 Extractions are a way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed with others.

The
mixture is brought into contact with a solvent in which the substance of interest is
soluble, but the other substances present are insoluble.
 Extractions use two immiscible phases (these are phases that do not mix, like oil and
water) to separate the substance from one phase into the other.
 Easy Example of Extraction
 Tea-making is a very basic non-laboratory extraction. You boil tea leaves in water to
extract the tannins, theobromine, polyphenols, and caffeine out of the solid tea leaves
and into the liquid water. You are then free to drink and enjoy the water and the
extracted substances it contains.
 Laboratory Extractions
 Typical lab extractions are to transport organic compounds out of an aqueous phase and
into an organic phase. These are often carried out using a separating funnel, as
illustrated below. The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium
described by partition theory.
 "Extraction" refers to transference of compound(s) from a solid or liquid into a different
solvent or phase.
 In the chemistry lab, it is most common to use liquid-liquid extraction, a process that
occurs in a separatory funnel (Figure 4.2). A solution containing dissolved components is
placed in the funnel and an immiscible solvent is added, resulting in two layers that are
shaken together. It is most common for one layer to be aqueous and the other an
organic solvent. Components are "extracted" when they move from one layer to the
other. The shape of the separatory funnel allows for efficient drainage and separation of
the two layers.
 Compounds move from one liquid to another depending on their relative solubility in
each liquid. A quick guide to solubility is the "like dissolves like" principle, meaning that
nonpolar compounds should be readily extracted into nonpolar solvents (and vice
versa). The compounds responsible for the taste and color of tea must be polar if they
are readily extracted into hot water. When allowed to equilibrate between two liquids
in a separatory funnel, the majority of a compound often ends up in the layer that it is
more soluble.
 "Extraction" refers to transference of compound(s) from a solid or liquid into a different
solvent or phase. In the chemistry lab, it is most common to use liquid-liquid extraction,
a process that occurs in a separatory funnel. A solution containing dissolved
components is placed in the funnel and an immiscible solvent is added, resulting in two
layers that are shaken together. It is most common for one layer to be aqueous and the
other an organic solvent. Components are "extracted" when they move from one layer
to the other.
 Extraction is a common technique used in organic chemistry to isolate a target
compound. In the extraction process, a solute is transferred from one phase to another
 to separate it from unreacted starting materials or impurities. Extraction is also used to
facilitate the isolation of a solute from a reaction solvent that is difficult to remove by
evaporation, such as a solvent with a high boiling point. Generally, there are three types
of extractions. First, in solid-liquid extraction, the solute is transferred from a solid
phase to a liquid phase. In liquid-liquid extraction, a solute is transferred from one liquid
to another. In acid-base extraction, a solute is transformed into an ionic compound and
transferred from an organic phase to an aqueous phase. A common example of
extraction is the brewing coffee or tea. The solid phase, which contains the caffeine,
plant flavors, and odors, is extracted by the hot water into the liquid phase.
 A liquid-liquid extraction either transfers an organic compound that is dissolved in an
aqueous phase to an organic solvent, or it is used to transfer unreacted reactants, salts,
and other water-soluble impurities to the aqueous phase while leaving the organic
compound of interest in the organic phase. Immiscible liquids are liquids that never
form a homogenous solution, even when thoroughly mixed. Instead, immiscible liquids
separate into different phases, like oil and water.
 A liquid-liquid extraction transfers an organic compound that is dissolved in an aqueous
phase to an organic solvent. To perform a liquid-liquid extraction, first, the aqueous
solution containing the solute is added to a separatory funnel. Then, a non-water-
soluble organic solvent is added to the separatory funnel. When the contents of the
funnel are mixed well, the organic compound partitions into the organic phase based on
its higher solubility in the organic phase than the aqueous phase.
 Since the two solvents are immiscible, the two liquids form discrete layers, with the
dense liquid on the bottom and the less dense liquid on the top. Once the two phases
settle back into two layers, they are separated by opening the stopcock at the bottom of
the separatory funnel and allowing one layer to flow out. The liquid that had the solute
removed is called the raffinate, while the liquid that gained the solute is called the
extract.
 The organic compound is partitioned between the two layers based on its solubility in
each phase. Equilibrium is reached when the chemical potential of the solute is the
same in the two phases. The partition coefficient for a solute, K, is the ratio of the
concentration of the sample in the organic layer divided by the concentration in the
aqueous phase. The partition coefficient is a constant dependent on both the solute and
the pair of solvents used in the extraction. The partition coefficient is an expression of
preference of the solute for each of the two solvents. Solutes with a large partition
coefficient have a higher tendency to be extracted into the organic solvent layer. Solutes
with small partition coefficients prefer to transition into the aqueous phase.
 Determining which solvent pair to use for a liquid-liquid extraction is a vital step.
Consider the following when choosing which solvents to use: First, the solute must be
more soluble in the solvent than in water. Therefore, knowing the partition coefficient
of the solute in a potential solvent pair is necessary. Second, the solvent-pair must be
 immiscible in water and not form a homogeneous solution when mixed. Third, the
solvents must be inert and not react with the solute. The solvent should also be volatile
so that it can be removed from the solute easily. The water-immiscible organic solvent
generally possesses a non-polar or low polarity.
 It is also critical to know the densities of the solvents to determine the identities of the
top and bottom layers. Most organic liquids have a lower density than water, with the
exception of chlorinated organic solvents, and will settle to the bottom of the separatory
funnel.
 Acid-base extraction is a type of liquid-liquid extraction that separates organic
compounds based on their acid-base properties. If a solute is an acid or base, its charge
changes as the pH is changed. Generally, most organic compounds are neutral, and
therefore more soluble in organic solvents than they are in water. However, if the
organic compound becomes ionic, then it becomes more soluble in water. This is useful
in extracting an organic acid or base compound from an organic phase to an aqueous
phase.
 Acid-base extraction harnesses this property by transforming the solute into its water-
soluble salt form, thereby changing its solubility. The solubility of the organic compound
and its salt must be dramatically different in order for the technique to be effective.
 For example, consider a mixture containing an organic carboxylic acid, an amine, and a
neutral compound. Carboxylic acids consisting of six carbons or more are insoluble in
water and entirely soluble in organic solvents. However, their conjugate bases (an ionic
compound) are water-soluble and insoluble in organic solvents. An amine consisting of
at least seven carbons is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The
conjugate acid of that amine (an ionic compound) is water-soluble and insoluble in
organic solvents.
 When reacted with a base, the carboxylic acid is neutralized to its salt form. The other
compounds in the mixture remain neutral. Once the carboxylic acid is transformed into
a salt, it will partition to the aqueous phase, while the neutral compounds remain in the
organic phase.
 Acid-base extraction is also used to separate two weak acids or two weak bases with a
significant difference in their pKa. In the case of the acids, the relatively stronger acid,
having a small pKa value, is neutralized to a salt using a weak base. The weak base does
not efficiently react with the weaker acid, and only the stronger acid is transformed to a
salt. Then, the salt is extracted into the aqueous phase during extraction. The process
follows similarly for weak bases, where the relatively stronger base is neutralized to a
salt using a weak acid.
 Extraction is a process in which one or more components are separated selectively from
a liquid or solid mixture, the feed (phase 1), by means of a liquid immiscible solvent
(phase 2). The transfer of the components from the feed to the solvent is controlled by
the solubility behavior of each component in the corresponding phase.
  Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a sample preparation technique routinely used in
analytical laboratories for the extraction of analytes from a complex matrix.
 This sample preparation technique enables the extraction, cleanup and concentration of
analytes prior to their quantification. Solid phase extraction prevents most problems
encountered with liquid-liquid extraction and improves quantitative recovery yields.
This technique is rapid (most extraction in less than 30 min), easy to perform and can be
automated. In addition, low amount of solvents is handled and this technique is fully
adapted for the pre-treatment of complex matrices such as urine, blood, food samples,
water etc...
 SPE is used to:
 simplify complex sample matrices
 purify compounds of interest
 reduce the ion suppression in mass spectrometry applications
 fractionate complex mixtures for analysis by classification
 concentrate analytes present at low levels

DEFINITION:
 Extractions are a way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed with others. The
mixture is brought into contact with a solvent in which the substance of interest is
soluble, but the other substances present are insoluble.
 Extractions use two immiscible phases (these are phases that do not mix, like oil and
water) to separate the substance from one phase into the other.
 "Extraction" refers to transference of compound(s) from a solid or liquid into a different
solvent or phase.
 Extraction is a common technique used in organic chemistry to isolate a target
compound.
 Extraction is also used to facilitate the isolation of a solute from a reaction solvent that
is difficult to remove by evaporation, such as a solvent with a high boiling point.
 Extraction is a process in which one or more components are separated selectively from
a liquid or solid mixture, the feed (phase 1), by means of a liquid immiscible solvent
(phase 2). The transfer of the components from the feed to the solvent is controlled by
the solubility behavior of each component in the corresponding phase.


TYPES:
 In the chemistry lab, it is most common to use liquid-liquid extraction, a process that
occurs in a separatory funnel (Figure 4.2). A solution containing dissolved components is
placed in the funnel and an immiscible solvent is added, resulting in two layers that are
shaken together. It is most common for one layer to be aqueous and the other an
 organic solvent. Components are "extracted" when they move from one layer to the
other. The shape of the separatory funnel allows for efficient drainage and separation of
the two layers.
 Generally, there are three types of extractions. First, in solid-liquid extraction, the solute
is transferred from a solid phase to a liquid phase.
 Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a sample preparation technique routinely used in
analytical laboratories for the extraction of analytes from a complex matrix
 This sample preparation technique enables the extraction, cleanup and concentration of
analytes prior to their quantification. Solid phase extraction prevents most problems
encountered with liquid-liquid extraction and improves quantitative recovery yields.
This technique is rapid (most extraction in less than 30 min), easy to perform and can be
automated. In addition, low amount of solvents is handled and this technique is fully
adapted for the pre-treatment of complex matrices such as urine, blood, food samples,
water etc...
 SPE is used to:
 simplify complex sample matrices
 purify compounds of interest
 reduce the ion suppression in mass spectrometry applications
 fractionate complex mixtures for analysis by classification
 concentrate analytes present at low levels
 In liquid-liquid extraction, a solute is transferred from one liquid to another. In acid-base
extraction, a solute is transformed into an ionic compound and transferred from an
organic phase to an aqueous phase.
 A liquid-liquid extraction either transfers an organic compound that is dissolved in an
aqueous phase to an organic solvent, or it is used to transfer unreacted reactants, salts,
and other water-soluble impurities to the aqueous phase while leaving the organic
compound of interest in the organic phase. Immiscible liquids are liquids that never
form a homogenous solution, even when thoroughly mixed. Instead, immiscible liquids
separate into different phases, like oil and water.
 Acid-base extraction harnesses this property by transforming the solute into its water-
soluble salt form, thereby changing its solubility. The solubility of the organic compound
and its salt must be dramatically different in order for the technique to be effective.
 Acid-base extraction is a type of liquid-liquid extraction that separates organic
compounds based on their acid-base properties. If a solute is an acid or base, its charge
changes as the pH is changed. Generally, most organic compounds are neutral, and
therefore more soluble in organic solvents than they are in water. However, if the
organic compound becomes ionic, then it becomes more soluble in water. This is useful
in extracting an organic acid or base compound from an organic phase to an aqueous
phase.
INTRODUCTION:

USES:

INSTRUMENT/S:

EXAMPLES:
 A common example of extraction is the brewing coffee or tea. The solid phase, which
contains the caffeine, plant flavors, and odors, is extracted by the hot water into the
liquid phase.
 For example, consider a mixture containing an organic carboxylic acid, an amine, and a
neutral compound. Carboxylic acids consisting of six carbons or more are insoluble in
water and entirely soluble in organic solvents. However, their conjugate bases (an ionic
compound) are water-soluble and insoluble in organic solvents. An amine consisting of
at least seven carbons is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The
conjugate acid of that amine (an ionic compound) is water-soluble and insoluble in
organic solvents. When reacted with a base, the carboxylic acid is neutralized to its salt
form. The other compounds in the mixture remain neutral. Once the carboxylic acid is
transformed into a salt, it will partition to the aqueous phase, while the neutral
compounds remain in the organic phase.

HOW?
 In the extraction process, a solute is transferred from one phase to another to separate
it from unreacted starting materials or impurities.
 To perform a liquid-liquid extraction, first, the aqueous solution containing the solute is
added to a separatory funnel. Then, a non-water-soluble organic solvent is added to the
separatory funnel. When the contents of the funnel are mixed well, the organic
compound partitions into the organic phase based on its higher solubility in the organic
phase than the aqueous phase. Since the two solvents are immiscible, the two liquids
form discrete layers, with the dense liquid on the bottom and the less dense liquid on
the top. Once the two phases settle back into two layers, they are separated by opening
the stopcock at the bottom of the separatory funnel and allowing one layer to flow out.
The liquid that had the solute removed is called the raffinate, while the liquid that
gained the solute is called the extract.
 Determining which solvent pair to use for a liquid-liquid extraction is a vital step.
Consider the following when choosing which solvents to use: First, the solute must be
more soluble in the solvent than in water. Therefore, knowing the partition coefficient
of the solute in a potential solvent pair is necessary. Second, the solvent-pair must be
immiscible in water and not form a homogeneous solution when mixed. Third, the
solvents must be inert and not react with the solute. The solvent should also be volatile
so that it can be removed from the solute easily. The water-immiscible organic solvent
generally possesses a non-polar or low polarity.