LINEAR INEQUALITIES

A linear inequality in two variables is a mathematical expression similar to

linear equation that makes use of inequality symbols.
o  - is less than
o  - is greater than
o ≤ - Is less than or equal to
o ≥ - Is greater than or equal to
o ≠ - not equal

EXAMPLES
 The sum of a fifty-peso bill (f) and a hundred-peso bill (h) is less
than five hundred pesos.
ANSWER: F + H < 500
 Martha bought 3 boxes of buko pie (p) and 2 boxes of buko tart (t) in
a store in Tagaytay. She paid greater than 500 pesos.
ANSWER: 3P+2T>500
 Michael’s average grade in Math (m) and English (e) should be at
least 80 for him to pass.
ANSWER: M + E ≥80
 A certain number x subtracted from 12 is less than or equal to four
times a number y.
Answer: 12-x ≤ 4y

GRAPHING LINEAR INEQUALITIES

How to determine the type of line to draw and where to
shade it?
 If the inequality symbol is greater than or less than, draw dotted line.
  If the inequality symbol is greater than or equal to/less than or equal
to, draw solid line.
 If the inequality symbol is greater than/greater than or equal to,
shade above the line.
 If the inequality symbol is less than/less than or equal to, shade
below the line.
 If the inequality is x greater than/greater than or equal to, shade the
right of the line.
If the inequality is x less than/less than or equal to, shade the left of
the line.

For further examples and explanation…

Graphing SYSTEM OF LINEAR
INEQUALITIES
METHOD:
1. Graph the first inequality on the cartesian plane. (x+y ≤ 6) n

2. Using the same cartesian plane, graph the second inequality.

(2x-y > 4)

3. And when both inequalities are graph simultaneously..

 The solution to the system is the brown region – where the
two shaded areas coincide.
Graphing system of inequalities
1. Write the inequalities in slope-intercept form.
2. Use the slope and y-intercept to plot the lines.
3. Draw in the line. Use a solid line for less than or equal to or greater
than or equal to. Use a dashed line for less than or greater than.
4. Pick a point above the line or below the line. Test that point in the
inequality. If it makes the inequality true, then shade the region that
contains that point. If it makes the inequality false, shade the region
on the other side of the line.

Follow steps 1-4 for each inequality. Find the region that should be
shaded. EXAMPLE BELOW:
RELATIONs
A relation is any set of ordered pairs.

Representations of relations:
1. Ordered pair
2. Table
3. Mapping Diagram
4. Graph
5. Rule/Equation

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

 A relation between two variables x and y is a set of ordered
pairs
 An ordered pair consist of a x and y-coordinate.
 X-values are input, domain, independent variable
 Y-values are outputs, range, dependent variable
 A relation may be viewed as ordered pairs, mapping diagram,
table, equation, or graph.

CORRESPONDENCE
 1 to 1
 1 to many
 Many to 1
EXAMPLES
{(0, -5), (1, -4), (2, -3), (3, -2), (4, -1), (5, 0)}
What is the domain?
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
What is the range?
{-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0}

IS A RELATION A FUNCTION?
What is a function?
- According to a textbook, “a function is... a relation in which
every input is paired with exactly one output.”
- In other words, a function is a relation with no repetition of x
value.
- Correspondence 1 to many is not a function.
- Focus on the x-coordinates, when given a relation.
- If the set of ordered pairs have different x-coordinates, it IS A
FUNCTION.
- If the set of ordered pairs have same x-coordinates, it is NOT
A FUNCTION.
Examples
{(0, -5), (1, -4), (2, -3), (3, -2), (4, -1), (5, 0)}
Is this a function? YES!
{(-1, -7), (1, 0), (2, -3), (0, -8), (0, 5), (-2, -1)}
Is this a function? NO!
DETERMINING A FUNCTION THROUGH
VERTICAL TEST
- A relation is a mapping, or pairing, of input values with output
values.
- The set of input values is called the domain.
- The set of output values is called the range.

A relation can be represented by a set of ordered pairs of the form

(x, y)

Vertical line test

- A relation is a function if a vertical line drawn through its
graph, passes through only one point.
- AKA “The Pencil Test” Take a pencil and move it from left to
right (-x to x); if it crosses more than one point, it is not a
function.

EXAMPLES
Function? NO!

Function? YES!

INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT

VARIABLES
- Dependent variable is a mathematical variable whose value is
determined by that of one or more other variables in a
function. It depends on the independent variable.
- Independent variable is a mathematical variable that is
independent on other variables in an expression or function
and whose value determines one or more of the values of the
other variables. It controls the dependent variable.

EXAMPLES
 1. A painter must measure a room before deciding how much
paint to buy.
 Dependent: amount of paint
 Independent: measurement of the room

2. Carl buys p kilos of apples at P80 per kilo.

 Dependent: cost
 Independent: kilos
3. The height of a candle decrease d centimeters for every hour it
burns.
 Dependent: height of a candle
 Independent: time

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS – HYPOTHESIS AND

CONCLUSION
 Conditional statements are also known as if-then statements.
The if part is the hypothesis and the then part is the
conclusion.

EXAMPLES
1. If today is Tuesday, then tomorrow is Wednesday.
 Hypothesis: Today is Tuesday.
 Conclusion: Tomorrow is Wednesday.
2. If two angles are supplementary, then the sum of the measure
of the angles is 180.
 Hypothesis: Two angles are supplementary.
 Conclusion: The sum of the measures of the angles is 180.
WHAT IF THE STATEMENT IS NOT WRITTEN IN IF-THEN
FORM?

1. A number is a rational number if it is an integer.

 Hypothesis: A number is an integer.
 Conclusion: The number is a rational number.
2. A number is divisible by 3 if it is divisible by 6.
 Hypothesis: A number is divisible by 6.
 Conclusion: A number is divisible by 3.
 If p, then q can also be written as
 If P, Q
 Q, if p
 P implies Q
 P only if Q

WRITING A CONDITIONAL STATEMENT

1. An obtuse triangle has exactly one obtuse angle.
 Identify the hypothesis and conclusion
Hypothesis: An obtuse triangle
Conclusion: has exactly one obtuse angle
Answer: If a triangle is obtuse, then it has exactly one
obtuse angle.

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS – TRUTH

VALUE AND CONVERSE
- A conditional statement has a truth value of either true or
false. It is false only when the hypothesis is true and the
 conclusion is false. To show that a conditional statement is
false, you need to find only one counterexample where the
hypothesis is true and the conclusion is false.

CONVERSE OF CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

The converse is the statement formed by exchanging the
hypothesis and conclusion.

EXAMPLE
Conditional: If you are a Filipino, then you have black hair.
Converse: If you have a black hair, then you are a Filipino.

NEGATION
Writing the opposite of the statement. The negation of true
statement is false, and the negation of false statement is true,

inverse
The inverse is the statement formed by negating the hypothesis and
conclusion.

EXAMPLE
Conditional: If you are a Filipino, then you have black hair.
Inverse: If you are not a Filipino, then you do not have black hair.

CONTRAPOSITIVE
The contrapositive is the statement formed by both exchanging and
negating the hypothesis and conclusion.
EXAMPLE
Conditional: If you are a Filipino, then you have black hair.
Contrapositive: If you do not have black hair, then you are not a
Filipino.

INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING

REASONING – the mental process of drawing conclusions or
inferences from observation, facts, or hypotheses.
INDUCTIVE – specific to general
DEDUCTIVE – general to specific

INDUCTIVE

DEDUCTIVE