon-coated resistance

Fiberglass Fiberglass Excellent Average to Poor Average Least expensive, prone to

abrasion in pulse jet systems

8

pressure losses include loss through air inlets, duct work and
the dust collector itself.
10.2 Static pressure loss through air inlets: The major
containment design factors that may affect dust collector
performance are the location and the configuration (i.e. area)
of the make-up air inlets and the type of exhaust port (i.e. duct
type) entry point(s).
Air inlet openings are typically sized to provide inward air
velocity ranging from 200 to 600 ft/min. As a basis of design,
static pressure losses for air inlet openings are estimated
between 0.25 to 0.50 inches w.c. by the ACGIH Industrial
Ventilation Manual.3
Exhaust ports or hoods (i.e. the way in which the duct is
attached to the enclosure) also affect static pressure. Although
there are a variety of designs, the three most common types
are the plain duct end (duct is placed into the enclosure without
any hood), flanged duct end (duct is connected to flat sheet
metal or plywood), and tapered duct end (duct is connected
to tapered hood or plenum). The Industrial Ventilation Manual
establishes formulas for calculating static pressure losses
based upon the type of configurations utilized.
10.3 Static pressure loss through ductwork: When air
is drawn through a duct, two types of pressure are associated
with airflow; static pressure (SP) and velocity pressure (VP).
The ductwork system that connects the exhaust equipment to
the containment is frequently the largest contribution to static
pressure loss.
10.3.1 Static pressure (duct work): This is the pressure
exerted on the walls of the ductwork by the dust collector or by
friction related losses. Static pressure losses are a function of
ductwork configuration, air velocity in the duct, roughness of
the duct surface, duct diameter, and air density and viscosity.
To determine static pressure loss through ductwork, the total
“equivalent length” must be calculated. This method factors
in duct diameter, the total length of straight runs of duct, and
the equivalent length of straight runs of duct for each of elbow
(e.g. bends) in the system. The Industrial Ventilation Manual
provides information on calculating static pressure losses
based upon these factors.
10.3.2 Velocity pressure – duct work: This is the pressure
associated with the speed of the airflow through the duct.
10.4 Static pressure loss through the dust collector:
Design features such as inlet sizes, the total area of the filters,
spacing between rows of filters, the volume (cubic feet) within
the dirty side of the collector body, the volume (cubic feet) within
the clean side of the collector body, reinforcements and other
objects within the air stream, and the design and shape of the
transition duct from the collector body to the fan, all affect the
2
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460. Text of EPA Reference Methods
may be downloaded from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/promgate.html (3/03)
9
SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003
amount of air passing through the filters and therefore the static
pressure created by a dust collector. New filters create a slight
static pressure ranging from 1 to 2 inches w.c., while older, dirty
filters may have a static pressure as high as 6.0 inches w.c.
In most instances, design calculations that allow a pressure
drop of 4.0 inches w.c. for the filters is reasonable.
10.5 Sample Calculations: By determining static pressure
throughout the make-up air inlets, through containment, and
through the ductwork, air filters, the system static pressure that
the fan must overcome can be calculated. Duct friction-loss
tables can be obtained from duct suppliers and general tables
can be found in the Industrial Ventilation Manual.
Using the fan curve in Figure 2, one would expect the
following:
System Static Pressure Estimate
Based on (3) 20” diameter exhaust ducts @ 15,667 cfm per duct
50-ft section of 20” diameter duct @3.02”/100’ 1.54” w.c.
Three 90° elbows @ 46 equiv. lineal feet each 4.25” w.c.
Loss through containment 1.65” w.c.
Loss through fabric filters 4.00” w.c.
Total Estimated System Static Pressure 11.44” w.c.
Total Available Exhaust Capacity 47,000 cfm
The fan curve presents the fan’s capacity to deliver varying
volumes of air. This capacity depends upon the static pressure.
The designer must match the calculated static pressure for
the design system to the fan curve. In this case, the designer
has calculated losses from ductwork, elbows, and filters to be
11.44 inches w.c. of static pressure. This requires 47,000 cfm of
exhaust air from the dust collector to achieve design goals.
10.6 Calculating Air Flow: Once the actual capacity of
the dust collector is known, calculations can be performed to
verify that dust collector capacity and proposed containment
area will achieve the recommended air flow (or control velocity)
in feet per minute. It must be noted that definitive guidance
on recommended airflow does not exist. The preamble to 29
CFR 1926.62 states that it believes an exposure reduction
factor of 50% will be achievable through mechanical ventila-
tion systems but does not provide a minimum number. The
construction industry ventilation standard (29 CFR 1926.57)
refers to ANSI Z9.2 – Exhaust Systems – Abrasive Blasting
Operations – Ventilation and Safe Practice.4 ANSI Z9.2 provides
suggested downdraft velocities of 60 to 90 ft/min or 100 ft/min
crossdraft when removing coatings containing toxic metals by
dry abrasive blasting.
SSPC recognizes that fixed abrasive blast rooms are not
the same as field containment structures, and this guide makes
SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003

no recommendations regarding the suitability of the velocities
(whether too much or too little). For example, Federal Highway
Administration research involving air movement inside contain-
ment when removing lead paint by abrasive blast cleaning
(FHWA RD-94-100) found no significant differences in worker
lead exposures at crossdraft velocities of 70 to 300 ft/min.
ANSI Z9.2 indicates that large solid particles usually cannot
be captured by conventional airflow patterns, but that airflow
patterns should ensure that hygienically significant particle
sizes (i.e. less than 10 micrometers in size) are captured. It
suggests that the larger particle sizes should be allowed to fall
to the floor to be removed through housekeeping practices. As
a result, when designing ventilation systems for containment,
primary consideration should be given to the movement of the
hygienically significant particle sizes through the enclosure
to the exhaust hood in combination with good housekeeping
practices to remove the heavier particles. ANSI Z9.2 states
that when data on control velocity and volume of air are not
available in reliable published information, control velocity and
volume can be determined by measurement of actual airflow
velocities. As a result, the specifier may consider allowing
the contractor to demonstrate that the proposed air velocity
inside containment will provide the necessary and desired
controls (i.e. reduced worker exposures, control of emissions,
etc.) to comply with the OSHA Lead Standard mandate for
engineering controls.
The size of the dust collector is based on the cross-sectional
area of the containment and the selected control velocity of
the air according to the equation:
Q=VxA
Where:
Q is the amount of air exhausted (cfm), i.e., the size of
the dust collector
V is the velocity of air (ft/min), and
A is the cross-sectional area of the containment (ft2)
containment by such methods as hanging interior tarps inside
the containment and moving the air intakes and exhausts to
the working portion.
If Q is within the calculated capacity of the dust collector,
the system is designed adequately. If not, the cross-sectional
area can be reduced to meet the target airflow.
11. Operation and Maintenance
11.1 Differential (Static) Pressure: Differential pressure
across the filters is a critical operational issue and can be an
early indicator of potential system failure. Differential pressure
is measured using a magnehelic gauge with ports located within
the filter housing, one port in the dirty side, and one port in the
clean side. Most systems are designed to operate in the range
of 1 to 4 inches w.c. (pulse-jet systems operate at a slightly
higher range). Both high and low differential pressures can
have a negative effect on overall system performance.
Potential causes of high differential pressure can include
insufficient compressed air, improper (low) pressure regulator
settings, mis-rotated compressed air delivery tubes (pulse jet),
filters exceeding their useful life, insufficient filter area, and
full hoppers. The effects of the high differential pressure can
result in filter damage, reduction in total system air volume,
and excess filter caking.
Potential causes of low differential pressure can include
leakage or blockage of air in the delivery tubes, fittings, and
valves, using less than the required amount of delivery tubes
(i.e. 1 of 4 available inlets), clogged or obstructed air lines
leading to the magnehelic gauge, a faulty magnehelic gauge, a
FIGURE 2
FAN CURVE

For example, if a containment were 20 feet high by 40

feet wide by 80 feet long, it would be normal to decide to move
the air along the length of containment (i.e. crossdraft). The
cross-sectional area of containment (the area through which
the air will pass), therefore, is 20 ft x 40 ft, or 800 ft2. The
control velocity selected is 100 ft/min. The size dust collector
needed is:

Q=VxA
= (100 ft/min) x (800 ft2) = 80,000 cfm

One method for obtaining the desired control velocity when

there is insufficient dust collector capacity to match the size of
the containment is to reduce the cross-sectional area of the

3
The ACGIH Industrial Ventilation Manual may be obtained from the American Council of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists, 1330
Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45240, 513-742-2020, or online at http://www.acgih.org.
.

10

partially closed outlet damper on the fan (if the fan is equipped
with one), over-cleaning of the filters, or a very low dust loading.
A unit may have low differential pressure and still have high
total system static pressure (as would be the case if only one
of four available inlets was being used).
In pulse jet systems, improper pulse frequency (too high
or low) is a common problem. Pulse valve malfunctions are
typically caused by diaphragm failure or dirt, oil, and/or moisture
entering the valve body. These situations can be avoided by a
scheduled maintenance and inspection program.
For reverse pulse systems, one manufacturer recommends
monitoring the differential pressure during the cleaning cycles.
This includes:
• Before the module starts to clean–Any reading indi-
cates potential leakage
• When the module is isolated before the reverse air
damper opens–Any reading other than zero is an
indication that the damper is not sealing properly.
• When the reverse air is energized–Should be consis-
tent with the manufacturer’s recommended differential
(typically 1 to 4 inches w.c.)
• During the null period after reverse air–Should be
sufficient duration to allow particulate to fall into the
hopper (visually observed)
• When the module is returned to service (typically 1
to 4 inches w.c.)
11.2 Hoppers: Manufacturer procedures indicate that
dust should not be allowed to be stored in the hopper (which
frequently occurs on industrial painting projects) and should be
removed daily. Storing of material in the hopper can lead to dust
build up and solidification, particularly if moisture is drawn into
the system. This reduces air velocity and the particulate can be
drawn back into the filtration system, shortening the filter life.
Solidification in the hopper can also lead to overloading and
malfunction of the waste removal system (i.e. auger).
11.3 Visible Emissions: Manufacturer troubleshooting
guides all indicate that any particulate that can be seen
discharging from the exhaust stack is indicative of a system
breach or bag failure. All of the manufacturer guidelines call
for immediate shut down, leak detection (i.e., operator inspec-
tion for the source of the leaks), and corrective action if emis-
sions are observed. Additionally, fans located downstream of
the collector (as in most negative pressure systems) can be
damaged by abrasion or become imbalanced (resulting in
reduction of total air volume) if particulate is discharged from
the filters through the fan to the discharge stack. Emission
observations alone may not provide adequate feedback on the
effectiveness of system operations. Additional leak detection
methods are discussed later.
4
American National Standards Institute, 1819 L Street, NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036. Standards downloadable from www.ansi.org
11
SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003
11.4 Temperature and Wet Removal Methods:
Temperatures below which water may condense, or wet
removal methods, can cause premature filter failure due to
clogging and solidification of solids in the hopper. This is of
particular importance when steel grit abrasives are utilized
due to the potential for steel in the abrasive blasting debris to
rust and solidify in the presence of moisture. Careful selec-
tion of the dust collection system and filter media is warranted
when high moisture levels are likely to be present (e.g., wet
removal methods).
11.5 Air Infiltration and Corrosion: Filtration systems
operating under negative pressure, such as those used in
the industrial painting industry, are vulnerable to air-infiltra-
tion-related bag damage and water damage. Access hatches
should be equipped with functional gaskets and all seams and
unit components (e.g., hoppers, exterior casing, etc.) should
be of sound construction to prohibit air or moisture infiltration
into the collector body.
11.6 Start-up Procedures: Use of manufacturer-recom-
mended dust collector start-up and shutdown procedures is
important in preventing premature damage to the unit and
filter media. Manufacturer guidelines all agree that new filter
media are not to be exposed to the full air volume of the fan.
Typically, the dust collector should be brought on line slowly
to avoid damage of the filter media. Before protective dust
cakes form, clean filters are sensitive to dust abrasion and
penetration of fine particles. Most manufacturers recommend
start-up at a low velocity until sufficient dust cake has been
formed. This is indicated by a pressure differential of 1 to 2
inches w.c. Following this initial seasoning or conditioning of
the filters, the differential pressure can be brought up to a
consistent operating range.
11.7 Filter Installation/Position: One of the more
common, though frequently overlooked reasons for filter failure
is improper filter installation. Bent or damaged filter cages (these
are metal cages or frames used to support the cartridge or bag)
may not be able to properly support the filter. Cages can become
corroded and abrade or puncture the filter during flexing in the
cleaning cycle. For pulse jet systems, it is recommended that
filter cartridges be positioned so that all seams are facing the
same direction. This provides a reference point to help identify
abrasion problems. Reverse air systems should have seams
positioned at a 45° angle to the access door. This provides
the greatest distance between bags, reducing the possibility
for bag-to-bag abrasion. Additionally, for reverse air systems,
proper tensioning of the bags is critical for performance. Loose
bags do not provide for proper collection and the resulting bag-
to-bag abrasion may lead to premature failure. Over-tensioned
bags will lead to stress on the filter bag. Shaker systems are
SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003
also prone to the same bag tension problems. Manufacturers
recommend use of tensioning tools for proper bag positioning
and tension. Another common problem with filter systems is
misalignment between the filter and gasket. Improper seating
of the filter on the gasket will allow particulate to escape the
filtration bed resulting in emissions through the exhaust port.
Continuous emissions are typically representative of improper
filter seating. Periodic inspection of the filter media is manda-
tory in most manufacturer guidelines. Inspection should include
visual observation of the clean air side of the system for leaks
(i.e., visible material) and the filter media for tears. Observations
of filter media should occur when the dust collector is presumed
to have been cleaned (following the end of a shift). If the filter
media is covered with a layer of dust, it can be presumed
the cleaning system is not functioning properly. If the dust is
hardened on the bags and is not easily discharged, it is likely
that moisture has entered the system.
11.8 Filter Replacement: Should an inspection of filters or
observation of visible emissions indicate excessive wear, tears,
or caking, the filters should be replaced. The preferred practice
is to replace all filters (at least in the same “bank” or “bed”) at
the same time. Replacing only one or two filters creates a path
of least resistance to airflow (due to high permeability of the
new filters) when the unit is returned to service. This prevents
proper “conditioning” or “seasoning” of the new filters and
exposes them to high airflow rates and differential pressures,
which may result in premature wear or damage.
11.9 Filter Disposal: The fines collected by the dust
collector must be disposed in accordance with federal and state
regulations. If the dust collector has been used to filter toxic dust
streams, the disposal of the filters will need to follow the require-
ments of hazardous waste disposal. Often, there is significant
cost associated with such disposal. SSPC-Guide 75 presents
information on waste characterization and disposal.
11.10 Explosion Hazards: Under certain operating condi-
tions, explosive concentrations of combustible dusts and/or
gases could develop in some dust collector systems. If the
possibility of explosion exists, consideration should be given to
dust collector housings with explosion vents and spark resistant
fan construction. Explosion vents are quick opening hatches
or rupture disks that facilitate the rapid release of explosive
pressures. The National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA)
Code 68, Guide for Venting of Deflagrations,6 provides additional
information on venting in event of an explosion.
12. Evaluating System Performance
12.1 Negative Pressure Inside Containment: Negative
pressure inside containment is measured with a magnehelic
gauge or inclined water manometer. While negative pressure
across filters in a dust collector is usually on the order of a few
inches of water column, the most commonly cited negative pres-
sure for the containment is 0.03 inches w.c. It is imperative that
12
the gauge be held level. The preferred method is to mount the
gauge outside containment using a level to assure it is flat and
vertical. A piece of tubing is attached to the low-pressure port
on the gauge. The tubing is then placed at various locations
within the containment and the negative pressure measured.
High-pressure sources such as blast nozzles should not be
in operation when negative pressure is measured, as bursts
of high-pressure air can affect readings. A regular pattern
based upon the width and height of the containment is used
in determining locations to take measurements. The average
of these measurements is the average negative pressure
inside containment.
12.2 Air Flow Inside Containment: Measuring airflow
inside containment can be performed with a rotating vane or
hot wire anemometer, velometer, or smoke bomb. Anemo-
meters and velometers are the most common instruments used.
Air speed is measured directly, but these instruments do not
indicate the direction the air is moving. (Eddy currents can be
present, so the air may be moving in the opposite direction.)
Operate the anemometer or velometer in accordance with
the manufacturer’s instructions, holding the instrument as far
away from the body as possible. Be sure not to stand in front
of the air intakes and exhaust ducts. Take measurements in
a regular cross-pattern at different heights within the contain-
ment. Average the measurements to determine the average
airflow inside containment. To measure airflow with a smoke
bomb, measure off a known distance inside containment from
the smoke bomb to the air exits. Set off the smoke bomb and
time how long it takes the smoke to reach the marked point.
The distance, in feet, divided by the time, in minutes, is roughly
equivalent to the average air velocity. Measure airflow inside
containment without any airflow sources present, such as
operating blast nozzles. Compare airflow measurements to
target velocities of 100 ft/min crossdraft or 60 ft/min downdraft,
or other specified criteria.
12.3 Air Flow Inside the Exhaust Ducts: Airflow inside
exhaust ducts are measured with a Pitot tube, velometer, or
hot wire anemometer. Select a location in the exhaust duct
that is at least eight duct diameters away from any obstruction
such as a bend or change in duct size. Insert the Pitot tube into
the duct pointing the opening towards the direction of airflow.
Perform a ten-point traverse. Make another hole inside the duct
90 degrees from the first hole and perform another ten-point
traverse. The locations inside the duct for these ten points
are dependent upon the diameter of the duct. Standard texts,
such as the Industrial Ventilation Manual, give information on
locations as well as charts or converting the velocity pressure
(VP) to velocity (V) before averaging when using a Pitot tube.
The twenty readings taken are averaged to determine the
average airflow through the duct. A minimum target transport
velocity (Vt) of 4,000 ft/min is recommended. The transport
velocity can be calculated using the equation
Q =Vt x A

except that A is now the cross-section area of the duct, Q is
the volume of air, and Vt is the measured transport velocity.
12.4 Throat Static Pressure: This method provides
an estimate of airflow at the inlet to the dust collector. The
technique involves measuring static pressure (SP) through
1/16" to 1/8" drilled (not punched) tapholes one to three duct
diameters from the throat of the dust collector connection.
Measurements should be made after the system performance
is verified using the above methods. An increase in throat SP
indicates a downstream clog. A decrease means a drop in dust
collector fan performance.
12.5 Phosphorescent Powder/Fluorescent Dye: Several
varieties of phosphorescent powders and fluorescent dyes are
commercially available for leak detection. These materials are
used routinely in plant dust collection operations. The mate-
rial is generally released into the dust collector under normal
operating conditions with the filter cleaning system shutdown.
After a few moments, the clean air side of the filter is inspected
with an ultra-violet light ("black light"), which will detect the
material. Presence of the material on the clean side of the
filter (varies based on system) indicates poor filter seal, holes
or tears in the filter media, improper seating of the filter to the
gasket, or leaks in the system itself (i.e., gaps in welds). These
areas can then be inspected to determine where or why the
failure is occurring.
12.6 Mass Flow Broken Bag Detector: This application
uses electrical output readings (pico amperes) proportional to
mass concentration of the particulate (gr/cfm). If the expected
mass concentration of the particulate is exceeded, the unit
can be set to sound an alarm or shut down. Mass flow detec-
tors are typically mounted at the exhaust air outlet of the dust
collector.
12.7 Triboelectric Bag Leak Detector and Dust
Monitors: This application has been used for approximately
25 years, since the advent of dust collection in plant applica-
tions. It utilizes a probe mounted in the exhaust air outlet. As
dust particles collide with the probe, they generate a charge
transfer. This methodology requires determination of a base-
line value for the material being filtered (gr/cfm). If the charge
exceeds two times the baseline value, an alarm is activated
to alert the operator. Discussions with manufacturers indicate
that triboelectric detectors could likely be used on mobile dust
collection systems.
12.8 Differential (Static) Pressure Gauges: All dust
collection systems (including recycling and vacuuming equip-
ment) should be equipped with static pressure gauges (i.e.,
magnehelic gauges) to measure pressure drop over the entire
filtration system. Each compartment should also be equipped
with an independent static pressure gauge.
13
SSPC-Guide 16
August 1, 2003
12.9 Compressed Air Regulators: Compressed air regu-
lators should be provided on all dust collection units that utilize
compressed air to verify that proper air pressure (as specified
by the manufacturer) is provided to the cleaning system.
12.10 Inspection and Maintenance Programs: Whether
or not leak detection technology is utilized, a properly conducted
scheduled operation and maintenance program (OMP) may
be the best available method of proactive prevention of dust
collection system failure. All manufacturers provide guid-
ance on scheduled inspection and maintenance procedures;
however, the industrial painting industry has not actively adopted
implementation of these programs. Manufacturers agree that
scheduled inspection and preventive maintenance of their
equipment will assure proper operation, and they recommend
scheduled maintenance regimes. Many provide inspection
logs along with the dust collectors. Common components of
inspection and maintenance programs include:
• Record differential pressures by graph or log
• Maintain filter replacement record or chart
• Visually inspect the filters, hopper and exhaust stack
for leaks
• Check doors and inlet seals for leakage
• Check timer control for proper pulse sequence and
duration (pulse jet), and bag tension (shaker and
reverse pulse)
• Clean pressure taps (differential pressure gauge
lines)
13. Disclaimer
13.1 This guide is designed to describe, review, or analyze
new or improved technology and does not meet the definition
of a standard as defined by SSPC. A guide differs from a stan-
dard in that it is not suitable for referencing in a specification
or procurement document.
13.2 While every precaution is taken to ensure that all
information furnished in SSPC guides is as accurate, complete,
and useful as possible, SSPC cannot assume responsibility
nor incur any obligation resulting from the use of any materials,
coatings, or methods described herein, or of the guide itself.
13.3 This guide does not attempt to address problems
concerning safety associated with its use. The user of this
guide, as well as the user of all products or practices described
herein, is responsible for instituting appropriate health and
safety practices and for ensuring compliance with all govern-
mental regulations.