Materiaal Metingen Niet Destructief Onderzoek

Testgroep Non Destructive Examination

EXAMINATION PROCEDURE

Title of document : General procedure for radiographic examination of

5 welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys

Procedure number : MM 18100 E

Issued by : Materiaal Metingen Testgroep

Norm : EN-ISO 17636

5
Acceptance levels : EN-ISO 10675-1

5 This document consist of 30 pages including this front page.

Rev. 5 Prepared by Approved by Accepted by client

G.C. van der Stoep
Name R.G. Blokzijl

Title Procedure Technician

Level 3
Sign.

Procedure released Issue stamp / Signature

07-12-2012

Only green stamped procedures with "Date of release" dated and signed by the manager shall be used.
No part of this document may be reproduced or copied in any form without the permission of MMT.
Front page of this document issued by MME has been provided with the MME-emblem in colour print.
 Materiaal Metingen Testgroep
Proc.no.: MM 18100 E
Revision: 5

NDT - Procedure

5 MM 18100 E Radiographic examination of welds according to EN-ISO 17636

Table of contents:
5
1. Scope 4
1.1. Examination 4
1.2. Detection and evaluation 4
1.3. Safety 4
2. Competency examiners 4
3. Method of examination 4
4. Extent and moment of examination 4
5. Equipment 5
5.1. Source of radiation 5
5.2. Viewing boxes 5
5.3. Densitometers 5
6. Films 6
a) Class A for steel, Cu+Ni alloys for Ti alloys 6
b) Class B for steel, Cu+Ni alloys for Ti alloys 6
7. Checks prior to examination 6
8. Surface condition 6
9. Image Quality Indicators (IQI) 6
10. Geometrical unsharpness 7
10.1. Geometrical unsharpness limitations 7
11. Film quality 7
11.1. Processing 7
12. Image quality 8
12.1. Quality 8
12.2. Film density 8
13. Sources of radiation selection 8
13.1. X-ray tube 8
13.2. Ir-192 source 9
13.3. Se 75 source 9
13.4. Exceptions 9
14. Radiographic techniques 9
14.1. Single wall technique 9
14.2. Double wall technique 9
15. Execution 10
15.1. Selection of IQI 10
15.2. Placement of IQI 13
15.3. Number of IQI-'s 13
15.4. Screens 13
15.5. Film location and identification 13
15.6. Exposure time 14
16. Acceptance levels 14
16.1. Acceptance levels according EN-ISO 10675-1 15
16.2. Figures for imperfections 21
17. Reporting 21
17.1. Examination report 21
17.2. Film viewing 21
18. Record retention 22
19. Attachments 22
Attachment 1 u/i 6 22
ANNEX 1 29

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Used documents for this procedure

5
1. ASNT: Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A 2006
2. EN 462-1: 1994 Non-destructive testing; Image quality of radiographs. Part 1: Image quality indicators
(wire type). Determination of image quality value.
3. EN 462-2: 1994 Non-destructive testing; Image quality of radiographs. Part 3: Image quality classes for
ferrous metals
4. EN 473: 2008 Non-destructive testing –Qualification and certification of NDT personnel – General
principles
5. EN-ISO 5817: 2007 Welding – Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam
welding excluded) – Quality levels for imperfections
6. EN-ISO 6520 -1: 2007 Welding and allied processes – Classification of geometric imperfections in
metallic materials – Part 1: Fusion welding
7. EN-ISO 11699-1: 2011 Non-destructive testing – Industrial radiographic film – Part 1: Classification of
film systems for industrial radiography
8. EN-ISO 10675-1: 2008 Non-destructive testing of welds – Acceptance levels for radiographic testing -
Part 1: Steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys
9. EN-ISO 17635: 2010 Non-destructive testing of welds – General rules for metallic materials (ISO 17635)
10. EN-ISO 17636: 2003 Non-destructive testing of welds – Radiographic testing of fusion-welded joints
11. ISO 5580: 1985 Non-destructive testing : Industrial radiographic illuminators – Minimum requirements
12. ISO 9712: 2012 Non-destructive testing – Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
13. ISO 19232-1: 2004 Non destructive testing – Image quality of radiographs - Image quality indicators
(wire type) – Determination of image quality value.
14. MM 00001 E : General procedure for calibration and maintenance of NDT-equipment
15. MM 00091 E : Written practice : Procedure for training, qualification and certification of NDT-personnel
of MMT
16. MM 00100 E Radiation safety manual

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1. Scope

1.1. Examination

General procedure for the radiographic examination of welds and weld repairs of steel, nickel, and their
5 alloys up to 75 mm penetrated thickness and in titanium and its alloys up to 75 mm penetrated
thickness.

1.2. Detection and evaluation

This procedure describes the detection, location and evaluation of discontinuities within the weld, heat
5 affected zone and adjacent parent material in accordance with the EN-ISO 17636 and EN-ISO 10675-1.

1.3. Safety

Ionised radiation is harmful; therefore it is necessary that before execution all necessary precautions,
according to all legal and safety prescriptions, shall be observed, according to the radiation safety
manual MM 00100 E.

2. Competency examiners

5 This procedure shall be used by personal qualified to the EN 473 (ISO 9712) and/or SNT-TC-1A Level
RT 2 certified according to company written practice MM 00091 E, which is in accordance with the
ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A 2006.

Radiographic examination may be performed by Level RT 1 personal in accordance with a detailed work
instruction prepared by Level RT 2 or 3 examiner.
5
The interpretation of films shall be performed by a radiographic Film interpreter level F2

3. Method of examination

Either X-rays or Gamma-ray can be used.

4. Extent and moment of examination

The extent and moment of examination shall be indicated on the client’s request (form), including the
recommended quality level for welds according the EN-ISO 5817.

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5. Equipment

5.1. Source of radiation

5.1.1 X-ray tubes

5
Manufacturer Model kV-range Max. mA Effective focal Type
spot in mm
Andrex Smart 225X 25 – 225 10 1.5 Direct
Andrex Smart 225 70 – 225 4 1.5 Direct
GM 250 80 – 250 8 3.3 Direct
Andrex Smart 300HP 50 – 300 3 1.5 Direct
GEIT MXRP-160 C 20 – 160 6 1.6 Direct
GEIT MXR 160 20 – 160 10 1.5 Direct
20 – 160 4 0.4 Direct
Balteau GFC 205 130 – 200 5 3 Panoramic
Balteau GFC 300 130 – 300 5 3 Panoramic
I.C.M. Site-X C3005/3 50 – 300 5 2.5 Panoramic
Andrex Smart 200PC 50 – 200 4 3 Panoramic
Andrex Smart 225 25 – 225 4 1.5 Panoramic
Andrex Smart 225E 25 – 225 4 1.5 Panoramic
Andrex Smart 300PC 50 – 300 3 3 Panoramic

5.1.2 Gamma-ray equipment

Ir-192: physical source size max. 2 mm x 2 mm

Se 75 : physical source size max. 3 mm x 3 mm

5.2. Viewing boxes

5 NDT-Benelux, Lumax L, capable to of viewing density of at least 4.0

5.3. Densitometers

KOWOTEST, SAKURA PDA 81, Mac Beth TD 931, Matcon DT-92, C.J. Development, AZ 207, or
equivalent equipment, calibrated according to procedure MM 00001 E.
5
Calibration traceable to national standard (official Agfa Density Calibration Strips)

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6. Films

Table 6.1:Film class according to EN 584

Film class Brand name and type

C3 Agfa Vacupac / Rollpac Pb D4

C4 Agfa Vacupac / Rollpac Pb D5

C5 Agfa Vacupac / Rollpac Pb D7

5 a) Class A for steel, Cu+Ni alloys for Ti alloys

For all penetrated thickness and sources : C5 C5

5 b) Class B for steel, Cu+Ni alloys for Ti alloys

For energy range < 150 kV: C3 C3

For energy range  400 kV and

- w  50 mm: C4 C3
- w > 50 mm: C5 C3

For Ir 192 sources : C4 C3

For Se 75 sources : C4 C3

Note: Penetrated thickness w is the thickness of the material in the direction of the radiation calculated
on bases of the nominal wall thickness.

7. Checks prior to examination

Before the actual examination, the NDE-examiner compares the identification data on the request
(form) with those on the part to be examined.
If the data is identical the examination will be carried out, if not, corrective action shall be taken by the
client, prior to examination.

8. Surface condition

The surface of the weld shall be such that irregularities cannot mask or be confused with the image of
any discontinuity on the film.

9. Image Quality Indicators (IQI)

5 Image quality Indicators shall be of the wire type according to EN 462-1 shall be used

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10. Geometrical unsharpness

Geometrical unsharpness depends on the source to specimen distance and the source size.

10.1. Geometrical unsharpness limitations

The source-to-object distance (f) shall be chosen, so that the ratio (f/ d) is in accordance with the
following equations:

Class A = f/d ≥ 7.5 b2/3

Class B = f/d ≥ 15 b2/3

Where: f = source-to-object distance at source side

d = effective source size
b = source side of specimen to film distance (thickness)

d = shall be calculated with the following formula:

d = a + b
2
where : a = length of the source
b = width of the source

The minimum source to object distance (f) according Class A or B may be easy determined using the
Nomogram of attachment 1.

Due to geometrical shape of the object or other surrounding objects which are close to the applicable
object, it may not always possible to meet the required equations.

Note: If the radiation source can be placed inside the object to be radiographed and the film is outside
(technique fig. 5), and provided that the IQI requirements are met, this percentage may be increased.
The reduction in minimum source-to-object distance shall be no greater than 50 %.

11. Film quality

5 11.1. Processing

All films shall be processed in accordance with the ISO 5580 using an automatic film processor,
processing according the equipment manual.

All films shall be free from mechanical, chemical or other processing defects that could interfere with
proper interpretations of the films.

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12. Image quality

5 12.1. Quality

Image quality shall be demonstrated by using the IQI's according to EN 462-1, so that a minimum of
10 mm wire length shall be represented in the base material adjacent to the weld.

12.2. Film density

The density in the area of interest shall be ≥ 2.0 according Class A * 1 or ≥ 2.3 according Class B *2.
The fog density should not exceed 0.3.
A tolerance of ± 0.1 in density is allowed for variations between densitometer readings.

Note. 1) The value of class A may be reduced to 1.5 after permission of the attending inspector.
2) The value of class B may be reduced to 2.0 after permission of the attending inspector.

13. Sources of radiation selection

The selection depends on the penetrated thickness.

13.1. X-ray tube

Energy range for X-ray tubes to 500 kV, in relation to the penetrated thickness (w).

Note The maximum tube voltage for steel may increased in special cases with a maximum of 50 kV,
and for titanium with a maximum of 40 kV.

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13.2. Ir-192 source

Class A 20 mm ≤ w ≤ 100 mm *1
Class B 20 mm  w  90 mm *1

13.3. Se 75 source

Class A 10 mm ≤ w ≤ 40 mm *2
Class B 14 mm  w  40 mm

13.4. Exceptions

A reduction for Ir 192 till 10 mm, and for Se 75 till 5 mm is permitted for w, if a more suitable direction
results in a better exposure quality, and if examination with an X-ray tube is not possible. *3

Note *1 With a special written permission of the attending inspector w may be reduced according to
5 Annex 1 of this procedure, which is in accordance with the ISO 17636 par. 7.2.2

Note *2 For titanium the penetrated thickness 35 mm ≤ w ≤ 120 mm for class A, if sufficient image
quality can be achieved.

Note *3 If by the opinion of the attending level RT 2 examiner examination is not possible according
to mentioned criteria, Annex 1 of this procedure shall be used after consulting the level RT 3 or the
responsible branch office manager.

14. Radiographic techniques

The direction of the central beam of radiation should be centered on the area of interest whenever
possible.

14.1. Single wall technique

Whenever practicable, single wall technique shall be used, an adequate number of exposures shall be
taken to ensure complete coverage, this according to attachment 2 u/i 5 depending Class A or B.
Exposure technique according to fig. 1 u/i 10 (attachment 6).

14.2. Double wall technique

14.2.1 Single image viewing

For circumferential welds the single image technique may always be used. The number of exposures
for a complete coverage shall be calculated according to the diagrams on attachment. 2 or 3,
depending Class A or B.
Film technique according to fig. 13 u/i 16 (attachment 6).

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14.2.2 Double image viewing

Double wall - double image is only acceptable for curved welds with an outside diameter
D e  100 mm, technique shall be according to fig. 12 (attachment 6).
The amount of exposures shall be 2 or 3.

14.2.3 Elliptical image

Elliptical images made according to fig. 11 of attachment 6 are only agreed for welds with an outside
diameter D e  100 mm and a wall thickness t  8 mm and a weld width  D e /4. In proportion t/D e 
0.12 two exposures shall be made at 90 to each other.
If for D e < 100 mm an elliptical image technique is not sufficient, than technique 12 (attachment 6)
may be used in which case at least three exposures shall be made at 60 or 120 to each other.

14.2.4 Multi-film technique

If there is an agreement between the contracting parties, multi-film technique may be used according
fig. 19 (attachment 6). Milt-film techniques shall not be used to reduce exposure times on uniform
sections.

15. Execution

For the techniques as mentioned in par. 14 see attachment 6.

15.1. Selection of IQI

The essential wire diameter shall be selected in accordance with the following tables which are in
accordance with the EN 462, measures in mm.

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15.1.1 Single wall technique IQI source side

5
Table 15.1: According Class A Table 15.2: According Class B
Nominal Wire nr. *1 Nominal Wire nr. *2
thickness t thickness t
0 – 1.2 W18 0 - 1.5 W19

> 1.2 - 2.0 W17 > 1.5 - 2.5 W18

> 2.0 - 3.5 W16 > 2.5 - 4 W17

> 3.5 - 5.0 W15 >4-6 W16

> 5.0 - 7 W14 >6-8 W15
> 7 - 10 W13 > 8 - 12 W14

> 10 - 15 W12 > 12 - 20 W13

> 15 - 25 W11 > 20 - 30 W12

> 25 - 32 W10 > 30 - 35 W11

> 32 - 40 W9 > 35 - 45 W10

> 40 - 55 W8 > 45 - 65 W9
> 55 - 75 W7 > 65 - 75 W8

Note.
*1) If Ir-192 is used, the wire nr. may be 2 values poorer as mentioned in Table 15.1 for
t 10 mm to 24 mm.

*2) If Ir-192 is used, the wire nr. may be 1 value poorer as mentioned in Table 15.2 for t 10 mm to
40 mm.

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15.1.2 Double wall - double image IQI source side

5
Table 15.3: According Class A Table 15.4: According Class B
w Wire nr. w Wire nr.
0 - 1.2 W18 0 - 1.5 W19

> 1.2 - 2.0 W17 > 1.5 - 2.5 W18

> 2.0 - 3.5 W16 > 2.5 - 4 W17

> 3.5 – 5 W15 >4-6 W16

>5–7 W14 >6-8 W15
> 7 – 12 W13 > 8 - 15 W14

> 12 – 18 W12 > 15 - 25 W13

> 18 – 30 W11 > 25 - 38 W12

> 30 – 40 W10 > 38 - 45 W11

> 40 – 50 W9 > 45 - 55 W10

> 50 – 60 W8 > 55 - 70 W9
> 60 – 75 W7 > 70 - 75 W8

5 15.1.3 Double wall - double image IQI - film side

Table 15.5: According Class A Table 15.6: According Class B

w Wire nr. w Wire nr.
0 - 1.2 W18 0 - 1.5 W19
> 1.2 – 2 W17 > 1.5 - 2.5 W18
> 2 - 3.5 W16 > 2.5 - 4 W17

> 3.5 – 5 W15 >4-6 W16

> 5 – 10 W14 > 6 - 12 W15

> 10 – 15 W13 > 6 - 18 W14
> 15 – 22 W12 > 18 - 30 W13
> 22 – 38 W11 > 30 - 45 W12
> 38 – 48 W10 > 45 - 55 W11
> 48 – 60 W9 > 55 - 70 W10

> 60 – 75 W8 > 70 - 75 W9

Note: t = nominal wall thickness and w = penetrated thickness based up on the nominal
wall thickness

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15.2. Placement of IQI

15.2.1 Placement of wire IQI

In principal the IQI will be placed at source side.

The wire indicator shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is perpendicular to the
length of the weld, so that a minimum of 10 mm wire length shall be represented on the film, within an
area of equable density, mostly the parent material.
If the wire indicator is placed at the film side a lead letter "F" shall be placed adjacent to or on the wire
indicator, this shall be mentioned in the examination report.

15.2.2 Elliptical exposure or 3 x perpendicular exposure

For elliptical exposure (fig.11 att. 6) or perpendicular exposure (fig.12 att. 6), the IQI shall be placed
with the wires at the tube axis, the IQI image shall not be exposed in the weld and the IQI shall be
placed at film side.

15.3. Number of IQI-'s

One IQI-image shall be visible on each film at the end of the film, within the useful film length,
according 15.1.
For the use of the central exposure technique (fig 5 of att. 6), for tubes De > 200 mm, at least 3
equally spaced IQI-'s shall be visual on the film, (120 apart or < 1000 mm).

15.4. Screens

A) Objectionable scatter radiation shall be reduced by suitable filtration.

B) As a check on back-scatter, a lead symbol "B" with minimum dimensions of 12.5 mm height
and 1.5 mm in thickness shall be attached to the back of the film holder. If a light image of the
"B" appears on a darker background of the film, protection from backscatter is insufficient and
the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image of the "B" on a lighter
background is not cause for rejection.

15.5. Film location and identification

15.5.1 Film location

Each film shall be identified by a number and at least two location markers or one measure tape which
are to appear as radiographic images, outside the area of interest.
The location markers shall be placed on the part and their location shall be marked on the surface of
the part or on a map in a manner permitting the area of interest on the film to be accurately traceable
to its location on the part.
On diameters  100 mm only one marker may be used on the source side of the pipe e.g. (A, B, C or 1,
2, 3) and also marked on the pipe.

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15.5.2 Film identification

The following identification shall be appearing as radiographic images outside the area of interest:

a) Film nr.
b) Order nr.
c) Pos nr. or part nr. and/or weld nr.
d) Name or symbol of manufacturer.
e) Date of examination
f) MME-symbol
g) If required welders nr. or mark

All films from repairs shall be numbered with the same number as the first film, with addition
R1= first repair.
R2= second repair etc.

15.6. Exposure time

The exposure times shall be calculated in accordance with the exposures charts of the films.
For gamma-rays a minimum exposure time of 30 s shall be used.

16. Acceptance levels

Before radiographic examination will be carried out, all welds shall be visual examined by the client in
accordance with the applicable quality level according the EN-ISO 5817, as requested in the contract
documents or the request form of the client.

The requested acceptance levels according the ISO 10675-1 and the required examination
5 techniques according the ISO 17636 shall be according following Table.

Quality levels in accordance Testing techniques and Acceptance levels in

with ISO 5817 classes in accordance with accordance with
ISO 17636 this part of ISO 10675

B B 1

C Ba 2

D A 3

a However, the minimum number of exposure for circumferential weld testing may correspond to the
requirements of class A of ISO 17636.

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5 16.1. Acceptance levels according EN-ISO 10675-1

The symbols used in Table 16.1 are the following:

l length of indication, in millimetres;

s nominal butt weld thickness, in millimetres;
t material thickness, in millimetres;
L any 100 mm testing length, in millimetres;
wp width of the weld, or cross surface imperfection, in millimetres;
h width of indication, the width or height of surface imperfection, in millimetres;
d diameter of pore; in millimetres;
b width of excess penetration of weld, in millimetres;
A sum of projected areas of indications related to L × wp, in %;
Σl summary length of imperfections within L, in millimetres.

Indications shall not be divided into different ranges L.

5 Table 16.1 – Acceptance levels for internal indications in butt welds

Type of internal
imperfections in
No.
accordance with Acceptance level 3 a Acceptance level 2 a Acceptance level 1
ISO 6520-1

1 Cracks (100) Not permitted Not permitted Not permitted

2a Porosity and gas pores A ≤ 2,5 % A ≤ 1,5 % A≤1%
(2012, 2011)
d ≤ 0,4s, max. 5 mm d ≤ 0,3s, max. 4 mm d ≤ 0,2s, max. 3 mm
Single layer
L = 100 mm L = 100 mm L = 100 mm
2b Porosity and gas pores A≤5% A≤3% A≤2%
(2012, 2011)
d ≤ 0,4s, max. 5 mm d ≤ 0,3s, max. 4 mm d ≤ 0,2s, max. 3 mm
Multilayer
L = 100 mm L = 100 mm L = 100 mm
3b Clustered (localized) A ≤ 16% A ≤ 8% A ≤ 4%
porosity (2013)
d ≤ 0,4s, max. 4 mm d ≤ 0,3s, max. 3 mm d ≤ 0,2s, max. 2 mm
L = 100 mm L = 100 mm L = 100 mm

4ac Linear porosity (2014) A≤8% A≤4% A≤2%

Single layer d ≤ 0,4s, max. 4 mm d ≤ 0,3s, max. 3 mm d ≤ 0,2s, max. 2 mm
L = 100 mm L = 100 mm L = 100 mm
4bc Linear porosity (2014) A ≤ 16 % A≤8% A≤4%
Multilayer d ≤ 0,4s, max. 4 mm d ≤ 0,3s, max. 3 mm d ≤ 0,2s, max. 2 mm
L = 100 mm L = 100 mm L = 100 mm

5d Elongated cavities h < 0,4s, max. 4 mm h < 0,3s, max. 3 mm h < 0,2s, max. 2 mm
(2015) and wormholes
Σl ≤ s, max. 75 mm, Σl ≤ s, max. 50 mm, Σl ≤ s, max. 25 mm,
(2016)
L=100 mm L=100 mm L=100 mm

6e Shrinkage cavity (202) h < 0,4s, max. 4 mm

Not permitted Not permitted
(other than crater pipes) l ≤ 25 mm

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7 Crater pipe (2024) h ≤ 0,2t, max. 2 mm

Not permitted Not permitted
l ≤ 0,2t, max. 2 mm

8d Slag inclusions (301), flux h < 0,4s, max. 4 h < 0,3s, max. 3 h < 0,2s, max. 2
inclusions (302) and oxide
mm Σl ≤ s, max. 75 mm Σl ≤ s, max. 50 mm Σl ≤ s, max.
inclusions (303)
mm L = 100 mm mm L = 100 mm 25 mm L = 100
mm
9 Metallic inclusions (304) l ≤ 0,4s, max. 4 mm l ≤ 0,3s, max. 3 mm l ≤ 0,2s, max. 2 mm
(other than copper)

(continued)

Table 16.1 (concluded)

Type of internal
imperfections in
No. Acceptance level 3 a Acceptance level 2 a Acceptance level 1
accordance with
ISO 6520-1

10 Copper inclusions Not permitted

Not permitted Not permitted
(3042)

11e Lack of fusion (401) Permitted, but only

intermittently and
Not permitted Not permitted
not breaking the
surface
Σl ≤ 25 L 100
12e Lack of penetration (402)
Σl ≤ 25 mm, L = 100 mm Not permitted Not permitted

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Note:
a) Acceptance levels 3 and 2 may be specified with suffix “X”, which denotes that all indications
over 25 mm are unacceptable.

b) See Figure C.1 and C.2

Fig. C.1 Clustered porosity, D > d A2

Fig. C.2 Clustered porosity, D < d A2

The sum of the different pore areas (A 1 + A 2 …..) related to the evaluation area L x Wp (figure C.1).

If D is less than d A1 or d A2 , whatever is smaller, an envelope surrounding the porosity area A 1 + A 2 shall
be considered as one area of imperfection (Figure C.2)

c) See Figure C.3 and C.4

Fig. C.3 Linear porosity, D > d 2

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Fig. C.4 Linear porosity, D < d 2

The sum of the different pore areas related to the evaluation area L x Wp (Figure C.3).

If D is smaller than the smaller diameter of one of the neighbouring pores, the full connected area of two
pores is to be taken into the sum of imperfections (Figure C.4).

d) See Figure C.5 and C.6

Fig. C.5 Elongated cavities and wormholes, D > l 3

Fig. C.6 Elongated cavities and wormholes, D < l 3

The sum of length of indications Σl shall be determined for each testing length L (Figure C.5).

If D is smaller than the shorter length of one of the neighbouring imperfections, the full connection of the
two imperfections is to be taken into the sum of imperfections (Figure C.6).

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5
Table 16.1b – Surface imperfections: The acceptance levels are those defined for visual testing.
These defects are normally evaluated by visual testing

Type of surface
imperfections in
No. Acceptance level 3 a Acceptance level 2 a Acceptance level 1
accordance with
ISO 6520-1

13 Crater cracks (104) Not permitted Not permitted Not permitted

Smooth transition is Smooth transition is Smooth transition is
14a Undercut, continues and
required required required
intermittent (5011,5012)
For t > 3 mm For t > 3 mm For t > 3 mm

h ≤ 0,2t, max. 1 mm
h ≤ 0,1t, max. 0,5 mm h ≤ 0,05t, max. 0,5 mm

For 0,5 mm ≤ t ≤ 3 mm
For 0,5 mm ≤ t ≤ 3 mm For

l ≤ 25 mm, h ≤ 0,2t
l ≤ 25 mm, h ≤ 0,1t 0,5 mm ≤ t ≤ 3 mm

not permitted

14b Shrinkage groove (root Smooth transition is Smooth transition is Smooth transition is
undercut 5013) required required required
For t > 3 mm For t > 3 mm For t > 3 mm

l ≤ 25 mm, l ≤ 25 mm, l ≤ 25 mm,

h ≤ 0,2t, max. 2 mm, h ≤ 0,1t, max. 1 mm h ≤ 0,05t, max. 0,5 mm

For 0,5 mm ≤ t ≤ 3 mm For 0,5 mm ≤ t ≤ 3 mm For 0,5 mm ≤ t ≤ 3 mm

h ≤ 0,2 mm + 0,1t l ≤ 25 mm, h ≤ 0,1t Not permitted

15a Excess penetration (504) h ≤ 1 mm + 0,6 b h ≤ 1 mm + 0,3 b h ≤ 1 mm + 0,1 b

0,5 mm ≤ t ≤ 3 mm

15b Excess penetration (504) h ≤ 1 mm + 1,0 b, h ≤ 1 mm + 0,6 b, h ≤ 1 mm + 0,2 b,

t > 3mm
max. 5 mm max. 4 mm max. 3 mm

16 Stray arc (601) Permitted, if the

properties of the parent Not permitted Not permitted
metal are not affected

17 Spatter (602) Acceptance depends on application, e.g. material, corrosion protection

l ≤ 25 mm:
18a Root concavity (515) h ≤ 0,2 mm + 0,1 t
Not permitted
0,5 mm ≤ s ≤ 3 mm
h ≤ 0,1 t

(continued)

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Table 16.1b (concluded)

Type of surface
imperfections in Acceptance level 3 a Acceptance level 2 a Acceptance level 1
No.
accordance with
ISO 6520-1
l ≤ 25 mm, l ≤ 25 mm, l ≤ 25 mm,
18b Root concavity (515)
s > 3 mm
h ≤ 0,2 t, h ≤ 0,1 t, h ≤ 0,05 t,

max. 2 mm max. 1 mm max. 0,5 mm

Poor restart (517) Permitted,

19

The limit depends on the Not permitted Not permitted

s ≥ 0,5 mm
type of imperfection (see
ISO 5817)

Sagging (509) l ≤ 25 mm, l ≤ 25 mm,

20a
Not permitted
Incompletely filled groove h ≤ 0,25 t h ≤ 0,1 t
(511)

0,5 mm ≤ s ≤ 3 mm

Sagging (509) l ≤ 25 mm, l ≤ 25 mm, l ≤ 25 mm,

20b

Incompletely filled groove h ≤ 0,25 t, h ≤ 0,1 t, h ≤ 0,05 t,

(511)
max. 2 mm max. 1 mm max. 0,5 mm
s > 3 mm

Linear misalignment h ≤ 0,2 mm + 0,25 t h ≤ 0,2 mm + 0,15 t h ≤ 0,2 mm + 0,1 t

21a
(507)

0,5 mm ≤ s ≤ 3 mm

Linear misalignment, h ≤ 0,25 t, max. 5 mm h ≤ 0,15 t, max. 4 mm h ≤ 0,1 t, max. 3 mm

21b
longitudinal welds (507)

s > 3 mm

Linear misalignment, h ≤ 0,5 t, h ≤ 0,5 t, h ≤ 0,5 t,

21c
circumferential welds
(507) max. 4 mm max. 3 mm max. 2 mm

s ≥ 0,5 mm

a Acceptance levels 3 and 2 may be specified with suffix X, which denotes that all indications over 25 mm are unacceptable.

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16.2. Figures for imperfections

A - gas pore (2011 – 2015)

Aa - porosity (2012 – 2013 -2014)
Ab - wormhole (2015 – 2016)
B - slag inclusion (301)
Ba - slag inclusion of any form and direction (301)
Bb - slag inclusion longitudinal (301)
Bc - weaving defect (301)
Bd - chip out defect (603 – 604 – 605 – 606)
Be - defects made by changing of electrodes (601)
C - incomplete fusion (401)
D - incomplete penetration (402 – 4021 – 403)
E - crack (100)
Ea - longitudinal crack (101)
Eb - transverse crack (102)
F - undercut (501 serial)
G - welding flux (602 – 615)
H - heavy metal (304)
J - oxide inclusion (303)
K - shrink in crater (102 – 104 – 2024)

17. Reporting

17.1. Examination report

On a radiographic examination report the following information shall be represented:

a) Procedure nr; project; order nr; pos.nr; or part nr. and/ or weld nr; name or symbol of
manufacturer; date of examination; if requested welder’s identification; heat nr.
If applicable (data from 15.5.2); drawing nr.
b) Film nr. (number and identification of radiographs).
c) X-ray voltage or type of gamma-ray source.
d) X-ray machine focal spot size, gamma-ray source dimensions
e) Material being radiographed; weld thickness, or weld reinforcement thickness if applicable.
f) Minimum source to object distance
g) Distance from source side of the object to the film at the minimum source to object distance.
h) Film type and manufacturer
i) Number of films in each film holder / cassette
j) single or double wall exposure
k) single or double wall viewing
l) Interpretation and judgment of each film
m) Signature of authorized Level RT 2 operator and signature of level F 2 film interpreter.

17.2. Film viewing

The radiographic report accompanying the films shall be presented for final judgment.

Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not cause
troublesome reflections, shadows or glare on the film.
The viewing conditions shall be such that light from the outer edge of the film or coming through low-
density portions of the film does not interfere with interpretation.

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18. Record retention

The complete set of films, the original report and 1 copy shall be handed to the client for his
concurrence and filing.
The NDE-supervisor receives a copy of the NDE-reports, and if applicable the attachments.
The NDE-supervisor is responsible for the correct handling and filing of those copy reports at the office
for at least one year. After that year copy reports stay on file for at least 6 years in the technical
archive.

19. Attachments

Attachment 1 u/i 6

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Attachment 1

Nomogram for the determination of the minimum distance between the source-to-object
5
distance, f min , in relation to object-to-film distance, b, and the source size, d.

5 a Class B
b Class A

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Attachment 2

Nominal thickness = t
Penetrated thickness = w
Object-film distance = b
Source size = d
Focus to film distance = BFA
Outside diameter = De

Minimum amount of films according Class A

Minimum amount of films N for eccentric exposures.

t/t= 20% in relation to the proportion of t/De and De/BFA (focus to film distance).

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Attachment 3

Minimum amount of films according Class B

Minimum amount of films N for eccentric exposure.

t/t = 10% in relation to the proportion of t/De and De/BFA (focus to film distance).

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Attachment : 4

Minimum amount of films according to Class A

Minimum amount of films N for single wall exposure.

t/t = 20% in relation to the proportion t/De and De/f.

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Attachment : 5

Minimum amount of films according to Class B

Minimum amount of films N for single wall exposure.

t/t = 10% in relation to the proportion of t/De and De/f.

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Attachment : 6

fig.1 fig.2 fig.3

fig. 4 fig.5 fig.6

fig.7 fig.8 fig.9

fig.10 fig.11 fig.12

fig. 13 fig.14 fig.15 fig.16

fig.17 fig.18 fig.19

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ANNEX 1

If examination with X-ray tubes is not possible and the contracting parties are not be able to take a
decision, than the attending level RT2 examiner shall consult the level RT3 or the responsible branch
office manager. With his permission the examination shall be carried out with an Ir 192 or Se 75
5 source, within the ranges of the ISO 17636 par. 7.2.2 .

In special cases the penetrated thickness may be reduced to min. 10 mm for the use of an Ir192.

In special cases the penetrated thickness may be reduced to min. 5 mm for the use of Se 75

The above mentioned is also applicable, with a special written permission of the attending inspector.

If client required special acceptance criteria, than an additional procedure shall be made.

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5 Example of RT report

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