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COMPUTATION OF WAVE GENERATED BY

THE FLOW AROUND NACA4412 HYDROFOIL
NEAR FREE SURFACE OF WATER.

A THESIS
BY
MD. OMAR FARUK
MD. NOOR ALAM KABIR
MD. ABDUR RAUF
MAMINAUL ISLAM RASEL
MUTTAKUR RAHMAN

DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE & MARINE

ENGINEERING.
SONARGAON UNIVERSITY (SU)
GREEN ROAD, DHAKA, BANGLADESH.

SUMMER 2017

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COMPUTATION OF WAVE GENERATED BY

THE FLOW AROUND NACA4412 HYDROFOIL
NEAR FREE SURFACE OF WATER.

A THESIS
BY
MD. OMAR FARUK (1401001022)
MD. NOOR ALAM KABIR (1401001005)
MD. ABDUR RAUF (1401001023)
MAMINAUL ISLAM RASEL (1401001020)
MUTTAKUR RAHMAN (1401001013)

SUPERVISED BY
PROFESSOR DR. MD. MASHUD KARIM

DEPARTMENT OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE & MARINE

ENGINEERING.
SONARGAON UNIVERSITY (SU)
GREEN ROAD, DHAKA, BANGLADESH.

SUMMER 2017

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ABSTRACT

Computation of wave generated by the flow around NACA4412 hydrofoil near free surface
of water is very important in the design of hydrofoil craft. In this paper, the wave generated
by flow around cambered hydrofoil NACA 4412 near free surface is predicted numerically.
To solve Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation, two-dimensional implicit
Finite Volume Method (FVM) is applied. The Realizable κ−ɛ turbulence model has been
implemented at different submergence depth ratios (h/c) ranging from1 to 6 for simulating
the flow around the cambered hydrofoil at 50 angle of attack. The Volume Of Fluid (VOF)
method has been applied to determine the free surface effect of water.

The main focus of this analysis is laid on the wave generation by a submerged cambered
hydrofoil at different submergence depth ratios to compute the wave amplitudes, lift and drag
forces near the free surface. For simulation of the problem where both the fluids, i.e, air and
water are considered as single effective fluid. At first the method is applied to cambered
hydrofoil NACA 4412 at submergence depth ratio of one for comparing the computed results
with the experimental results of Kouh et. al. [7]. Then the method is applied for various
submergence depth ratios ranging from one to six at Fn=1.00 and Re=2.79×105 for obtaining
the wave elevations, contour of static pressure and velocity magnitude and values of lift and
drag coefficients near the hydrofoil.

From comparison of the numerical results with experiment all results, it can be concluded
that the present finite volume method can be used to predict the wave generation due to flow
around hydrofoil near the free surface quite satisfactorily.

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DECLARATION

We hereby declare that the work done in this thesis is the outcome of original
research performed by us and has not been submitted elsewhere for any degree to any
other university or diploma.

Md. Omar Faruk Md. Noor Alam Kabir

(1401001022) (1401001005)

Md. Abdur Rauf Md. Maminaul Islam Rasel

(1401001023) (1401001020)

Muttakur Rahman

(1401001013)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At the very beginning we would like to thank Almighty Allah for giving us the capability and
potentiality to complete this research work properly. We would like to express our
gratitude to Dr. Md. Mashud Karim, Professor, Department of Naval Architecture &
Marine Engineering, BUET who advised us in every step during our research work. His
constant guideline and resourceful knowledge helped us a lot in achieving the goal of this
thesis work. We would also like to express our gratitude to Mr. Md. Al Amin Miazee
(Course Coordinator, Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering, Sonargaon
University) who helped us a lot by providing theoretical knowledge.

Last but not the least, we would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude to all for
their cooperation, help, comments and encouragement in making this study successful.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Items Page No.

Abstract …………………………………………....................................................................3

Declaration …………………………………………...............................................................4

Acknowledgement .…………………………………………………………………………...5

Table of contents……………………………………..………………………….………..…...6

List of illustrations …………………………………………....................................................7

List of tables ………………………………………….............................................................9

List of nomenclatures ………………………..……………....................................................10

Chapter 1: Introduction ………………………………………………..…….……………11

Chapter 2: Methodology & Mathematical Background…………….……………………13

2.1: Finite volume methods (FVM)……………..…………………………………………...13

2.2: Navier-Stokes equations………………………………………………………………...13

2.3: Turbulence Model……………………………………...………………………….…….13

2.4: Volume of Fluid (VOF) Model………………………...………………………….…….14

Chapter 3: Numerical Simulation …………………………...…………………………….16

3.1: CFD Analysis Roadmap……………………...……………………………………….....16

3.2: Computational Domain……………………...………………………………………......17

3.3: Simulation Using Fluent…….………………………………………………………......19

Chapter 4: Results and Discussion……………………………………………….….….....20

Chapter 5: Conclusion …………..………..………………………………………….….....44

List of references ……………………………………………………………………….……45

Appendix-I (Standard NACA 4412 coordinates)……………………….………...………47

Appendix-II (Mesh quality checking)…………………….………………......……………47

Appendix-III (Tutorial on free surface wave generation)….………………......…...……48

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Items Page No.

1. Geometry of NACA-4412 ………………………………………………………….……17

2. The different boundaries of the domain..…………..………………………………….….17

3. The structured grid of the computational domain around the hydrofoil ……………..…..18

4. Grid independency check according to wave elevation.………………………………….20

5. Comparison between numerical and experimental results.……………………………….21

6. The convergence history.………………………………………………..………………..21

7. The free surface wave profiles at different submergence depth ratios h/c… …………….22

8. Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=1.00 …………………………………..…23

9. Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=1.25 ……………………………………..23

10. Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=1.50 ………………………………......24

11. Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=2.00 ………………………………...….24

12. Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=3.00 …………………………………....25

13. Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=4.00 ……………………………………25

14. Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=5.00 ……………………………………26

15. Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=6.00 ……………………………………26

16. The contour of static pressure at h/c=1.00 ……………………………………………...27

17. The contour of static pressure at h/c=1.25…………………………………….………...27

18. The contour of static pressure at h/c=1.50 ……………………………………………...28

19. The contour of static pressure at h/c=2.00 ……………………………………………...28

20. The contour of static pressure at h/c=3.00 ……………………………………………...29

21. The contour of static pressure at h/c=4.00 ……………………………………………...29

22. The contour of static pressure at h/c=5.00 ……………………………………………...30

23. The contour of static pressure at h/c=6.00 ……………………………………………...30

24. The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=1.00…………………………………………31

25. The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=1.25…………………………………………31

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26. The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=1.50…………………………………………32

27. The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=2.00…………………………………………32

28. The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=3.00…………………………………………33

29. The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=4.00…………………………………………33

30. The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=5.00…………………………………………34

31. The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=6.00…………………………………………34

32. The contour of velocity vector at h/c=1.00……………………………………………..35

33. The contour of velocity vector at h/c=1.25……………………………………………..35

34. The contour of velocity vector at h/c=1.50…………………...………..………………..36

35. The contour of velocity vector at h/c=2.00……………………………………………..36

36. The contour of velocity vector at h/c=3.00……………………………………………..37

37. The contour of velocity vector at h/c=4.00……………………………………………..37

38. The contour of velocity vector at h/c=5.00……………………………………………..38

39. The contour of velocity vector at h/c=6.00……………………………………………..38

40. The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=1.00………………………………………...39

41. The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=1.25………………………………………...39

42. The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=1.50………………………………………...40

43. The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=2.00………………………………………...40

44. The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=3.00………………………………………...41

45. The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=4.00………………………………………...41

46. The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=5.00………………………………………...42

47. The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=6.00………………………………………...42

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LIST OF TABLES

Items Page No.

1. Different boundary and their condition …………..………………………………………18

2. Setting of numerical simulation .…………..………………………...…………………...19

3. Pressure Coefficient at trailing edge…………………………………………..………….43

4. Values of CL and CD at different submergence depth ………………………………...…43

5. Standard NACA 4412 coordinates……………………………….………….……………47

6. Mesh quality checking ……….…...…………...………………….…….……..…………47

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LIST OF NOMENCLATURES

C Chord length of hydrofoil

CL Lift coefficient

CD Drag coefficient

Fn Froude number

G Acceleration due to gravity

h Height of the free surface

h/c Submergence depth ratio

Re Reynolds number

Uavg Mean flow velocity

ρ Density

α Volume fraction

κ Turbulent kinetic energy

ɛ Turbulent dissipation rate

μt Turbulent viscosity

VOF Volume of Fluid

FVM Finite Volume Method

RANSE Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equation

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Lifting bodies like hydrofoils are widely used in high speed marine vehicles. Hydrofoils are
used to decrease resistance and increase lift and speed of marine crafts. Studying the pattern
of waves generated by a ship moving through the water is one of the most important
objectives in ship hydrodynamics, due to its importance in the design process. The waves
produced by a ship in motion can radiate at great distances away from the ship. Furthermore,
these waves contain energy that must be dissipated to the surrounding fluid. The ship
experiences an opposing force to its movement, one of its components is known as the
wavemaking resistance, this being one of the most important components of the ship
resistance.

Hydrofoils are used to diminish drag force and to increase lift force and speed of marine
crafts. In the design of these marine crafts, evaluation of hydrodynamic behaviour of the
hydrofoil is very important. When submergence depth of hydrofoil is small, the free surface
effect should be taken into consideration including evaluations of free surface profile,
distribution of pressure, lift and drag forces. This study is concerned with the wave generated
by a 2D cambered hydrofoil moving with constant speed placed in an unsteady stream close
to the free surface.

The problem has been considered by many researchers around the world. Application of
Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method for prediction of wave generated by flow around cambered
hydrofoil NACA-4412 is done by Uddin and Karim [1]. For the analysis of 2D hydrofoil Bal
[2] applied the potential based panel method. A distribution of Rankine type sources on the
ship hulls and free surfaces was applied by Dawson [3]. Yeung and Bouger [4] applied a
hybrid integral equation method based on Green’s theorem which satisfied exact body
condition and free surface condition in linearized form. Bai and Han [5] applied the localized
finite-element method based on the classical Hamilton’s principle for the nonlinear steady
waves due to 2D hydrofoils. For the calculations of free surface waves along with lift and
drag force of hydrofoils, vertical struts and Wigley ship hulls, Janson [6] applied linear and
nonlinear potential flow. Kouh et al. [7] analyzed the performance of 2D hydrofoil near free
surface by distributing the source on undisturbed free surface and also doublet on foil and
wake surface. In that analysis, instead of Neumann-type boundary condition, Dirichlet-type
body boundary condition was used and the free surface condition was linearized by free
stream potential. Chen and Liu [8] employed vortex lattice method for the calculation of flow
around hydrofoil by distributing the doublet on a sub-surface inside the body. Ghassemi and
Kohansal [9] presented nonlinear free surface flow and boundary element method of higher
order on various types of surface and submerged bodies. Karim et al. [10] employed
numerical simulation of free surface water wave for the flow around the hydrofoil NACA
0015 by using the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method.

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Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free boundaries by Hirt and Nicholas
[11]. Performance analysis of 3D hydrofoil under free surface by Xie and Vassalos [14].
Computational modeling for fluid flow and interfacial transport by Shyy [12].

The main focus of this analysis is laid on the wave generation by a submerged cambered
hydrofoil at different submergence depth ratios to compute the wave amplitudes, lift and drag
forces near the free surface. For simulation of the problem where both the fluids, i.e, air and
water are considered as single effective fluid.

At first the method is applied to cambered hydrofoil NACA 4412 at submergence depth ratio
of one for comparing the computed results with the experimental results of Kouh et al. [7].
Then the method is applied for various submergence depth ratios ranging from one to six at
Fn=1.00 and Re=2.79×105 for obtaining the wave elevations, contour of static pressure and
velocity magnitude and values of lift and drag coefficients near the hydrofoil.

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CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY & MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 Finite volume methods (FVM)

FVM employs finite differences for the spatial and temporal discretization. However, they
integrate the equations for mass and momentum conservation over the individual cell before
variables are approximated by values at the cell centres. This ensures conservativeness, i.e,
mass and momentum are conserved because errors at the exit face of a cell cancel with errors
at the entry face of the neighbour cell. Most commercial RANSE solvers today are based on
FVM. Fundamentals of FVM can be found in Versteeg and Malalasekera (1995), and
Ferziger and Peric (1996).

2.2 Navier-Stokes equations

The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation is used to simulate the

incompressible viscous flow around the submerged hydrofoil. The RANS equation requires
appropriate modelling of Reynolds stress (− ′ ).The main equationof the flow field and
mathematical expression of turbulence model are given below:

 In Cartesian tensor notation the RANS equation may be expressed as:

Continuity Equation + ( )=0

And,

( ) ( )
+ = - + + − + (− ′ )

Boussinesq hypothesis can be applied to relate the Reynolds stresses with mean velocity
gradients as follows:

− = + − +

This approach has the advantage of relatively low computational cost for computing turbulent
viscosity, .

2.3 Turbulence models

The RANSE equations require external turbulence models to couple the Reynolds stresses to
the time-averaged velocities. All turbulence models used for ship flows are semi-empirical.
None of the turbulence models used so far for ship flows has been investigated for its
suitability at the free surface.

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Turbulence models may be either algebraic (0-equation models) or based on one or more
differential equations (1-equation models, 2-equation models etc.). Algebraic models
compute the Reynolds stresses directly by an algebraic expression. The other models require
the parallel solution of additional differential equations which is more time consuming, but
(hopefully) also more accurate. Traditionally, the Boussinesq approach has been used in
practice which assumes isotropic turbulence, i.e, the turbulence properties are independent of
the spatial direction. The most popular turbulence model for ship flow applications in practice
in the 1990s was the standard k-ε model, although its results were not convincing in
benchmark tests for several ship geometries.

 The equation of realizable κ-ɛ turbulence model can be expressed as:

( )+ = + + + − ɛ− +

And,

ɛ ɛ ɛ
( ɛ) + ɛ = + + ɛ + + ɛ ( ɛ )+ ɛ
+√ ɛ

Where,

C1 =max [0.43, ], = ɛ
, = 2√

In these equations Gk is the generation of turbulent kinetic energy due to the mean velocity
gradients and Gb represents the generation of turbulent kinetic energy due to buoyancy, YM is
the contribution of the fluctuating dilatation in compressible turbulence to the overall
dissipation rate, C2 and C1ɛ are constant terms, σk and σɛ represents the turbulent prandtl
numbers for κ and ɛ respectively and Sk and Sɛ are user defined source terms. The turbulent
viscosity μt can be computed by combining κ and ɛ as given below:

= ɛ
; Where, is a constant.

The turbulent kinetic energy κ and turbulent dissipation rate ɛ are expressed as:

K= ( ) ; and ɛ=

( )
Where, Uavg represents the mean flow velocity, I is the turbulent intensity = 0.16( )

And l=0.007L.

2.4 Volume of Fluid (VOF) Model

The VOF formulation relies on the fact that two or more fluids (or phases) are not
interpenetrating. It is used to compute the surface wave that is caused by the submerged
hydrofoil that moves near the free surface of water.

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 The governing equation of the VOF method is expressed as:

( )
= + ( . ) ( ) = 0,

where, F is a function having a value of unity at any point in the fluid.

For a cell full of fluid a unit value of F is used. A zero value of F is used for a cell that
contains no fluid and a cell that has a value between one and zero contains a free surface.

The VOF formulation applies the concept that two or more fluids (or phases) are not
interpenetrating. For each additional phase a variable is introduced with the volume fraction
of the phase in the computational cell. In each of the control volume, the volume fraction of
all the phases sum to a value of unity. As long as the volume fraction of each of the phases is
known at each location, the fields for all variables and properties are shared by the phases and
represent volume-averaged values. Thus the variables and properties in any particular cell are
either purely representative of one of the phases, or representative of a mixture of the phases,
depending upon the values of volume fraction.

In other words, if the volume fraction of qth Fluid in the cell is denoted as αq, then three
conditions are possible as given below

• αq= 0 : the cell is empty (of the qth fluid).

• αq= 1: the cell is full (of the qth fluid)

• 0≤αq≤1 : the cell contains the interface between the qth fluid and one or more other fluids.

The appropriate properties and variables will be assigned to each control volume within the
domain based on the local value of αq. The tracking of the interface between the phases is
done by the solution of a continuity equation for the volume fraction of one of the phases. For
the qth phase, this equation is of the following form:

1 ∂
a ρ +∇ a ρ v = Sa + (ṁ −ṁ )
ρ ∂t

Where, ṁpq is the mass transfer from phase p to phase q and ṁqp is the mass transfer from
phase q to phase p. The volume fraction equation will not be solved for the primary phase.
The volume fraction of the primary phase will be computed based on the following
constraint:

a =1

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CHAPTER 3

NUMERICAL SIMULATION

3.1 CFD Analysis Roadmap

One of the biggest challenges in the engineering industry is being able to come up with
efficient and optimal designs for new products. One of the strongest tools offered is
FLUENT. ANSYS FLUENT is Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software that allows
users to simulate flow problems of ranging complexity. It has the capability to model fluid
flow past objects with the ability to design, test, and analyze results all under one program.
Although it is a strong tool for engineering, it is also very difficult to use.

It contains broad physical modeling capabilities needed to model flow, turbulence, heat
transfer, and reactions over objects designed by the user. Thousands of companies around the
world benefit from the use of CFD software as a main part of their design phases in their
product development. It uses the finite-volume method to solve the governing Navier-Stokes
equations for a fluid which are derived from the conservation mass equation, the conservation
of momentum and the conservation of energy equations.

A CFD solution involves the following basic steps:

 Creation of the geometry (or import of the geometry from a CAD package)
 Grid generation or meshing
 Choice of the models
 Application of the boundary conditions
 Flow field computation
 Post-processing

In order to model the object that a user wants to work with, its geometry and mesh must be
first created in ANSYS Workbench. Another option is to import the geometry and mesh from
Computer Aided Design (CAD) software. In Workbench, the user creates the object he or she
wishes to analyze and Workbench guides the user through very complex metaphysics for
fluid flow with drag and drop simplicity. Once the geometry has been created, the grid
generation process can start. Normally the grid is constructed from lower topologies to higher
topologies, i.e. first the edges are meshed, then the faces and finally the volumes. Face can be
meshed with a structured grid, an unstructured grid (triangles or quadrilaterals) or a hybrid
grid. The next step in the process to obtain a flow field solution is the setting of the models in
the solvers. Of course, the user should have already decided which models are to be used
before the grid is generated, because some models will have their impact on the choice of the
grid. In the majority of flow calculations, the flow will be turbulent. If the turbulent
fluctuations are small, the mean flow can often be considered as steady. In order to take into
account the turbulent interactions, a turbulence model is used. When the flow is turbulent, the
velocity in one point can vary as a function of time.

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Once the geometry is defined and the appropriate model is chosen, the boundary conditions
have to be specified. Boundaries are inlets, outlets, walls, symmetry planes and periodic
planes etc. Once the flow field is computed, a discrete solution for the variables is available
for the domain at each mesh element. It is common for CFD package to provide powerful
graphics capabilities for analysing the solution, contour, vector plots and path lines etc.

3.2 Computational domain

For numerical simulation, the computational domain is created and simulations are run with
the two-dimensional model of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=1. Then the computed results are
compared with the experimental results of Kouh et al. [7] to validate the computational
models for observing the free surface effect near the hydrofoil. Finally, the simulations are
carried out for submergence depth ratios ranging from one to six to observe the pattern of free
surface near the hydrofoil. The geometry of the hydrofoil shown in fig. 1 is constructed by
using standard NACA 4412 coordinates which is included in appendix (I).

Fig. 1: Geometry of NACA 4412

The origin of the coordinate system is placed at the leading edge of the hydrofoil and the
hydrofoil is set to an angle of attack of 50. The different boundaries of the domains are shown
in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2: The different boundaries of the domain.

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The length of the inlet and outlet boundaries is 10c each whereas that of upper and lower
boundaries is 16.5c each where c denotes the chord length of the hydrofoil. The hydrofoil is
placed at a distance 5c right from the inlet boundary. The distance from trailing edge of
hydrofoil to the outlet is kept to 10.5c.

The structured grid of the computational domain around the hydrofoil is shown in Fig. 3 and
the mesh quality is included in appendix (II). The meshing of the faces is made by
quadrilateral elements throughout the computational domain.

Fig. 3: The structured grid of the computational domain around the hydrofoil.

A fine meshing is employed near the hydrofoil and free surface. Since the hydrofoil has blunt
section at the trailing edge so a fine meshing is also employed there for better capturing of
wave profile. At the rest of the computational domain a coarse meshing is employed.

The boundary conditions of the computational domain are shown in Table-1. For inlet and
outlet boundaries the pressure inlet and pressure outlet boundary conditions are applied
respectively. The symmetric boundary condition is used at the upper boundary surface. For
both lower boundary and hydrofoil the boundary condition of stationary wall is used in which
no slip shear condition is employed.

Table 1: Different boundary and their condition.

Boundary Condition
Inlet Pressure inlet
Outlet Pressure outlet
Upper Symmetric
Lower Stationary wall
Hydrofoil Stationary wall

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3.3 Simulation Using Fluent

For solving Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equation the two-dimensional
implicit Finite Volume Method (FVM) is employed. The Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method
along with the Realizable κ-ɛ turbulence model is implemented to capture the flow around the
hydrofoil in the free surface region at various submergence ratios (h/c). The non-equilibrium
wall function is employed for near wall treatment. The SIMPLEC algorithm is applied for
coupling between pressure and velocity. The body force weighted scheme is applied for
discretization of pressure. For discretization of volume fraction, momentum, turbulent kinetic
energy and turbulent dissipation rate the second order upwind scheme is applied. The whole
region of the computational domain is patched for velocity of 1.4 m/s along x-direction. And
the region from free surface to the bottom boundary is adapted to patch under volume
fraction of one since it contain water as fluid. The complete analysis of the flow around
hydrofoil is done by the renowned CFD software, FLUENT (ANSYS Inc. Release 16.0). A
sample tutorial is included in appendix (iii).

Table 2: Setting of numerical simulation.

Flow Turbulent
Solver 2-D double precision and pressure based
Volume fraction, turbulent kinetic energy,
turbulent dissipation rate and momentum Second order upwind scheme
equations solver
Viscous model k-ɛ
Multiphase model VOF
Coupling between pressure and velocity SIMPLEC

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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

To validate the computed numerical results with the experimental results of Kouh et al. [7], a
hydrofoil having chord length of 20 cm, velocity 1.4 m/s, angle of attack 50, Froude number
1.00 and Reynolds number 2.79×105 is modelled.

The grid independency of the computed results is checked by using three grids namely Grid-
1, Grid-2 and Grid-3. The Grid-1 consists of 79526 cells, Grid-2 177057 cells Grid-3 and
258560 cells. The wave profiles obtained by using those three meshes are shown in Fig. 4
from which it is seen that all the three grids provide little difference results.

Fig. 4: Grid independency check according to wave elevation.

It is seen that there is negligible amount of variation between the results provided by different
grids. So, Grid-2 is chosen for this study to reduce CPU time, since it has moderate number
of cells.

The comparison between the present computational results and the experimental results is
shown in Fig. 5. It is seen from the figure that the computed wave elevations demonstrates
good concurrence with the experimental wave elevations. Then numerical simulation is
carried out for various submergence depth ratios of hydrofoil. In Fig. 6, the convergence
history of the simulation for h/c=1 after 20 s is illustrated. It is observed that after the
iteration number of 10500, i.e, at time 20 s the various residual parameters stay nearly
constant.

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Fig. 5: Comparison between numerical and experimental results.

Fig. 6: The convergence history.

The free surface wave profiles for different submergence depth ratios h/c are compared in
Fig. 7. With the increase in the ratio of h/c the maximum amplitudes of the wave crest and
trough reduce. From the figure it can also be seen that there is so much less effect due to
hydrofoil on the free surface at h/c=6.0, which is clearly showing in fig. 8. Therefore,
submergence depth ratios of greater than 6.0 may be taken as deep water case.

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Fig. 7: The free surface wave profiles at different submergence depth ratios h/c.

Fig. 8: The free surface wave profiles at submergence depth ratios 1.00 and 6.00.

The wave profiles above NACA 4412 hydrofoil at various depths of water is shown in Fig. 9
(a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h) .The amplitude of wave generated by flow around the hydrofoil
decreases with the increase in submergence depth. At submergence depth ratio of six, the
effect of hydrofoil on free surface is comparatively disappeared. So, the submergence depth
ratios more than six can be considered as the deep water case.

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Fig. 9 (a.) Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=1.00

Fig. 9 (b.) Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=1.25

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Fig. 9 (c.) Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=1.50

Fig. 9 (d.) Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=2.00

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Fig. 9 (e.) Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=3.00

Fig. 9 (f.) Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=4.00

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Fig. 9 (g.) Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=5.00

Fig. 9 (h.) Wave profile of NACA 4412 hydrofoil at h/c=6.00

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The contour of static pressure around NACA 4412 hydrofoil at various depths of water is
shown in Fig. 10 (a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h). As the depth increases the static pressure gradually
increases from the free surface level of water (as indicated by the blue colour). The highest
pressure of the computational domain is at the bottom boundary (as indicated by red colour).

Fig. 10 (a.) The contour of static pressure at h/c=1.00

Fig. 10 (b.) The contour of static pressure at h/c=1.25

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Fig. 10 (c.) The contour of static pressure at h/c=1.50

Fig. 10 (d.) The contour of static pressure at h/c=2.00

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Fig. 8 (e.) The contour of static pressure at h/c=3.00

Fig. 10 (e.) The contour of static pressure at h/c=3.00

Fig. 10 (f.) The contour of static pressure at h/c=4.00

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Fig. 10 (g.) The contour of static pressure at h/c=5.00

Fig. 10 (h.) The contour of static pressure at h/c=6.00

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Fig. 11 (a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h) show the contour of velocity magnitude around the hydrofoil
at various submergence depths of water. It is seen from the figures that the fluid velocity are
lesser than the average value (1.4 m/s) below the crest and above the trough (as indicated by
green colour) and greater above the crest and below the trough (as indicated by red colour).

Fig. 11 (a.) The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=1.00

Fig. 11 (b.) The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=1.25

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Fig. 11 (c.) The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=1.50

Fig. 11 (d.) The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=2.00

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Fig. 11 (e.) The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=3.00

Fig. 11 (f.) The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=4.00

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Fig. 11 (g.) The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=5.00

Fig. 11 (h.) The contour of velocity magnitude at h/c=6.00

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Fig. 12 (a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h) show the velocity vectors which are coloured by velocity
magnitude. The velocity of fluid is lower at the leading edge and trailing edge than the rest of
the surface of hydrofoil.

Fig. 12 (a.) The contour of velocity vector at h/c=1.00

Fig. 12 (b.) The contour of velocity vector at h/c=1.25

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Fig. 12 (c.) The contour of velocity vector at h/c=1.50

Fig. 12 (d.) The contour of velocity vector at h/c=2.00

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Fig. 12 (e.) The contour of velocity vector at h/c=3.00

Fig. 12 (f.) The contour of velocity vector at h/c=4.00

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Fig. 12 (g.) The contour of velocity vector at h/c=5.00

Fig. 12 (h.) The contour of velocity vector at h/c=6.00

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The pressure coefficient of the lower surface is always higher than pressure coefficient
on the upper surface. In the lower surface it remains almost constant but in the upper
surface rises gradually from the leading edge to the trailing edge of hydrofoil which is
shown in Fig. 13 (a, b, c, d, e, f, g and h). The values of pressure coefficient on the trailing
edge are increased with increasing of h/c which is shown in Table-3.

Fig. 13 (a.) The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=1.00

Fig. 13 (b.) The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=1.25

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Fig. 13 (c.) The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=1.50

Fig. 13 (d.) The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=2.00

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Fig. 13 (e.) The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=3.00

Fig. 13 (f.) The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=4.00

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Fig. 13 (g.) The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=5.00

Fig. 13 (h.) The contour of pressure coefficient at h/c=6.00

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Table 3: Pressure Coefficient at Trailing Edge.

Submergence depth Pressure coefficient at trailing edge

1.00c 2.20
1.25c 2.70
1.50c 3.20
2.00c 4.20
3.00c 6.25
4.00c 8.25
5.00c 10.30
6.00c 12.30

The Pressure coefficient on the lower surface of the hydrofoil was greater than that of the
incoming flow stream and as a result, the hydrofoil was pushed upward normal to the
incoming flow stream.

The lift and drag coefficients of the cambered hydrofoil NACA 4412 for different
submergence depth ratios ranging from one to six are shown in Table-4. It is seen that with
the increase in submergence depth, the values of lift coefficients increase and drag
coefficients of hydrofoil decrease gradually.

Table 4: Values of CL and CD at different submergence depth.

Submergence depth CL CD
1.00c 0.75722 0.069039
1.25c 0.85575 0.059931
1.50c 0.97110 0.056285
2.00c 1.07770 0.040520
3.00c 1.08180 0.029775
4.00c 1.10815 0.025335
5.00c 1.11856 0.022924
6.00c 1.12763 0.019710

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

The main focus of this analysis was laid on the wave generation by a submerged cambered
hydrofoil at different submergence depth ratios to compute the wave amplitudes, from the
above mentioned results and discussion, following conclusions can be drawn:

 The Two-dimensional implicit Finite Volume Method (FVM) shows satisfactory

results for analyzing the wave generated by flow around the cambered hydrofoil
NACA 4412 near free surface.
 The interface between air and water, known as free surface has been captured
precisely by the volume of fluid (VOF) method.
 The Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method with the Realizable κ-ɛ turbulence model
satisfactorily predicts the wave generated by flow around the cambered hydrofoil.
 The amplitude of wave generated by flow around the hydrofoil decreases with the
increase in submergence depth. At submergence depth ratio of six, the effect of
hydrofoil on free surface is comparatively disappeared. So, the submergence depth
ratios more than six can be considered as the deep water case.
 The values of lift coefficients and drag coefficients of hydrofoil gradually decrease
with the increase in submergence depth.
 With the increase in submergence depth, the pressure coefficient at the trailing edge
of NACA 4412 hydrofoil is increased gradually. The Pressure coefficient on the
lower surface of the hydrofoil was greater than that of the incoming flow stream
and as a result, the hydrofoil was pushed upward normal to the incoming flow
stream.

From our study, we have observed that at h/c=6.00, the effect of hydrofoil on free surface is
so much less, which is clearly shown in fig. 7 and fig. 8, so it can be consider that the
submerged depth more than six as deep water.

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REFERENCES

[1] Uddin and Karim,I,M, , ̎Application of Volume Of Fluid (VOF) Method for Prediction
of Wave Generated by Flow around Cambered Hydrofoil ̎, 10th International Conference on
Marine Technology, MARTEC 2016. / Procedia Engineering 194 ( 2017 ), page 82 – 89

[2] Bal S., ̎A potential based panel method for 2-D hydrofoil ̎, Journal Ocean Engineering, 26
(1999), page 343-361.

[3] Dawson, C. W., A ̎ practical computer method for solving ship-wave problems ̎,
Proceedings of Second International Conference on Numerical Ship Hydrodynamics, (1977),
page 30-38.

[4] Yeung, R. W., Bouger, Y. C., ̎A hybrid-integral equation method for steady two-
dimensional ship waves ̎, International Journal. Numerical Method Engineering, (1979),
Volume 14, page 317-336.

[5] Bai, K.J. and Han, J.H., ̎A localized finite-element method for the nonlinear steady waves
due to a two- dimensional hydrofoil ̎, Journal of Ship Resistance, 38 (1994), page- 4251.

[6] JJanson, C.E., ̎Potential flow panel method for the calculation of free surface flows with
lift ̎, Ph. D. thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, (1997).

[7] Kouh, J.S., Lin, T.J., Chau, S.W., ̎Performance analysis of two-dimensional hydrofoil
under free surface ̎. Journal of National Taiwan University, (2002), page-86.

[8] Chen, C.K., Liu, H. ̎A submerged vortex lattice method for calculation of the flow around
three-dimensional hydrofoil ̎, Journal of Ship Mechanic0. (2005),Volume 9, Issue 2.

[9] Ghassemi, H.,Kohansal, A.R., H ̎ igher order boundary element method applied to the
hydrofoil beneath the free surface ,̎ Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on
OMAE, Hawaii, USA, (2009).

[10] Karim, Md.M., Prasad, B., Rahman, N., ̎Numerical simulation of free surface water
wave for the flow around NACA 0015 hydrofoil using the volume Of fluid (VOF) method ̎,
Journal of Ocean Engineering, (2014), Volume 78, page 89-94.

[11] Hirt, C.W Nicholas,B.D , ̎Volume of fluid (VOF) method for the dynamics of free
boundaries ̎ , Journal of computational physics, (1981), 39(1), page 201-225

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[12] Shyy,W., ̎Computational modeling for fluid flow and interfacial transport ̎, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, (1997).

[13] Spalding D., ̎Numerical computation of multiphase flows ̎, VKI for Fluid Dynamics.
Brussels,(1981).

[14] Xie, N. and Vassalos, D. ̎Performance analysis of 3D hydrofoil under free surface ̎.
Ocean Engineering, (2007), 34, page 1257–1264.

[15] Abott IH, Von Doenhoff AE. ̎Theory of wing sections ̎. ISBN 486-60586-8 Dover
Publishing, New York.(1959)

[16] Klaus A. Hoffmann, Steve T. Chiang, ̎Computational Fluid Dynamics ̎ Volume I,

Fourth edition (August 2000).
[17] Fluent Inc. 2016, FLUENT User’s Guide.

*** Corresponding author: Md. Omar Faruk, SU-NAME1401001022

E-mail address: omarbdfaruk77@gmail.com, Call: 01911-883840

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Appendix-I

(Standard NACA 4412 coordinates)

Table 5: Standard NACA 4412 coordinates.
Group Point X_cord Y_cord Z_cord
1 1 1 0.0013 0
1 2 0.95 0.0147 0
1 3 0.9 0.0271 0
1 4 0.8 0.0489 0
1 5 0.7 0.0669 0
1 6 0.6 0.0814 0
1 7 0.5 0.0919 0
1 8 0.4 0.098 0
1 9 0.3 0.0976 0
1 10 0.25 0.0941 0
1 11 0.2 0.088 0
1 12 0.15 0.0789 0
1 13 0.1 0.0659 0
1 14 0.075 0.0576 0
1 15 0.05 0.0473 0
1 16 0.025 0.0339 0
1 17 0.0125 0.0244 0
1 18 0 0 0
1 19 0.0125 -0.0143 0
1 20 0.025 -0.0195 0
1 21 0.05 -0.0249 0
1 22 0.075 -0.0274 0
1 23 0.1 -0.0286 0
1 24 0.15 -0.0288 0
1 25 0.2 -0.0274 0
1 26 0.25 -0.025 0
1 27 0.3 -0.0226 0
1 28 0.4 -0.018 0
1 29 0.5 -0.014 0
1 30 0.6 -0.01 0
1 31 0.7 -0.0065 0
1 32 0.8 -0.0039 0
1 33 0.9 -0.0022 0
1 34 0.95 -0.0016 0
1 0 1 -0.0013 0

Appendix-II

(Mesh quality checking)

Table 6: Mesh quality.

Items Results Reference values

Minimum 0.572405 0-1, where values close to 0 indicate to low
orthogonal quality. quality.
Maximum 0.427595 0-1, where value close to 1 indicate to low
orthogonal skew. quality.
Maximum aspect 5.00086 Cell aspect ratio should be around 5 or less in
ratio. the main region of the mesh.

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Appendix-III

(Tutorial on free surface wave generation)

Tutorial on free surface wave generation:

At the beginning, we need to tell ANSYS what kind of simulation we are going to do. To
solve our problem at first Fluid Flow (FLUENT) box was loaded from analysis systems by
dragging and dropping it into the Project Schematic.

The loaded FLUENT into the project schematic was ready to create the geometry for the
simulation.

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Downloading the Hydrofoil Coordinates:

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Launching Design Modeler:

Before we launch the design modeler, we need to specify the problem as a 2D

problem. Right click and select Properties . In the Properties of Schematic A2:
Geometry Window, select Analysis Type > 2D . Now, double click to
launch the Design Modeler. When prompted, select Meters as the unit of measurement.

Hydrofoil:

First, the geometry of the hydrofoil that was created . In the menu bar, at first it was gone to
Concept >3D Curve. In the Details View window, Coordinates File was clicked and
the ellipsis was selected to browse to a file. Browse to and select the geometry file
downloaded earlier. Selecting the desired geometry file, was clicked to create the
curve. was clicked to get a better look at the curve.

Go to Concepts > Surfaces from Edges. Anywhere on the curve was clicked that
was just created, and selecting Edges > Apply in the Details View Window.
was clicked to create the surface.

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Creating Rectangular Mesh Domain:

Now that the hydrofoil has been generated, it is necessary to create the meshable
surface once it was used to begin to specify boundary conditions. It was began by
creating a coordinate system at the tail of the hydrofoil this had helped us to create
the geometry for the rectangle mesh domain. was clicked to create a new
coordinate system. In the Details View window, Type > From Coordinates was selected.
For FD11, Point X , 0.2 was entered.

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was clicked to generate the new coordinate system. In the Tree Outline
Window, the new coordinate system was selected which was created (defaulted to
Plane 4), then was clicked to create a new sketch. This had created a sketching
plane on the XY plane with the tail of the hydrofoil as the origin. At the bottom of the
Tree Outline Window, the Sketching tab was clicked to bring up the sketching window.
The first action was taken to create the rectangular of the domain. was clicked

Now, the Dimensions toolbox was selected to dimension the rectangular domain.
was clicked , followed by the length to dimension the domain. The length
was assigned a value of H1 =3.3 and H3 =1.2. Next, was selected and the
value was assigned to V2 =2 and V4=1.

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Next, it was necessary to create a surface from this sketch. To accomplish this, it was
gone Concept > Surface From Sketches. Anywhere on the sketch was clicked, and
Base Objects > Apply in the Details View Window was selected. Also, Operation >
Add Frozen was selected, was clicked. The final step of creating the
rectangular domain was creating a surface between the boundary and the hydrofoil. To do
this, it was gone to Create> Boolean. In the Details View window, Operation > Subtract
was selected. Next, Target Bodies > Not selected was selected, selecting the large
Rectangular Mesh domain surface, then Apply was clicked. The same process was repeated
to select the hydrofoil as the Tool Body. When the bodies were selected, was
clicked.

Creating Quadrants: In the final step of creating the geometry, the new surface was
broke into 4 quadrants; this was useful to mesh the geometry. To begin, selecting Plane
4 in the Tree Outline Window, and was clicked. Opening the sketching menu,
and select then drawn two rectangles in vertical and horizontal directions. The lines that are
beyond the rectangular mesh are trimmed way, and it was left with this:

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Next, going to Concepts > Lines from Sketches & selecting the line that was just
drawn and Base Objects > Apply was clicked , followed by

Then, it was necessary to project the lines that was just created onto the surface.
Going to Tools > Projection . Edges was selected pressing Ctrl and selecting on the
vertical line that was drawn (we had to select both parts of it), then Apply was
pressed . Next, selecting Target and selecting the Rectangular Mesh surface respectively,
Apply was clicked and

Mesh:

The instructions below show how to generate a structured mesh for the hydrofoil
flow domain. This methodology generates a high quality mesh but can be time-
consuming and is not applicable to complex geometries.

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Given the following instructions ….

Mesh Mesh Generate.

Mesh Insert Sizing

v

Face sizing Mesh Generate.

Finally

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Setup or Define > General

Setup or Define > Model > Multiphase

Click ok.

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Setup or Define > Model > Viscous laminar

Click Ok

Setup or Define > Materials > Fluid

Click on Fluent Database. Fluent Materials Database will appear.

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Select water-liquid from the Fluent Fluid Materials.Click Copy. Then close the window. In
the Materials window, select water-liquid from the Fluent Fluid Materials. Make sure all the
properties are taken as constant.

Click Change/Create and then Close.

Define > Phases

Select Phase 1 and primary phase from Type and then click Edit. Change the Primary
Phase window to the following:

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Click OK.

Select Phase 2 and secondary phase from Type and then click Edit. Change the Secondary
Phase window to the following and then click OK

Click Close on the Phases window.

Define > Operating Conditions

Set all the parameters as the following figure and then click OK.

Define > Boundary Conditions

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Select the zone inlet1and pressure-inlet as zone type. Then click Edit. A new Pressure Inlet
window will appear. Select the Multiphase tab and tick on Open Channel. The rest of the
parameters should be following:

Now move to Momentum tab and arrange it as follows:

Click ok.

Now select the zone outlet1 and pressure-outlet as zone type. Then click Edit. A new
Pressure Outlet window will appear. Select the Multiphase tab and tick on Open Channel.
The rest of the parameters should be following

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Now move to Momentum tab and arrange it as follows.

Click Ok.

Set the hydrofoil and lower zones to Wall type and upper to Symmetry.

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Solution > Solution control > Equations

Click Ok.

Solution > Solution Methods

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Solution > Monitors > Residual

Put all the values following the figure below.

Click Ok.

Solution > Monitors > Create > Drag

Put all the values following the figure below.

Click Ok.

Solution > Monitors > Create > Lift

Put the instructions same as drag then click ok.

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Setup > Reference Values

Put all the values following the figure below.

Solution > Solution Initialization

Put all the values following the figure below.

Click initialize.

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Adapt > Region

Click Mark then close.

Solve > Initialization > Patch

Select water under phase. Select volume fraction and hexahedron-r0. Click on Patch and
then Close.

File > Write > Auto save

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Solution > Run Calculate

Click calculate, the iteration will be started. It can take about 10-20 hours (depends on
number of cells and nodes) to finish the 10000 time steps. If the solution still does not
converge, it might need more time steps.

Results > Graphics > Contours Compute > Display for phases, Velocity, pressure

N.B In this thesis paper, all numerical values such as domain area and the height of the
free surface are taken as scaled value for comparing with experimental result of Kouh[7].

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