UNIT =) RESONANCE AND NETWORK THEOREMS _ SIA GROUP PART-A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS Q1. Define resonance. Model Paper, at(c) Ans: Resonance is a phenomenon at which the net reactance of the circuit is zero or inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance, An AC circuit is said to be in resonance if the applied voltage and resulting current are in phase. Under resonance we have, AO Unity power factor. & Impedance of A.C circuit consists of only resistance If the inductor and capacitor are in series, the reactance gets cancelled #¥ If the inductor and capacitor are in parallel, the susceptance gets cancelled. Resonance is classified into two types, 1. Series resonance 2, Parallel resonance. Voltage magnification can be achieved by the application of series resonant circuit. Current magnification can be obtainéd by employing parallel resonant circuit. For induction heating parallel resonant circuits are used. The general application of resonant circuit is tuning. Write the expression for impedance and current at series resonance. “he Impedance at Series Resonance \ ( c fe) For a series RLC circuit the net impedance is given as, ‘Model Papers, t(c) Z=R+)K,-XO ‘Under resonance, we have, Current at Series Resonance For RLC series circuit, the current is given as, v aman apes I GROUP SIA GROUP S>ECHRUN @LLAN-ONE JOURNAL POR ENGINEERING STuDenTsoo BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING UNTU-HYDERABAD Terevonance we have, To determine, (i) Resonant frequency, f= (ii) Current at resonance, / G4. What are the con: circuits? ions at resonance in parallel ‘The voltage and current are in phase with e: ‘ach other Net susceptance is vero. reactance is same as that of eapacitive 2 The power be unity, 5. The current is minimum ‘and equal to the product of voltage a merce en VG Q5. What are the applications of parallel resonant circuit? Ans: Model Papert, 142) ‘The following are some of the applic ms ofthe parallel resonant circuit, 1, This circuit is generally used for rejecting the unwanted frequencies, 2. Iisused in vacuum tube generators in which the intemal impedance is large. 3. Tis used as a wave trap in which the cireuit tunes to the interfering frequency. 4, These are widely used in communications like radio, ‘TV transmitters and receivers because of its high quality factor and frequency response. 5.___Italso finds its application in signal processing systems, Q6. Why is a parallel resonant circuit called as Fejector circuit? An: A parallel RLC circuit under resonané admittance. In converse, it will have high impe: restricts the current in the ein parallet Ri a7. has minimum, jance and this to minimum value. Henee a ‘cuit is known as rejector circ A series RLC circuit has R = 10 ohm, L = 0.5 H and C = 40 uF. The applied voltage is 100 V. Find: @ Resonant Frequency Resonant frequency, = 35.588 Hz, Current at Resonance Current at resonance, Bandwidth ofa series resonant circuit is defined as band of frequencies which lie between two points on either side ofthe resonant frequency. where power falls to half of its maximum value at resonance (or current falls to 0.707 or Lofts value at resonance). 19. Define Q-factor. , Ans: The quality factor, Q is the ratio of the reactive power in the inductor or capacitor to the true power in the resistance in series with the coil or capacitor. Mathematical as, is given imum energy stored » ergy di per eyele In series RC or LC circuits, Quality ctor, = = Qi0/ Whi qui Ans: 's the relation between bandwidth and factor in RLC series resonant circuit? Dec.-16, (R16). a4) Iiva RL.C series resonant eireuit. (i) Resonant frequency The expression for bandwidth is given by; (i) Current at resonance. nw 5h, 0 ven that, he expression for Qua Voltage, V = 100 V Resistance, R= 102 o-% Inductance, L = 0.5 H 7 ‘ Capacitance, C= 40 AF ~ 40 = 10°F a2 Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO {QS on the TITLECOVER before you buyUNIT-2 (Resonance and Network Theorems) Tquation (2) ean be rearranged as. Q £ “R an Substituting equation (1) in equation (3), we Bet f BW Q f BW= G Hence, bandwidth is also defined as the ratio of reso frequency and Q11. State Thevenin’s theorem. Ans: Any linear network having an active voltage and current sources with two terminals 4 and B can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source (V,,) and equivalent resistance (R,,) in series combination forming a simple equivalent circuit. Where, V, is the open circuit voltage across the ter minals A and B and R,, is the equivalent resistance as seen from the terminals 4 and B when the meagre are eoetivated oe rao we SS) AY why Figure: Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit 12. Whatare the limitations of Thevenin’s theorem? Anst The following are the limitations of Thevenin’s theorem, 1. Thevenin’s theorem is applicable only for linear circuits But we know that practically no circuit is 100% linear. Its linear only fora specified range of values. Hence, TThevenin’s theorem is applicable only fora limited range of values. ‘The power calculated using Thevenin’s equivalent eir- cuit is not same as that calculated by taking the original network, This is 50 because the power of any element is proportional to square of current or square of voltage but not linearly dependent. “The Thevenin’s equivalent circuit has an equivalent V-1 characteristic with respect to load only. Q13. State Norton's theorem. Ans: . {The Norton’s theorem states that any two terminals linear network with current sources, voltage sources and resistances (impedances) canbe replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting, of current source in parallel with a resistance (impedance), There the valve of the current sauce is equal to the current 2.3 passing through the short-circuited terminals and the resistance is equal tthe resistance measured between the terminals ofthe network with all the energy sources replaced by their internal resistance, The Norton's equivalent circuit is shown in figure, 5 Es 2 R, Figure Q14. List the limitations of Norton's theorem. Ans: Elficiency of the network cannot be determined by this theorem 2. tis not applicable for magnetically coupled circuits. 3, Non-linear and unilateral circuits cannot be simplified by Norton's theorem, 4 Also it isnot applicable to the circuits containing active load. Q15. List any three advantages of Thevenin's and Norton’s theorems. Ans: (EU the fottowing are the advantages for both Thevenin’s And Norton's theorems ; Reduces the complex networks to simple networks. 1 2. Both the theorems are applicable to linear networks. : 3, Bothactive and bilateral networks can be solved by these theorems. 4, Inimpedance-matching problems, both the theorems are ‘very much useful for determination of load resistance. en much useful or ero oe 16. Howto convert Thevenin’s equivalent circuit to Norton's equivalent circuit? Ans: -The Thevenin’s equivalent circuit i as shown in figure). Ry ———* where, Vis Ry, is The internal resistance will and Norton's theorem i Ry, Re the Thevenin’s voltae the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance Lhe same for both Thevenin’s following relation, the Thevenin’s voltage By using the Med into Norton's current source, soureg can be converted Choe ao he oe aoe 10 tien son SON SPECTRUM @LLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS —————_____ SIA GROUP 3Rr This Norton's current source will be in parallel with resistance R, as shown in figure. Wa 2% Figure (i) Trenetwork in figure (i) represents the Norton's equiva Jent circuit, Q17. State Ans: maximum power transfer theorem. Maximum power transfer theorem states thatthe manic mum power can be transferred from soun current source) to the load when the res the intemal resistance ofthe source (R) sour ance (R,) is equal to r Transfer Theorem Q18. State superposition theorem. Ans: Model Papers, a1(a) “This theorem states that ina linear network comprising of number of independent sources, the total response in any branch of the network is equal tothe algebraic sum of individual response acting alone i.e, considering only one source at at and making all other independent sources to zero{ However, the dependent sources must be retained in the network Q19. State superposition theorem limitations, Ans: 1. The first and the foremost drawback of superposition theorem is that it fails to apply if the network contains less than two independent sources. 2, Calculation of power is not possible using superposi tion theorem as power (which is non-linear quantity) is proportional to the square of current (or) voltage. Itcannot be applied for networks which contain depend- ‘ent sources. “If the network contains non-linear elements like tran- sistors, diodes etc, then, superposition theorem is not ~~ applicable, . BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (JNTU-HYDE| RABAD) soa ig Ina linear, passive and bilateral single source etwork, the ratio of response tothe excitation is constant, ¥en though, the source is interchanged from the input terminals tothe oupy, terminals 21. Give the limitations of reciprocity theorem —~ Ans: Q20. State reciprocity theorem. Ans: This theorem is not applicable to unitate This theorem is not applicable tothe cire time varying elements. It is also not applicable to the dependent sources, ral circuits, its containing Suits containing the em en... =conance and Network Theorems) : 25 f : PART-B ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS 2.1 RESONANCE 2.4.1. Series Resonance and Parallel Resonance Circuits 22. Explain the phenomenon of resonance. Derive the formula for the resonant frequ : enc) resonant circuit. i. 1 eee ‘Ans: Model Papers, 4a) Definition ‘Resonance is a phenomenon at which the net reactance of the circuit is zero or inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance. Explanation Consider a series RLC circuit shown in figure. 7 ; WWW SOTTO ee o +) Ve sin ot = Figure Let, = V,, sin wr be the voltage applied across it and i(# be the current flowing, through it. In case of series RLC circuit, the net impedance is given by, te RAG HE kO al _ — (I) Z=R+jX,-Xo) Where, _X,—Induetive reactance + X_~ Capacitive reactance. trom equation (1) it is clear that there exist thre effects in the ciate the resistive inductive a Sopaeo effect. tr of resistance is inherent hence a series RUC cifeut either behaves as inductive or CAPACI ‘depending on and X,.. If X,> X, the circuit behaves as inductive circuit ‘and if X.> X, the circuit behaves as capacitive be zer0 and the circuit is said to be under However, the relative value of X, aes However, if these two values are equal ie., X,= X, the net reactance wi resonance. Characteristics of Series Circuit at Resonance (@ _, The net impedance of the circuit at resonance is equal to the resistance of the circuit, ‘ —BE ie, Ze R*IK XO 1 £2 UF {Uke BO ZR [e %2%d » Gi) The current is maximum at resonance and is given by, on a Gi) The phase angle between volage and curent 6. ob teh tor of the circuit at resonance is unity (iv) The power fact ie, pf =cos® wo ‘STapents ——___— S14 GROUP i [ECTRGM GLLANFONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERINGoo BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING [JNTU- HYDERABAD) (vy) The voltage across £ and C will be © and 180” out of phase with each otk voltage across LC comb u ) =k, on yo -IX, 7 vy oy. . k +{ ow aa : Me Work, +6, Se FoF Coment fawn ty dhecireitatany flog is piven (ett total voltage appears actos resistance, «| ' Wilt) get magnitied at resonance u citeuit al resonance is also called ay voltage u I Y ‘magnification circus afer! Resonant Frequency ox The frequency at which resonance occurs is ealled as Tesoaant egies anes At half power frequencies «, and 0, , we get, The vondion frrsonances, Yq ~ Ye aa Xue, ' 2 But, we now that, Kee aM 1, Current at resonant fequeney “0, anh Lh ' ‘i a aan _ ne 2nf,C V Where, fis the resonant fre: i v2Kk a) 1 Wh Fee afl ~_! F.quating equations (1) and (2), we pet, pa v2R Where, is the resonant frequency in radsec | G25. Show thatthe resonant frequency 0, ofan RLG | series circuit is the geometric mean of w, and an ©,, the lower and upper half power frequencies eed ~@) respectively. Ans: | Consider the series REC cireuit shown in figure. " BUY Ato, X>> 1] 4) : ‘Adding equations (3) and (4), we get, 1 S orrone-a[ eet ]oo 13) on the TITLE COVER before you buy te @a, = (oba if Q24. Define parallel resonance and deduce the resonant frequency of parallel RLC circuit. Ans: Parallel Resonance snenomenon in which the currents Z, and J, flows in different direotions and are equal in magnitude ‘maximum of infinite. The circuit in ‘Anti-resonance is a pI fow in the circuit. The impedance in such condition is zero current fl is also known as parallel resonance. resulting in minimum or ech anti-resonance occurs is of parallel combination. Hence, anti-resonance Resonant Frequency of Parallel RLC Circuit Consider an REC parallel circuit as shown in figure E R Figure “The admittance of the circuit is given 1 1a Model 43) Series Resonance Parallel Resonance 1. | A circuit is said to be in series resonance when input | 1 impedance is minimum or when net reactance is zero. When, In series resonance, the voltages across capacitance and inductance are equal in magnitude and are 180° out of phase with each other. Hence, they cancel out each other and zero voltage appears across the LC combination at resonance. At series resonance, the current in the circuit is, ‘maximum and is given by, (gp HY 4. | Atseries resonance, impedance has resistive part | 4, only. 5.| The power factor of the circuit is unity, which implies| 5, that applied voltage and resulting, current are in phase. 6. | The resonant frequency (f,) is given by. ke. \ * \ a Hz ‘A circuit is said to be in parallel resonance when input admittance is minimum and input impedance is maximum i.e., when the susceptance part in the admittance becomes In parallel resonance, the two branch currents are equal in magnitude and are 180° out of phase with each other. Hence, they cancel out each other and the total current in the circuit is zero, AA parallel resonance, the current in the eireuit s minum Ti Ror c\ht se ( BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING [JNTU-HYDERABap) a y a The resonant frequency (f.) is given by, ay “ iy ae Vie(Resonance Network Theorems) Given that, Resistance of branch 1, R= 5. & Inductance of branch 1, L = 10 mH = 0.01 Supply voltage, V= 230 V Frequeney, f= 50 Hz ‘According to given data, the circuit obtained isas shown in figure a). 4 Capacitance, < S59 = | © 2nxS0x1110 © Figure a) = 286 uF Let, ¥,, ¥, be the admittances of the two parallel ‘Current through branch 1 is given by, branches. i Let, X,, be the capacitive reactance of the capacitor and ze LX, be the inductive reactance of the inductor. X,= 20k 230107 230/ 0° =2«n50* 001 “5473.4 ~ 5.90] 32.12" = 38.98 [32.129 Current through branch 2 is given by, phe ke 250, ~ 1110 =22.52A 1 7 +t ils rains © ‘Under resonance condition, the imaginary part will be zero, hence only the real part exists only the active component. Therefore, total current taken from the supply under Rationalizing the denominators of equation (1), resonance condition is given by, 1 5-14, 1° iXe 5473.14 $-j3.14 -jXc | Xe 1, cosh = 38.98 cos (32.12) 3.01 A, s-p3.l4, i —"3486 Xe ‘Separating the real and inaginary pars, see 24] wr (saa [xe 34.86 For the cireuit to be at resonance, the imaginary part of admittanee muet he Zero.2.10 27. Find the for which the circuit shown in figure is resonant at a frequency of w = 500 radis. 2 I -j10 Figure Ans: ‘The given circuit is, S20 =. : i 3 =~ jlo S| . Figure To determine, The value of inductance (L) at resonant frequency, © = 500 rad/see. From figure, the total admittance of the circuit is given ¥,=¥,+¥, toa > oe yea => ye te 2+ jx, 3-0 - Q-5X,, S10) 24 IK, “(-jX,) 5-0 “G+ j10) ~i 10 = @ JX) +0) 2?-(X,)* © 5? —(j10) pn 108 7 * 254100 10 2 = 7 724 ye ap Fe ty aay Vaexp | 25725 2 2 CF ty Bier 44x2 Oacxr 5. 2 Male eu | () n- [data “25° 44x; os BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING [INTU-HYDERABAp) ‘Now, under resonance con ‘equation (1) becomes zero. > (On solving the above quadratic equation, we get, Xo 12.17 Qand X, =0.33.2 But, 24.34 mH 1X,= 0.33.2 0. L 500 = 0.00066 H = 0.66 mH L = 2434 mH or 0.66 mH 2.1.2 Concept of Bandwidth and Q-factor Q28. For a series resonance circuit obtain the expression for bandwidth in terms of resonance frequency and Q-factor. Ans: For answer refer Unit-II, Q8. Figure shows response of series RLC circuit. P, and P; ‘re the points at which power falls to half or current ‘alls © Model Papers, ae) v2 0.707 of its value at resonance. ‘SIA GROUP LOGO {J on the TITLECOVER before youbuyywif-2 (Resonance and Network Theorems) Pandwidth normally abbreviated as B.W and represented sy fin Hz and Ae in radians per second. ‘The points P, and P, are called half power points and sequences f, and , corresponding to these two points are called jalf power frequencies, fis called lower cut-off frequency and {is called upper cutoff frequency. Bandwidth, B.W =f,~f, v The current at resonance is, J, = alee W2R From this the impedance at P, is 2R In general, impedance at f, is, desea) Jo AtP, current, /= —2 = ar Squaring on both sides, we get, 2 (iar P =k (sees) VIR at for P,) Further, simplifying we have, 1 @L=R ato, X>>X, ac” 10 X77 XH] () Similarly, 1 ol rato, XX tb - Se C Q) From equations (1) and (2), we have, 1 (@ +0) OO; ‘Adding equations (1) and (2), we Be 1 (=O) =2R (@,-0)h*¢ aon Pa y+ e@,-007* prom uation) 9 (0, - 9, CO ae 2.11 Lo, 0) + Lo, ~ 0.) = 2K | Le 2L (o,~ 0.) = 2K “ o,-0,-4 ar R 2aL “. Bandwidth, B.W = a ak (4) (Q-factor is defined as the ratio of reactance of the coil to its resistance i, Q R Qn, y= 2 g R (5) Equation (5) can be rearranged as, (6) ‘Substituting equation (4) in equation (6), we get, oo Bw be awe Hence, bandwidth is also defined as the ratio of resonant frequency and Q29. Obtain the expression for the frequency at which maximum voltage occurs across the capacitance in a series resonance circuit in terms of the Q-factor and resonance frequency. Ans: Consider a series RLC circuit shown in igure. jee WW O00 y_-L R iE c | __y—__ Figure Let V’be the applied voltage and , be the voltage across, inductor. “The voltage across capacitor, is given as, ~@ oe NS ___— ane srapents ———— 51 GROUP gw actma @LLANONE JOURNAL FORTofind the value of freq 4. paust be zero a the frequency, but be is desirable to eliminate the radi Thiscan be done by tferentating 1°! with respect to an since when 2 i m, V.willalso be my ‘equation (1), we have, sien fron (a) v WOR OLO? rye = By differentiating @ with respect to ‘ey and setting, O. we have, WEP ROC*R + 2007-20164 do fo" ° HW LE 200K? +207 LE- 1200-0 = 2WC(CR* 420° C~21) ~ 0 2 2 5 2 ce k nC soos Le ait Therefore the frequeney fat whieh Vis maximum iy iven by, [one] ..ay The resonant frequeney (0,) of a series RLC cireuit iy iven by, 6 2 = 6 + = Ze ~@) ‘The Q-factor of series RLC citeuit is piven by, ol 9 % 4) Q z ( Squaring equation (4) on both sides, we get, Substituing equations (3) and (5) in equation (2), we yet, oped go fo" gy 3 f | h mf 3g 30. Derive the expr bandwidth in a parallel resonance, An: he parallel RIC e Inthe above circuit, of susceptanee is zero, Admittance The resonance ocei riven by, oc ‘The voltage and Frequency is as shown in va onwrv,. AL i, | YDERABAY, 2% tor Oda —~ lon for Q-factor ang Model Papert, ayy, tutent is ay shown in figure (1), a | Figure (1) | | the resonance occurs when the value Gib (I) De coat re Jol, 1 a i “fo <4 0) a a Frequeney 0 a andi 1 OL. o 1 or, 1 1 he tie current variation with respect t0 figure (2). > Curren cy = Voliage(V)ywiT-2 (Resonance and Network Theorems) 2.13 Bandwidth, BW Th "e quality factor at resonance is given by, To obtain the lower half power frequency for parallel ciouit, we have, o- ow, G) 3 = For Inductor ae Quality factor, = = 2n x —Maximnum energy stored Energy dissipated per cycle = The maximum energy stored in inductor= 2.4i2 2 = (4) Energy released per eycle = XReT Solving the above equation, we get, La) al i Q=2nx 2 “als oe 3 XRXT Similarly to obtain the upper half power frequency for nit parallel circuit, we have, =2 a) = ye a i : CSTR oc-1= 2 ROL nkC- 1 Rk Ob @RLC —O,L=R RRLC -0L-R=0 lo-] ol, For Capacitor ; The maximum energy stored in capacitor =< CV* o Energy released per eycle= P x T 2 RC” LE ~ 5 a Solving the above equation (6), we get, ! A a0 cc wae (az) “ze 0 We have, Bandwidth, B.W -[senfael sear)” pigs . Tre” IRC ~ RC a STUDENTS —_____ SIA GROUP “SEn, Dany GUIN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING Quality factor, Q =2.14 31. ‘Ans: @) (b) (©) fa) @ di) Look for the SIA GROUP LOGO on the TITLE COVER before you buy Tn the circuit shown in below figure, R=2 ohme, (a) Find the resonant frequency and the half-power frequencies. (b) Calculate the quality factor and bandwidth, (6) Determine the amplitude of the currents at resonant and half-power frequencies «, R L pW —c088 sino (1) Figure Given that, Re ‘The give, cieui¢ diagram is shown in figure { . > 20 sino (4 Figure To determine, (Resonant frequency, , (Half power frequencies, », = ? and w, =? (Quality factor, 0 Gi) Bandwidth, B= 9 Amplitude of current at, © =0,0,,0,= Resonant frequency, «, vix107 x0.4x10 L © 2x107 = 50k rad/see Hal-power Frequencies We know that, * The lower half-power frequency is given as, =A fey Oem or (g) ie 2 27 ; nasa tllacasios ——__| 2x(107) "YL 2««10-Y] “LOH x¢ BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING [JNTU-HY = 1 mH and C = 0.4 pF.a (Resonance and Network Theorems) TOO + y(1O00)? + 25x10" = 49009.999 rad/see = 49,009 k rad/see And also, The upper halt-power frequency is given as, 2 2 = yeu Waa) | *| Get) x@ato 2x(x10™) eae | me )«(0.4x10-%) = 1000+ (1000)? + 25x10" = 51009,999 rad/see = 51,009 k radi/see (b) . eh i) Quality factor, O= @ Quality factor, O= —Z x10" x(1x10") 2 50x10 x1 2 25 w Bandwidth, B= © - —2 7 (bao) 2 x 10 rad/sec 2k rad/sec (©) Amplitude of Current ‘At resonating frequency, the amplitude of current is given as, Vn R [6 V=¥, sin or= 20 sin wr] 10 A At half-power frequencies (i © ~ the amplitude of current is given as, Vn 20 Yar” J2x2 [7= 7.07106 A | : Result —_ §) @ _—_ Resonant frequency, «9, ~ 50 k rad/see . = 49,009 k radisee (ii) Hale-power frequencies, ©, w,= 51.009 k rad/see Quality factor, = 25 (ii) Bandwidth, B= 2k rad/sec “TRUM ALLAN-ONE JOURNAL FOR ren aarer— eE —— a eec - ENGINEERING STUDENTS SIA GRC2.16 © Amplinide of current, Ato=@, I= 10A At@= 0, @y [= 7.07106 A 32, Compare series resonance and parallel resonance circuits. An RLC circuit consists of R =1k2, L=100mH, C= 10 uF. Ifa voltage of 100, Vis applied across the combination, determine resonant frequency, Q factor and bandwidth, Ans: Model Papers, a4{b) Comparison of Series and Parallel Resonance Circuit For answer refer Unii-ll, Q25. Problem Given that, R=1kQ L= 100 mH C=10pF v=100V To determine, Resonant frequency, Qfactor, O=7 Bandwidth, B.W R=19 100mH C= 10 yr WW

4nx05 Voltage Across Capacitance ‘At resonance, =1x 2nf,C _|_, 44X79. 5BEX8XIO 10999.651 ~~ ——— ENGINEERING STU 2.17 2.2 NETWORK THEOREMS 2.21 Thevenin’s Theorem Q34. Explain the steps for solving a network problem using Thevenin’s theorem. + Model Paper a4(0) The following are the steps iveved inorder to apply theorem, Ans: ‘Theven Step 1 Open eireuit the terminals of the loaul if given ie. remove the element (by open circuiting) for which the response is to be determined Step 2 Determine the voltage across the open term ny of the network techniques. This vollage is nothing but 1, Step 3 In the given network, rephice al the voltage source by I the current souree by open eireuit, short-eireuit and Step 4 Determine the equivalent resistans ‘open terminals (load terminals). This resist Ry Step § If the cireuit contains any dependent source then Ky as seen through the ye is nothing but is given by Ry i este ri eurnet through he oad trina step 6 monde to determin replete op a eis tepotrmig the eure thru the shorted network toehnique, terminals using any Step 7 Replace theo ent cireuit shown in figure Ru I nctwork with the Thevenin’s equiva Ve Figure 35, State and explain Thevenin’s theorem. Ans ‘Thevenin’s Theorem For answer refer Unit-ll, QU ans Sia GROUP“ mt ‘t ‘tlFigure (2) ‘The circuit consists of two voltage source: and three resistances R,, R, and R,. Steps to Calculate Theveni ss Vand V, 's Voltage (V.,,) “In order to obtain Thevenin’s voltage, open circuit the resistance (R,). The circuit becomes as shown in figure (3). R, 1 1 A R, ee ¥, Vow 2 B Figure (3) Thevenin’s voltage (V,,) is equal to the voltage across the terminals 4 and B ic., V, By applying KVL to the ci it, we eet, NR, R)+V,-¥,=0 Kh + Ry oo) Ime, Vig = Vig = V ~ IR, @ By substituting equation (i) in equation (2) we can calculate the value of V,. Steps to Cateulate R,, In ofder to calculate Thevenin's resistance (R,,), the '8€ Sources are short circuited and current sources are open circuited, “voltay ‘Therefore, can be found by short ereuitng the volt- age sources V, and ¥, The circuit becomes, tit we At SRS ER | ro Figure (a) Look for the AD) ‘Thevenin’s resistance, From figure it is observed that both the resistances ay in parallel no R+R, ‘Therefore, the Thevenin’s equivalent LM circuit op. tained from derived parameters is as follows, Ram RMR, Rua . * Vn ER, B Figure (6) a3 State and explain Th excitation. Ans: ‘Thevenin’s Theorem Statement Any linear network having active voltage and current sources with two terminals 4 and B can be replaced by an cauivalent voltage source (V,) and equivalent impedance (Z,) in series combination forming a simple equivalent circuit Where, V,, is the open circuit voltage across the ter- minals 4 and B and Z,, is the equivalent impedance as seen from the terminals A and B when the independent sources are deactivated, Zou WM ‘ow Z, Figure (1): Thovenin’s Equi Procedure to Calculate Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit Consider a network as shown in figure (2), fea as nt Circuit G B Figure (2) ‘The circuit consists of two voltage sources ¥, and Ys and three impedance Z,, Z, and Z,. Steps to Calculate Thevenin’s Voltage (V,,) 'n order to obtain Thevenin’s voltage, open circuit thé impedance (Z, own in figure @) ,): The circuit is modified as on the TITLE COVER before you buyob. it (Resonance and Network Theorems) 2.19 rn Vou ~)V. B | Figure (3) Thevenin’s voltage (V,) is equal to the voltage across the terminals A and B ie,, By applying KVL to the circuit, we get, WL, +Z)4V,-¥, 0 | you a) Since, Vy, Vyy=V, —12, @ | By substituting equation (1) in equation (2) we ean | calculate the value of V, | sere Caeuate 7, |m order to caleuate Theveni's impedance (Z,) the ‘ollage sources are shor cireuited and current source sare open, circuited, Therefore, Z,, can be found by short circuiting the volte age sources V, and V,. The eireuit becomes, Z, DA A T=al] [h, B 3 Figure (4) Thevenin’s impedance, ZZ, nn ZZ" ‘Therefore, the Thevenin's equivalent circuit obtained ‘fom derived parameters is as follows. Z, eA Yn) B Figure (5) Q37. In the given fi igure, find the current fl through R, usi ing Thevenin’s theorem, hoo PW bony Env Sasa Ses Figure Ans: Doc.-16, (R16), Q5(b) The wiv cet is a shown in igure Maa bw) waa Seo C)p ran Figure (1) tn ond to determine the curenhough Resistance using Thevenin’s theorem, ist emove 20 resistance sa shown infigure2y, Thevenin's Voltage, Vp, Ab v Yau = Ya wana bes = 12-6 = 6V with B at higher potential ‘Thevenin’s Resistance, Ry Ingrder to determine R,,. the voltage source is replaced With short eireuit and the current source is replaced with open circuit as shown in figure (3). a8 Roo ANW- N Figure (3) ‘°° CTRUM @UL-RVONE JOURNAL FOR ENGINEERING Stupgyys SIA GROUP QS=7 Hence, the Thevenin’s equivalent circ can be drawn 2s shown in figure (4). ry Figure (4) Current through Resistor R, Now, connecting the resistor R, with theve equivalent citcuit as shown in figure (5), Ryo 72 vyrov Q38. Determine the Thevenin’s equivalent across the terminals A and B as shown in figure. 15 Ohms p 5Ohms Ww 5 Ohms 20V => 5 Ohms SOhms =—10V A WV Figure Ans: The given 159 is as shown in figure (1). Bp 52 35a = 10v Figure (1) jrcuitcan be redrawn as shown in figure (2). GROUI! ocd Qh on the THLE Cover Lane, os BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING [JNTU-HYDERABAp, isa 5a i5¥ AWA} aN 52 00 20v— 1 ‘The two closed loops (1) and (2) are independent of each other. Let /, and J, be the currents in loops (1) and (2) respec. tively. Applying KVL to loop (1), we get, 20= 151, +51, 201,= 20 Lala Applying KVL to loop (2), we get, 10=5/, +51, 101,= 10 Lala Voltage drop across 5 © resistance in loop (1) is, =hx5 =1x5 =5V 1, 1A] ‘Voltage drop across 5 Q resistance in loop (2), =1,x5 =1x5 A] =5v ‘The voltage between points A and B is sum of the volt- ‘ages as shown in figure (3), Isv =3V 4 VY sv, oi yt eo A B Figure (3) Vg=-S415-5=5V The equivalent resistance seen into terminals AB is, Ryy= (C15 |] 5) + 5] (5 +5) ~ [(sxs 4 [e}]0 y= Cn Ry = 4.666 2 heh ‘The Thevenin's equivalent circuit is as shown in figureyni-2 (Resonance and Network Theorems) Ryo 4666.0 = A Figure 4) Find the current through the branch the network shown in figure using Thevenin’s theorem. | 039. 20] 0°V : Figure Ans: Consider the given network shown in figure (1) 102 ww 4 + 2o|0°v (~) Figure (1) In order to determine the current through the branch 4-B using Thevenin’s theorem, we have to first remove the $Q branch and then determine V/,, Thevenin’s voltage across the open terminals created and R,,, the Thevenin’s equivalent resistance seen through the open terminals Thevenin’s Voltage, Vj, = 2020" 2020" ai ee Lee 154 j4 15.5242—1493 = 1.2882-14.93° A 1.2882=14.93°% (5+ j4) =1.2882 ~14.93°x6,403.238.66" = 8.247223.73° ‘ ‘Thevenin’s Impedance, Z,, In order to determine Z,,., the voltage source must be replaced with a short-circuit as shown in figure (3). 109 Van A Figure (3) 1005+ 44) OS +)" 10554 74 106.403] 38.66° 15.524] 14.93" = 4.125] 23.73" ‘ = 3.776 j1.66 Hence, the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit can be drawn pwn in, (4) as shown in figure (4), ae Vn =8:247| vf Figure () Current Through Branch A-B Now, connecting the branch A-B with 5 Qto the Theve- nin’s equivalent circuit and determining the current flowing through it 3.776 51.66 247 23.73" 102 a 52 . 20 vas 7 by B Figure (2) Vian = Ven V,,g= Voltage across (6 +/)2Q . yet +4) ee Zz.Sr ereseeyesererrereenreaTere Sent reeErCrataE 2.22 Let, /be the current flowing through the circuit Since, the circuit isa series circuit, hg@l i 8.247223,73° ' 3.776+ 1.6645 Jog = 0.923213.02" 2.2.2 Norton's Theorem Q40. State and explain Norton's theorem. Ans: Model Papert, a5(a) Statement The Norton’s theorem states that any two terminal linear network with current sougces, voltage sources mpedances) can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting ofa current source in parallel with a resistance (impedance), where the value of the current source is equal to the passing through the short-circuited terminals and the resistance is equal to the resistance measured between the terminals of the network with all the energy sources replaced by their internal resistance, i resistances, In short, this theorem is used, where itis easier to sim- plify a network in terms of current instead of voltages. This theorem reduces a normally complicated networks to a simple parallel circuit consisting of, (a) An ideal current source /, of infinite internal resistance and . ; (b) resistance R, in parallel with current source as shown in figure (2). A — ‘Network : B Figure (1): Normally Complicated Circuit B |: Norton’s Equivalent Circuit Figure (2): Norton's i Where, /. is the current which flows through a short circuit placed across terminals A and B. ing fram, AB Rg is the circuit resistance looking from the open 10 T+. tne SIA GROUP Loc oe BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING [JNTU-HYDERABap) jrite down the procedure to obtain the | oan equivalent circuit for A.C network by takin, one example. ‘any An: Statement ‘The Norton’s theorem states that any two terminal lng network with current sources, voltage sources and impedances can be replaced by an equivalent ci ing of a curen, parallel with an_ impedance (Z,), where the value of the current source is equal to the current passing through the short circuited terminals and the impedance is equal to the im, pedance measured between the terminals of the network with II the energy sources replaced by their internal impedance, it consi In shot, this theorem is used, where i is easier to sim plify a network in terms of current instead of voltages. This theorem reduces a normally complicated networks toa simply parallel circuit consisting of, (a) An ideal current source /, of infinite intemal in. pedance and (b) An impedance *Z, parallel with current source Figure (1): Norton's Equivalent Circuit, Consider the circuit shown in figure (2), Z A ¥ z] Loy Figure (2) The Norton’s equivalent circuit between the terminals A and B is calculated as, ‘The Norton’s equivalent current is nothing but the &u" ‘ent flowing through the terminals 4 and B wien itis shot circuited Norton’ v ‘orton’s current, 1, = a: “The equivalent impedance (Z,) is nothing but the ime” Ace between the two terminals d cod n the TITLE COVER 1.;.....