Government of Tamilnadu

Department of Employment and Training

Course : TNPSC Group II Exam

Subject : Zoology
Topic : Endocrine system
ses

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 ENDOCRINE GLANDS

 Endocrinology – study of endocrine

glands and their secretion
 Father of Endocrine Glands - T.
Addision
 They secrets hormones / chemical
messangers
 Name Hormones was given by
E.H.Starling 1906
 Earliest known hormone is Insulin
 Insulin were extracted by Banting &
Macbet in 1923
 Thyroxine identified by - E.C.
Kondall 1914
 Molecular structure of Insulin given
by Sanger in 1954 He was awarded
Nobel prize
 Fernando Housie 1947 – described
1. Pineal gland
functions of pituitary
2. Pituitary gland
Endocrine glands are glands of the 3. Thyroid gland
endocrine system that secrete their 4. Thymes
products, hormones directly into the 5. Adrenal gland
blood rather than through a duct. 6. Pancreas
7. Ovary (Female)
8. Testis (Male)

Page 1
 ZOOLOGY

Characters :  Steroid – adrenal cortex

 Produced by many endocrine glands hormones
 Pituitary, thyroid, kidney, pancreas,  Proteins, polypeptides – oxytoxin,
thymus, gonads. Pineal, placenta, vasopressin, relaxin, insulin
intestine  Glycoprotein – FSH, CH & TSH
 Hormones were secreted in to blood  Fats – Prostaglandin
prior to use
PITIUITARY
 Hormones do not take in metabolic
 Hypophysis / master gland /
reaction
Ring Master of the Orchestra
 Hormones are produced in low
 Name was given by Vesalius
amount
 It is found in hypophysis area of
 After finishing the particular work
brain
hormone secretion will stop by
 Made up of two lobes (Front &
feedback mechanism
back)
 Hormones are easily diffusible
 Both were joint by small funnel
through cell membrane
like infundibulum
 Soluble in water, have low
 length 1 cm / breath - 1.5 cm/
molecular weight
weight 0.5 gm
 It balance the internal physiological
functions. 1. Anterior lobe – Adenohypophysis
 Hormones are destroyed after use
 Hormones are not stored in body
 Hormones are non antigenic so no
antibody formation against them Pars distalis Pars tuberalis Pars
intermedia
Chemical nature of Hormones 2. Posterior lobe - Neurohypophysis
 Amino acid – Thyroxine, pars nervosa
adrenaline, noradrenaline  pars intermedia is also known as
 Amine (or) catecholamine – intermediate lobe
epinephrine, norepinephrine  Removal of pituitary : Hypo
physectomy

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 ENDOCRINE GLANDS

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS: 3. ACTH / Adreno Cartico Tropic

1. STH / SOMATO TROPHIC Hormone
HORMONE / GROWTH  Stimulate function of cortex of
HORMONE adrenal glands
 STH  Stimulate melancocytes and
 Growth hormone change skin pigments
 It controls over all growth of  It transports fats from adipose
body tissues
 Its important for bone growth
4. FSH / Follile Stimulating
 It retains the salts N, K, P, Na
Hormone
salts in body
 It is secreted both in male, female
and stimulate the development of
Hyposecretion of STH
reproductive cells.
(less secretion)
1. In childrens - dwarfism Males:
2. In adults – Simmond’s disease  It acts on testis and stimulates
spermatogenesis
Hypersecretion of STH (more  For this it acts on epithelial cells
secretion) of sperm tubules
1. In children - Gigantism
2. In adults – Acromegaly

2. TSH / Thyroid stimulating

hormone / Thyrotropin
 It act on thyroid glands
 Stimulate the functioning of
Thyroid glands
 Also stimulate uptake of Iodine

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 ZOOLOGY

Females makes the parturition (quick

 It acts on ovaries birth of young one)
 Total weight of ovary increases  It stimulates the flow of milk by
 It stimulates the grafian follicte contraction of myoepithelial cells
cells for production of ovum cells. of mammary glands.

2. Vasopressin / ADH – Anti

5. LTH / Leuto trophic hormone /
Diuretic hormone / Pitressin
prolactin
 It influence water balance by
 It influences growth of mammary
reducing output of urine by this
glands and secretion of milk
the essential minerals are
during pregnancy
retained
 It acts on corpus lutum to secrete
 It controls blood pressure
progesterone
 It store the Urea
 It joins with oestrogen for milk
 Less secretion leads to Diabetes
secretion
insipidus
6. LT / Luteinizing hormone
 Its function is the relase of ovum Symoptoms :
from ovaries  polyurea - more urination
 When the ovum is transferred to  polydipsia - more water
uterus. The empty gradtian drinking
follicle become corpus luteum  polyphagia - more food intake

7. ICSH / Interstitial cells

stimulating hormone THYROID:

 In males it stimulates the  It is the largest endocrine gland

interstitical cells in testis for the and situated in neck region

secretion of testosterone.  It has 2 lobes

NEURO HYPOPHYOSIS  Present of ventral side of trachea

1. Oxytocin / pitocin  Both the lobes of thyroid are

 It stimulactes the contraction of connected by a sheath of

smooth muscle of uterus and connective tissue known as

isthmus
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 ENDOCRINE GLANDS

HYPOTHYROIDISM:
1) Simple Goitre / Endemic
goitre
 Thyroid gland increases in size.

2) Cretinism
 Hyposecretion in children results
Cretinism.
 Sex organ retard / low IQ /
deformed bones.
 Thyroxine first isolated by :
Kocher 3) Myxoedema / Gull’s Disease
 Crystal of thyroxine were 1st  Body weight increase , low pulse
prepared by : Kendall rate
 Molecular structure given by :  Skin becomes puffy, become
Harrington dry, patient feel cold

Function of Thyroid Hyperthyroidism

 It is important for development of  In childhood early sexual
nervous system in foetus and maturity takes place.
after birth upto one year in  In adult may result Graves
childrens. disease
 It control BMR (Basal Metabolic  Treatment is only surgey of gland
Rate)
 It reduces cholesterol level in Parathyroid Gland
blood.  Two pairs embedded in thyroid
 It stimulates metamorphosis lobes.
 It indirectly controls the body  Colour : purple/ elongated in
growth, so it is also known as shape
manly hormone.  This hormone studied and
discovered by - Collip

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 ZOOLOGY

 Structure given by  Cortex : 80% / Medulla -

- Sandstrom 20%
 Molecular strucutre by  Cortex is divided in to 3 parts
- Pot 1. Zona glomerulosa - Outer
 Crystals by - Craig - mineralo corticoid Hormone
 It secretes two hormones. 2. Zona fasciculata - Middle -
Gluco corticoid Hormone
1) Parathormone 3. Zona Reticulata - Inner - Sex
 It works for small duration only. Hormones
 Its half life period is 20-30
minutes only  Medulla has two hormones
 It works on three parts. 1. Adrenaline (or) Epinephrine -
 Bones It gives new structure 80%

 Kidneys It regulartes PH 2. Nor adrenaline (or) Nor

 Intestine It helps in Vitamin D Epinephrine - 20%

synthesis
Adrenaline / Emergency
Hormones:
2) Calcitonin
 Lower the level of calcium in
blood. 3F 4S

 It secretes HCL in stomach Hormone Hormone

 It is antagonistic to Parathormone. F- Fear S- Sugar Metabolism

F- Fight S - Salt Retaining
ADRENAL GLAND F- Flight S- Sex Hormone
 It is also known as emergency S- Source of Energy
gland  It increases flow of blood.
 Also know as suprarenal gland  It contracts arrector pili muscle.
 It is situated at the top of the  It increases respiration and
kidney increase the sharpness of brain.
 It was discovered by : Eustachian  It increases heart beat rate.
 It divided 2 distinct region  It increase blood glucose level

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 ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Noradrenaline:
 It raises blood pressure 1) Estrogens / Oestrogens
 It is antagonistic to adrenaline  It is secreted by graffian follicle,
induced by FSH
GONADS  Estrogen is responsible for
Testis development of secondary
 It has epithelial cells called sexual characters in female.
leydig cells which produce  Thin voice, complete
reproductive cells. development of ovary, oviduct,
 Leydig cells act as endocrine mammary gland, uterus and
glands. vagina.
 It secretes Androgens and
important is testosterone 2) Progestrone
 It is a hormone produced by
TESTTOSTERONE
corpus luteum
Functions :
 It also decrases level of FSH so
 It is responsible for proper
maturation of new ovum and
development of secondary
follicle is checked.
sexual characters in male. e.g :
 It prepare the endometrium for
deep voice
implantation of the embryo or
 Enlargement of genital organs.
foetus.
 Appearance of beard
 It helps in implantation with the
 Growth and function of
wall of uterus.
epididymis and vas deferens,
 It maintain pregnancy so known
prostate gland, seminal vesicle
as pregnancy hormone
and penis
 It stimulate the growth of breast
Ovary : and mammary gland during
 A pair of round structures pregnancy
present in lower abdomen  It suppress the contraction of
 It has three secretions uterine muscle during pregnancy

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 ZOOLOGY

 It is also called anti abortion  It play important role in

hormone. formation of Antibodies in
3) Relaxin embryo and infants.
 It secreted by corpus luteum of  T – cells or T- Lymphocyte cells
pregnant woman are produced in Thymus.
 Which relax the pubis
symphyisis and pelvic girdle to
make the child birth easy.
Digestive System
 The human digestive system
consists of the gastrointestinal
tract plus the accessory organs of
digestion (the tongue, salivary
glands, pancreas, liver and gall
blader).
 In this system, the proless of
digestion has many stages the
first of which starts in the mouth
(oral cavity)

Thymus
 It is endocrine gland nearest to
the heart
 It is partly endocrine and partly
lymphoid
Digestive Glands
 It play important role in
immunity  Salivary glands
 It produces thymine  Gastric glands
 Hassell’s corpuscles are found in  Liver
thymus and also know as Thymic  Pancreas
cells.  Intestinal glands

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 ENDOCRINE GLANDS

1. Starch into sugar.  Pineal secretes a Hormone called

2. Gastric acts on the gastric glands Melatonin
and stimulates the secretion of HCL  Pineal body found in brain
and Pepsinogen.  Pineal body represent vestige of
3. It secrets bile juice that is stored in 3rd eye in man.
a sac called the gallbladder.  It regulates sleep and
4. Pancreas: Exocrine portion secretes wakefulness.
an alkaline Pancreatic juice  Melatonin also influences
containing enzymes. Endocrine Metabolism, Pigmentation, the
portion secretes Hormones, Insulin, menstrual cycle as well as our
Glucogon. defence capability.

Pineal body Pancreas

 It atrophies in man at the age of  Pancreas is a mixed type of gland
7 years. in which pancreatic acini are

Page 9
 ZOOLOGY

exocrine and islets of Insulin Deficiency

Langerhans is endocrine  The glucose level in blood
 Pancera are three endocrine increased and it is excreted
  cells - larger - peripheral cell through urine.
produce glucagon  This conditions is known as
  cells - central and smaller cell - Diabetes mellitus
produce insulin
  or  cells - Middle - produce Glucose level
somatostatin  Fasting - 70- 110 mg / decilitre
 Normal - 80 - 120 mg /
Insulin decilitre
 Glucose - Glycogen  Excess - 140 - 150 mg / decilitre
 It stimulates glycogenolysis  Abnormal - 300 - 400 mg /
 It oxidises glucose more in decilitre
tissues
 It converts glucose in to fatty Diabetes
acids and stores in tissues
Type I Type II
Glucagon Genetic cause - body produces
 It is antagonistic to insulin Unable to - insulin but unable
increase blood sugar level in produce insulin to use it effectively
blood stream. Less found - more common
 It stimulates glycogenolysis
 Glycogen - glucose
 It makes glucose from the non
carbohydrate materials of the
body.
 In kidneys it increases the
filtration of glucose

Page 10