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PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUCATION – MATH Good Shepherd Professional Training Services

1. Which of the following cannot be the sides of a right triangle?


A. 12, 16, 20 B. 3, 4, 5 C, 8, 7, 16 D. 8, 6, 10

2. The inner diameter of a ring is 1.4 cm; its outer diameter is 1.6cm. What is the area of the region
bounded by the outer and inner circumferences of the ring?
A. 0.2 B. 0.4 C. 10 D. 0.15

3. A bus can cover 520 km in 2.5 hours. At the same speed, how long will it take the same bus to cover
940 km?
A. 0.72 hours B. 4.9 hours C. 4.5 hours D. 3.5 hours

4. Three varieties of flowers bloom every 24, 48 and 52 days. Suppose today the three are flowering, after
how many days will they bloom together?
A. 144 days B. 120 days C. 136 days D. 158 days

5. On a map every ½ cm represents 20 kilometers of two cities which are 9 cm apart on the map. How
many kilometers are they from each other in actual distance?
A. 360 B. 400 C. 420 D. 200

6. Translated into mathematical symbols, the phrase “The sum of 9 times a number and 5, subtracted from
4 times a number” is ______________.
A. 9x+5-4y B. 4x-(9y+5) C. 4x+9y-5 D. 4x-9+5

7. What is the solution of N+2>8 when the replacement set for the variable is all one-digit prime
numbers?
A. 7 and 9 B. 2 C. 7 D. 3 and 5

8. Which is FALSE for the set of data (2,2,3,4,2)?


A. The mode is less than the mean C. The mode equals the median
B. The mean is greater than the median D. The median is 3.

9. How much greater is the sum of the first 20 counting numbers than the sum of the first 10 counting
numbers?
A. 55 B. 155 C. 100 D. 110

10. A time deposit in a bank will mature after 91 days. If the deposit was made on April 28, on what date
will it mature?
A. July 18 B. July 29 C. July 28 D. June 28

11. In a playground for Kindergarten kids, 18 children are riding tricycles or bicycles. If there are 43
wheels in all, how many tricycles are there?
A. 9 B. 7 C. 11 D. 8

12. A father and son working together can finish painting a room in 6 hours. Working alone, the father takes
9 hours to do the painting. How many painting hours will it take the son, working alone, to finish
painting the room?
A. 18 B. 15 C. 12 D. 75

13. The edges of a cubical frame are made from plastic straws. How much longer is the total length of the
plastic edges of a cube whose edge is 10 cm compared to a cube whose edge is 8 cm?
A. 24 cm B. 32 cm C. 8 cm D. 16 cm

14. If the width of a rectangle is reduced by 20% and the length is also reduced by 20%, what percent of the
original area is the new area of the rectangle?
A. 36% B. 60% C. 80% D. 64%

15. One angle of a parallelogram is 35 degrees? What are the measures of the three other angles?
A. 45o, 65o, 170o C. 85o, 135o, 140o
o o o
B. 35 , 65 , 85 D. 145o, 35o, 145o
PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUCATION – MATH Good Shepherd Professional Training Services

16. A recipe calls for 2 eggs for every 7 cups of flour. A head chef will use 28 cups of flour, how many
eggs must he have?
A. 12 B. 14 C. 10 D. 8

17. The grades in mathematics of the students in section A are as follows: 80, 75, 60, 95, 100. What can
you infer from the measure of variability obtained from this population?
A. the population is very homogeneous
B. the grades are very scattered
C. the measures are very unstable
D. the range score is a very reliable measure of variability

18. What are the prime factors of 120?


A. 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 B. 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 C. 2 x 4 x 3 x 5 D. 2 x 2 x 2 x 6 x 5

19. All right angles are _________.


A. parallel B. supplementary C. equal D. oblique

20. What is the least common multiple of 12 and 60?


A. 340 B. 140 C. 360 D. 120

21. Find the greatest common divisor of 18, 45, 6.


A. 18 B. 6 C. 45 D. 3

22. In plane geometry, we learned that ________ are three or more points which lie on the straight line.
A. coplanar lines B. coplanar points C. collinear points D. collinear lines

23. Find the amount due at the end of 2 ½ years if P 8,000.00 is invested at 12% simple interest.
A. P 12,400.00 B. P 13,800.00 C. P 10,400.00 D. 14,800.00

24. What is the simple interest on P 10,000.00 for 3 years at 8%?


A. P 3,800.00 B. P 5,400.00 C. P 2,400.00 D. P 6,400.00

25. The Greatest Common Factor of 12 and 42 is _________.


A. 12 B. 6 C. 2 D. 4

26. Which among the measures of central tendency is not influenced by outliers?
A. mean B. mode C. median D. weighted mean

27. The approximate shape of a brick is _________.


A. cylindrical B. rectangular solid C. sphere D. hemisphere

28. The fraction halfway between 3/7 and 4/7 is _________.


A. 1/8 B. ¼ C. ½ D. 1/3

29. Nica received an aquarium as a graduation gift from her mother. It has length, width and height of 9
centimeters, and 5 centimeters, respectively. Find its volume.
A. 314 cubic meters B. 316 cubic meters C. 315 cubic meters D. 318 cubic meters

30. Find the greatest common divisor of 24, 45, 5.


A. 2 B. 24 C. 45 D. 1

31. A Toyota car travelling at a rate of 70km. per hour leaves the house 2 hours after a Kia car has left and
overtakes it in 5 hours. At what rate was the Kia car travelling?
A. 40 km. per hour B. 50 km. per hour C. 30 km. per hour D. 20 km. per hour

32. Find the greatest common divisor for 18, 45, 6.


A. 6 B. 18 C. 3 D. 45
PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUCATION – MATH Good Shepherd Professional Training Services

33. In an English test, eight students obtained the following scores: 12, 10, 13, 11, 15, 20, 109, 17. What
is the median score?
A. 15.5 B. 16.5 C. 14 D. 17

34. What measure of central tendency can best describe the size of t-shirts commonly used by teenagers?
A. mean B. mode C. range D. median

35. What is the least common multiple of 60 and 30?


A. 15 B. 30 C. 60 D. 120

36. Solve the problem: -42+3÷5x15


A. -7 B. -13 C. 19 D. 25

37. A ladder leans on top of


A. 7 ft B. 11 ft C. 13 ft D. 17 ft

38. When a fair die is rolled once, what is the probability of an odd number?
A. 1/3 B. 1/2 C. ¾ D. 5/6

39. Michael can mow a lawn in 25 minutes while Rodel can in 30 minutes. If the boys work together, how
long will the job take?
A. 10.0 mins B. 13.6 mins C. 17.5 mins D. 27.5 mins

40. Two buses leave the same station at 9 pm. One bus travels north at the rate of 30kph and the other
travels east at 40kph. How many kilometers apart are the buses at 10pm.
A. 50 km B. 70 km C. 100 km D. 140 km

41. The Least Common Multiple (LCM) of 2, 3 and 4 is _________.


A. 13 B. 14 C. 24 D. 12

42. Simplify (x2 – y2) / (x+y)


A. y – x B. x-y C. –x-y D. –x+y
43. Mr. Lazarus had incurred the following expenses in his trips to the Cebu islands: P3,200.00, P2,500.00
and P1,500.00. What percent of this total monthly budget of P40,000.00 did he spend for this trip?

44. Suppose money in the bank earns an interest of 8% compounded yearly. If at the start of the year, the
principal amount deposited is P1000, then how much interest would be earned by the end of two years?
A. P80 B. P160 C. P166 D. P400

45. How much interest is due on P4,000 at 6% for 10 months?


A. P200 B. P220 C. P240 D. P288

46. What is the GCF of 60 and 45?


A. 3 B. 5 C. 15 D. 20

47. Simplify the equation: -y+2y-1


A. y-1 B. y+1 C. 1y-1 D. 1y+1

48. Simplify the equation: (x3-x2-x+1) / (x2 – 2x+1)


A. x+1 B. x-1 C. 1x+1 D. 1 x-1

49. Find three consecutive odd integers such that the sum of the first two is 25 more than the third.
A. 23, 25, 27 B. 25, 27, 29 C. 27, 29, 31 D. 29, 31, 35

PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUCATION – MATH Good Shepherd Professional Training Services


50. A president, a vice president and a secretary are to be selected from a class of thirty students. What is
the probability that Ana, a member of the class, will be elected as one of the officers?
A. 1/30 B. 1/20 C. 1/10 D. 1/5

51. If the area of one circle is twice that of another circle, what is the ratio in percent, of the smaller to the
larger circle?
A. 50% B. 25% C. 75% D. 70%

52. Quantitative data are numerical, while the qualitative are non-numerical and more difficult to quantify
for a social research study. Identify what may be more qualitative than quantitative.
A. Divorce B. Singleness C. Love feelings D. Annulments

53. What percent of 80 is 20?


A. 20% B. 25% C. 30% D. 40%

54. What is the prime factors of 120?


A. 2x2x2x6x5 B. 2x4x3x5 C. 2x3x4x5 D. 2x2x2x3x5

55. Find the median for the following measurements: 2, 9, 11, 5, 8


A. 5 B. 7 C. 8 D. 11

56. Factorize: 2x2 + 7x - 15


A. (x-5) (2x+3) B. (2x+5) (x-3) C. (x+5) (2x-3) D. (2x-5) (x+3)

57. If a student has an average of 76% in his first two test and has an average of 85% in the next four test.
What is his final average in all six tests?
A. 50.5% B. 82.5% C. 82.0% D. 81.3%

58. Simplify: (x2=-x+1) / (82+1)


A. x to the third power +1 C. x2 – x+1
B. x+1 D. 1 / (x+1)

59. Julia is a saleswoman. She is paid a salary of P3,000.00 a week plus 2% commission on sales over
P4,000.00 find her gross pay for a week in which her sales are P9,500.00.
A. P3,210.00 B. P3,250.00 C. P3,110.00 D. P3,150.00

60. It illustrates how a portion of the data relates with the whole.
A. Pie graph B. Bar graph C. Line graph D. Rectangle graph

61. How long will it take Adam and Bogart together to finish a job which can be done by Adam alone in six
days and Bogart alone in three days?
A. 2 ½ days B. 2 days C. 4 days D. 3 days

62. If the average or arithmetic mean of x and -5 is 10, then what must be the value of x?
A. 15 B. 25 C. 30 D. 20

63. Which of the following gives the numerical value of the population?
A. Range B. Statistics C. Parameter D. Variable

64. The grades in Mathematics of students in section A are as follows: 80, 75, 60, 95, 100. What is the
population variance of their group?
A. 230 B. 270 C. 264 D. 206

65. If a die is rolled, what is the probability of getting a number described by 2?


A. ½ B. 1/3 C. ¼ D. 1/6

66. In the example of 10 to the 5th power + 6x the exponent is _______.


A. y B. 5 C. 6 D. 10
PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUCATION – MATH Good Shepherd Professional Training Services
67. Simplify: 6 – [3 – (-4) + 11 + 8]
A. -26 B. 20 C. 26 D. -20

68. Simplify: [(3x – 12) / (3x)] divided by (x – 4)


A. 3x B. x-4 C. x D. 1/x

69. Simplify (3x – 9) / (x2 – 9)


A. 3 / (x – 3) B. 3 / (x+3) C. 3 / (x + 1) D. 3 (x – 1)

70. The least common Multiple (LCM) of 2, 3, and 4 is _______.


A. 13 B. 14 C. 14 D. 12

71. Simplify (x2 – y2) / (x + y)


A. y – x B. x – y C. –x - -y D. –x + y

72. Simplify 3 (x – 4y) – (4y – 3x) – (2x + y)


A. 4x + 17y B. -4y + 17y C. 4x – 17y D. -4 – 17y

73. The sum of the sides of a polygon is the ________.


A. area B. volume C. legs D. perimeter

74. The altitude of a triangle is 5 meters and the base is 20 meters. What is the area of the triangle?
A. 50 square meters B. 60 square meters C. 20 square meters D. 24 square meters

75. A rectangular block of steel has dimensions of 5 meters x 10 meters x 15 meters and weights 1000 N.
How should this block be placed on a surface to exert the least pressure on the surface?
A. On the 5 meters by 10 meters side. C. On the 5 meters by 15 meters side.
B. All sides have equal pressure. D. On the 10 meters by 15 meters side.

76. The measure of an angle is 25 more than its supplement. What is the measure of the larger angle?
A. 110.5 degrees B. 95.5 degrees C. 102.5 degrees D. 77.5 degrees

77. In how many ways can 5 girls be seated in a row of 5 seats?


A. 95 B. 120 C. 105 D. 100

78. What percent of 75 is 15?


A. 20% B. 30% C. 38% D. 40%

79. How long will it take A and B together, to finish job which can be done by A alone in 6 days and B
alone in 6 days and B alone in 3 days?
A. 2 1/2 days B. 2 days C. 3 days D. 3 ½ days

80. Guzman Company manufactures beds. In its catalogue, a double bed is priced at P5,000.00 less a
discount to the trade of 20%. What will Rosan Departments Store have to pay for the bed?
A. P4,000.00 B. P4,500.00 C. P4,000.00 D. P4,980.00

81. It can be used to show the progress in academic grades over four quarters.
A. Circle graph B. Line graph C. Pie graph D. Bar graph

82. It illustrates how a portion of the data relates with the whole.
A. Line graph B. Pie graph C. Bar graph D. Area diagram

83. What is the exponent in the expression 13x2 + y?


A. Y B. 13 C. x D. 2

84. Which of the following is a product of 13 and an integer?


A. 1326 B. 1314 C. 1323 D. 131

PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUCATION – MATH Good Shepherd Professional Training Services


85. If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, the figure is a _______.
A. Chambers B. Square C. Rectangle D. Parallelogram

86. Add 5x2y, 4x2y, 8x2y


A. 17x2y B. 10x2y C. 6x2y D. 9x2y

87. Find the amount and compound interest converted quarter in five years on P20,000.00 at 8%.
A. P22,700.00 B. P19,000.25 C. P29,718.95 D. P25,500.00

88. If the edge of a cube is 3 cm, then its surface areas is _________.
A. 27 cm2 B. 36 cm2 C. 54 cm2 D. 72 cm2

89. What illustrates a particular data series through rectangles?


A. Line graph B. Circle graph C. Pie graph D. Bar graph

90. In how many ways can 5 girls be seated in a row of 5 seats?


A. 95 B. 120 C. 105 D. 100

91. In how many ways can 5 girls be seated in a circular table with 5 seats?
A. 24 B. 25 C. 120 D. 105

92. How many seconds are there in a 24-hour day?


A. 1,440 B. 3,600 C. 84,600 D. 86,400

93. What number must be subtracted from both numerator and denominator of the fraction 11/23 to give a
fraction whose value is 2/5?
A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 5

94. Find the least common multiple of 9a2 – 1,6a3 – 2a2, 9a + 3


A. 6a3 (3a + 1) (3a – 1)
B. 6a (3a + 1) (3a – 1)
C. 6a3 (3a2 + 1) (3a – 1)
D. 6a2 (3a + ) (3a – 1)

95. The Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of 22, 15, 7 is ______


A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

96. How many prime numbers are there between 1 and 100?
A. 25 B. 24 C. 23 D. 22

97. The island of Luzon is estimated to be 100,000 square kilometers. In exponential form, it can be
expressed as _________.
A. 1 x 106 B. 105 C. 1 x 104 D. 106

98. In a University, the ratio of female professors to the male professors is 8:5. If there are 75 male
professors, how many are female professors?
A. 180 B. 120 C. 375/8 D. 225

99. If two coins are tossed, what is the probability that two heads will be obtained?
A. ¾ B. ½ C. ¼ D. 1/8

100. Two dice are rolled, the probability that the sum is less than 13 is
A. 0.23 B. 0.50 C. 0.94 D. 1.0

PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUCATION – MATH Good Shepherd Professional Training Services


101. The grades in Mathematics of the students in section A are as follows: 80 75, 60, 95, 100. What is the
range of their group?
A. 80-95 B. 60-100 C. 60-95 D. 70-100

102. What measure of central tendency can best described the size T-shirts commonly worn by teenagers?
A. Mode B. Mean C. Range D. Median

103. Perform the indicated operation

40x2 y2 27xy
÷
24x y4 8x2 y3

A. 40x5 B. 40x C. 40 D. 40x2


81 81 81 81

104. What measure of central tendency can best describes the style of backpacks commonly used by
travelers?
A. mean B. range C. mode D. median

105. Find the prime divisors of 60.


A. 12, 5 B. 3, 5 C. 4, 15 D. 6, 10

106. What number must be subtracted from both numerator and denominator of the fraction 11/23 to give a
fraction whose value is 2/5?
A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 3

107. What is the amount due on P10,000.00 after adding the annual interest of 12% for 5 years?
A. P14,000.00 B. P15,500.00 C. P13,500.00 D. P16,000.00

108. The largest prime number less than 110 is _______.


A. 97 B. 107 C. 101 D. 105

109. What is the value of x in the equation -2(x-3) + x-5=2?


A. -13 B. -1 C. 3 D. 1

110. Which of the following is an equivalent of x2+4x+4=0?


A. x2-4x=4 B. x2+4x=4 C. (x+2)2=0 D. (x+4)2=0

111. 56 (9+2) = (56 x 9) + (56 x 2) is an example of ___________


A. Distributive property of whole numbers. C. Associative property of whole numbers
B. Commutative property of whole numbers. D. Closure property of whole numbers

112. Subtract 5a-=6bc+d from -4a-4bc-2d.


A. 9a-2bc+3d B. -9a+2bc+d C. -9a+2bc-3d D. -9a+2bc+3d
113. Simplify: (x2-5x+6) / (x2+3x-10-).
A. (x-2 / (x+5) B. (x-3) / (x-2) C. x-3 D. (x+5) / (x-3)
114. A room is 30 ft long, 25ft wide and 14 ft high. If 42 balloons are inside the room, how many cubic
feet of space does this allow for each balloon?
A. 11 B. 12 C. 12.5 D. 11.9
115. If two legs of one right triangle are equal respectively to two legs of another, the right triangles are
____.
A. congruent B. complementary C. supplementary D. adjacent
116. An angle in 65.5 degrees. What is its complement?
A. 24.5 degrees B. 25.5 degrees C. 114.5 degrees D. 124.5 degrees

PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUCATION – MATH Good Shepherd Professional Training Services


117. Given: RS = 3, RT = 11, and ST = 8. Which of these points is between the other two?
A. R B. S C. T D. any point

118. The measure of an angle is 25 more than its supplement. What is the measure of the larger angle?
A. 102.5 degrees B. 77.5 degrees C. 110.5 degrees D. 95.5 degrees

119. Find the area of a rhombus whose diagonals are 6 cm and 8 cm.
A. 28 cm2 B. 24 cm2 C. 30 cm2 D. 32 cm2

120. An angle measuring 48o is a/an _________.


A. acute angle B. right angle C. straight angle D. obtuse angle

121. Determine the midpoint of the line segment joining the points (5, -3) and (-1, 6)
A. (2, -3/2) B. (3, 3/2) C. (2, 3/2) D. (1, 5/2)

122. How many square inches are in 1 square yard?


A. 1296 B. 144 C. 900 D. 648

123. The vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD are: A (0,0), B (4,5), C (9,9) and D (5, 4). What is the shape
of the quadrilateral?
A. Square C. Rhombus
B. Parallelogram but not a rhombus D. Rectangle but not a square

124. The diagonal of a cube is √6 cm. Find the volume?


A. 187 cm3 B. 144√ 2 cm2 C. 216 cm3 D. 108 √ 2 cm3

125. The altitude of a triangle is 5 meters and the base is 20 meters. What is the area of the triangle?
A. 50 square meters B. 20 square meters C. 24 square meters D. 60 square meters

END OF PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUCATION – MATHEMATICS

PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUC. – SOCIAL STUDIES Good Shepherd Professional Training Services
1. While authority should be respected, its opinion may be an error. Which of the following represents a
better/more certain avenue to the truth?
A. Over generalization C. Fallacious reasoning
B. Selective observation D. Replication
2. A sea is a great body of salty water smaller than an ocean, more or less landlocked. Which is a large part
of the ocean or sea partly enclosed by land?
A. Strait B. Lake C. Canal D. Gulf
3. One instance of taking away the life of another person without due process is _______.
A. euthanasia B. salvaging C. capital punishment D. suicide
4. Cognitive skills are not easily observable because they are _________.
A. overt B. psychological C. hidden D. mental

5. Who is the father of Modern Psychology?


A. Watson B. Skinner C. Thorndike D. Wundt

6. Famous sculptor of landmark structures.


A. Jacinto B. Manansala C. Castrillo D. Cuevas
7. What is the lowest form of learning?
A. Perceiving B. Responding C. Conditioning D. Teaching
8. Which of the following is the study of human behavior?
A. Philosophy B. Morality C. Psychology D. Sociology
9. The Filipinos are deeply religious; however, sometimes this religiosity instills the NEGATIVE attitude
of ______________________________________.
A. Social responsibility to participate in the development of the society.
B. Resignation and ends up into doing nothing to improve one’s condition.
C. Total surrender to God in times of helplessness is best.
D. God who is omnipotent and omniscient will allow what is best.
10. Analects which are short and witty sayings that treat of moral values and good human relation, are
attributed to:
A. Mao Tze Tung B. Confucius C. Mencius D. Lao-Tzu
11. Which of the following is an artistic tradition that seeks to revive past glory in various forms?
A. Antique B. Modern C. Contemporary D. Classic
12. What is the application of the principles of theories of human behavior in teaching and learning?
A. Educational theory C. Educational psychology
B. Educational philosophy D. Educational sociology
13. “I am a retired public school teacher. As a teacher, I was branded as a terror in school. The pupils
dreaded the day they would enter my class. Little did they know that behind my unpopular façade was
a heart full of compassion. But how did I earn this moniker? I did not tolerate dirty pupils in my class.
I wanted them to know that cleanliness of body was good for their health. I inspected their teeth, nails,
footwear, handkerchief, clothes, ears, noses and hair.:
The public school teacher gives much importance to her pupils’ __________________
A. Cleanliness B. Study C. Absence D. Posture
14. Considering the “tayo-tayo” mentality of the Filipinos, one goal for CHANGE that should be worked on
is to develop __________________.
A. A sense of common good C. “Pakikisama”
B. A sense of national pride. D. The habits of discipline and hard work
15. Who is the proponent of the arena theater?
A. Carpio B. Tinio C. Montano D. Avellana
16. Which is NOT characteristic of people with a strong sense of self-efficacy?
A. View challenging problems as tasks to be mastered.
B. Recover quickly from setbacks and disappointments.
C. Avoid challenging tasks.
D. Develop deeper interest in the activities in which they participate.
PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUC. – SOCIAL STUDIES Good Shepherd Professional Training Services
17. Who is the famous composer from Angono who is also a national artist?
A. Buenaventura B. Cenizal C. San Pedro D. Cayabyab

18. The expression of “baduy” connotes:


A. Uneducated B. Low profile C. Awkward looking D. Smart

19. To respond to the expected depletion of the traditional source of energy, Asian countries including the
Philippines ___________________________________
A. control population C. limit industry activities
B. explore alternative energy sources D. control number of transport facilities

20. Nelson Mandela, black leader of multi-racial South Africa, was able to achieve the peaceful way to
freedom through ___________.
A. division B. unity C. argument D. supremacy
21. Read the following paragraph and answer the question that follows
“After the successful peaceful EDSA people power uprising in February 1986 there was a need for a
popular leader to unite the Filipinos. The wife of martyred hero Benigno Aquino, Corazon Aquino, fit
the need and became icon of democracy. Corazon Aquino’s rise to leadership is by _____________.
A. Birth right B. selection C. accident D. situation
22. Read the paragraph and answer the statement that follows.
“My concept of inner peace came from my mother’s daily activities which I now recall with fondness
and awe. She was a full-time housewife wholly dependent on my father’s monthly salary. How she
made both ends meet, guided us in our studies, and did small acts of charity on the side was beyond
me.” The mother’s financial resources are ____________.
A. abundant B. more than enough C. miserable D. limited
23. Read the paragraph and answer the statement that follows:
What did Nelson Mandela mean to South Africans and the rest of the world?
He gave up armed struggle and chose the peaceful way to freedom.
Nelson Mandela is a world leader who is a model of ___________.
A. imprisonment B. non-violence C. armed struggle D. black supremacy
24. Read the paragraph and answer the item that follows.
“As far back as I can remember, our family had always been an extended one. Our grandmother was the
mainstay in the family, the silent strength behind our mother who is her daughter.”
The informal guide and honorary household chief in the extended family is the ___________.
A. Father B. Mother C. Aunt D. Grandmother
25. Imprisoned for 27 years, Nelson Mandela realized his dream of a free and a non-racial South Africa by
forgiving his oppressors and negotiating in good faith for the peaceful transition to democracy. Nelson
Mandela demonstrated the trait of ____________.
A. friendliness B. determination C. forgiving D. malicious
26. What became prophetically true in France when Edwin Markham saw the French peasant as “The Man
with the Hoe,” a plundered slave under the rule of kings and princess?
A. French revolution C. Cult of Reason in France
B. Advent of mechanized agriculture D. Napoleon’s imperial rule
27. Some Filipino traits may be used for good or for bad because they are ________.
A. obscure B. neutral C. ambivalent D. passive
28. The proponent of the experimental theater in the Philippine was ___________.
A. Severino Montano B. Rolando Tinio C. Nick Lizaso D. Nicanor Agudo
29. The Philippines, which is made up of thousands of islands is called _______.
A. cape B. archipelago C. gulf D. peninsula
30. A professional teacher should faithfully observe the ___________.
A. Barangay Code C. Constitution of the Philippines
B. Code of Ethics D. Rules of Etiquette
31. The ordering of human needs from highest to lowest as the hierarchy of needs by ______.
A. Abraham Maslow B. Jean Jacques Rousseau C. John Dewey D. Edward Thorndike

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32. The application of psychological principles on teaching and learning is ____________.
A. psychological foundation C. educational sociology
B. educational psychology D. learning theory

33. In the principle of check and balance an example of Legislative check on the Executive is ______.
A. Declaring a legislative measure unconstitutional
B. Impeachment of the Chief Justice
C. Presidential veto on Congressional Law
D. Impeachment of the President

34. The following are Asian religious leaders EXCEPT _________.


A. Kung Fu Tzu B. Buddha C. Lao-Tzu D. Mao Tze Tung

35. Which policy of the state provides preferential attention to welfare of the less fortunate members of the
Philippine society?
A. bill of right B. social justice C. distributive justice D. criminal justice

36. Modern capitalism is the characteristic of ____________.


A. imperialism B. entrepreneurship C. colonialism D. socialism

37. The Filipino is deeply religious however sometimes instills the NEGATIVE attitude of ____________.
A. resignation and ends up into doing nothing to improve one’s condition
B. social responsibility to participate in the development of society
C. God who is omnipotent and omniscient will allow what is best
D. total surrender to God of helplessness is best

38. The “Sublime Paralytic” who wrote E. Verdadero Decalogo was _________.
A. Emilio Jacinto B. Apolinario Mabini C. Antonio Luna D. Andres Bonifacio

39. The science of beings in their ultimate causes is _________.


A. theory B. sociology C. psychology D. philosophy
40. What kind of cooperative serves loans to members?
A. service B. marketing C. multi-purpose D. credit
41. Moral and ethical standards are prescribed by the _______.
A. Professional Code of Ethics C. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
B. International Bill of Rights D. Constitutional Preamble
42. Social network service available through the computers is ___________.
A. E-mail B. Google C. Facebook D. Wikipedia
43. The first Philippine micro-satellite orbiting earth is _________.
A. Divina B. Bathaluman C. Diwata D. Maganda
44. What was the term given by Marcelo H. del Pilar to the hidden control and domination by Spanish
religious priests over the colonial government?
A. pase region B. complace C. las suerte partidas D. frailocracia
45. Lowest form of learning is called ________.
A. responding B. conditioning C. perceiving D. teaching
46. On June 12, 1898, who declared Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite and unfolded the Philippine
flag while the Philippine national anthem was played for the first time?
A. Manuel Quezon B. Marcelo del Pilar C. Gregorio del Pilar D. Emilio Aguinaldo
47. Which law enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1916 established a bicameral legislature in the Philippines
with the Senate (Upper House) and the House of Representatives (Lower House) to be composed of
elected Filipinos?
A. Philippine Legislative Law C. Cooper Act
B. Jones Law D. McKinley Law
48. People who harbor unexpected dislike for certain groups of people demonstrate __________.
A. individualism B. economic prejudice C. racial prejudice D. socialism

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49. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “all human beings are born free and
equal in dignity and rights.” Which of the following is a VIOLATION of human rights?
A. setting requirements for a government job
B. not allowing education graduates without a license to teach
C. selective admission for college education
D. disqualification from a job due to ethical affiliation

50. To make the presentation interesting, one may employ _________.


A. models B. labels C. lines D. graphics

51. Clear and organizes presentation for lecture and/or instruction is by ____________.
A. white board B. compact disc C. acetate D. power point

52. Participation in governance, including the right to vote and seek public office is secured within the
country’s ________.
A. political rights B. socio-civic rights C. right of suffrage D. right to due process

53. If a person develops a masochists tendency, he/she ________.


A. enjoys inflicting pain on others C. is ready to sacrifice
B. lives only for pleasure D. finds pleasure in self-inflicted pain

54. Mario’s father is an alcoholic, a chain smoker and a gambler, but Mario is his contrast because he does
not drink, smoke nor gamble. What does this case proved?
A. Values are genetically passed. C. Values are elusive
B. One’s value system is inherited. D. One’s value system is required

55. Proponent of play production and presentation for the masses is _________.
A. Pura Castrence B. Naty Rogers C. Cecile Alvarez D. Carmen Nakpil
56. Whose philosophy gives prominence to faith in understanding the existence of God?
A. St. John B. St. Augustine C. St. Benedict D. St. Peter
57. The first Mass was held in ________.
A. Bohol B. Limasawa C. Mactan D. Boracay
58. What kind of cooperative system sells farmer’s agricultural produce?
A. service cooperative C. producers cooperative
B. marketing cooperative D. multi-purpose cooperative
59. Right of government to use privately owned land for road and bridge improvement is _______.
A. right of way B. expropriation right C. public domain D. taxation
60. What religion is the only living remnant of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 today?
A. United Church of the Philippines C. Roman Catholic Church
B. Unitarian Church of the Philippines D. Philippine Independence Church
61. On December 2, 1899, who was the youngest Filipino general who gave his life while heroically
holding back American troops in the Battle of Tirad Pass in Ilocos Sur?
A. Carlos Romulo B. Gregorio del Pilar C. Marcelo H. del Pilar D. Emilio Aguinaldo
62. What does a professional code of conduct prescribe?
A. civic conduct for all C. moral and ethical standards
B. stricter implementation of laws D. professional traditions and mores
63. The right to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness is fundamental ___________.
A. intellectual right B. human characteristic C. human right D. self-preservation
64. What kind of Filipino traits is exemplified by “Bahala na?”
A. positive B. primitive C. ambivalent D. negative
65. Which constitutional safeguard prevents one branch of government from becoming powerful or
abusive?
A. Ombudsman B. Impeachment C. Check and balance D. Laissez faire

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66. Who was the revolutionary leader who refused to surrender to the Americans even after General
Malvar’s surrender, and declared himself President and Commander In-Chief of the Supreme
Government of the Tagalog Archipelago?
A. Licerio Geronimo B. Julian Montalan C. Macario Sakay D. Artemio Ricarte

67. The fundamental right invoked by filing the “writ of amaro” is _________.
A. the right to self-defense C. the right to due process
B. the right to life, liberty and security D. the right to be defended by a public attorney.

68. The Philippine President during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines was __________.
A. Manuel Roxas B. Ramon Magsaysay C. Elpidio Quirino D. Jose Laurel

69. Which power of the state enables it to impose charge or burden on lands and structures?
A. income tax B. real state tax C. value added tax D. inheritance tax
70. Which law set a full free trade policy abolishing the quota limitations on Philippines exports to the
United States?
A. Hare-Hawes Cutting Act C. Underwood Simmons Act
B. Bell Trade D. Payne-Aldrich Act
71. Who was the second editor of “La Solidaridad” with the pen name Dolores Manapat?
A. Mariano Ponce B. Graciano Lopez Jaena C. Jose Rizal D. Marcelo H. del Pilar
72. Who was the founder and editor of the newspaper “La Independencia?”
A. Apolinario Mabini B. Emilio Jacinto C. Graciano Lopez Jaena D. Antonio Luna
73. Of the accepted aims in studying Political Science, which is NOT regarded as immediately relevant?
A. To understand government and its principles
B. To uphold the ideals underlying public service
C. To win elections and hold public office
D. To learn how government relates with the people it serves
74. Who first use the name “Filipinos” considering that native Filipinos in the Philippines were simply
called “indios?”
A. Creoles (Mixed Hispanic Filipino blood) C. Chinos of Chinese immigrants to the islands
B. Natives of pure blood of islanders D. First Filipino Clerics Burgos, Gomez and Zamora
75. What is meant by equating the artist as an “improviser?”
A. He/she projects his experience of reality
B. He/she selects subjects at random
C. He/she is comfortable with life and craft
D. He/she takes a chance in portraying the beautiful through art
76. Which best exemplifies that culture is transmitted orally?
A. Lina sings a song during a karaoke session.
B. Lina adjusted the way she dresses upon advice by her mother.
C. Lina writes a journal on her field trip.
D. Lina delivers an oral class report.
77. What did Emilio Jacinto envision for Filipino fighters in writing the Kartilla Code of Conduct of the
Katipunan?
A. Professionals soldiers C. Rag-tag fighters
B. Guerilla fighters D. Civil guards of Filipino
78. What is the logical fallacy in: “You once sponsored a project of the governor, therefore you are the
governor’s crony?”
A. Illogical conclusion C. Association fallacy
B. Appeal to popular opinion D. Circular argument
79. The resettlement of Filipino communities to town centers called cabeceras was provided by the Spanish
policy called ___________.
A. encomienda B. reduction C. Pueblo D. Gobernadorcillo
80. Of the following, which is an indirect tax?
A. Capital gross tax B. Wealth tax C. Corporate tax D. Excise

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81. What was the first Sultanate in the Philippines which was founded by Abu Bakar in 1450?
A. Lanao Sultanate B. Maguindanao Sultanate C. Buayan Sultanate D. Sulu Sultanate

82. What mechanism did the government from 1971 – 2003 use through mass media to stay for a decade-
and-a-half in political power?
A. Public information B. Freedom of the press C. Propaganda D. Liberalization of media

83. Mysticism is the outstanding characteristic of which religions?


A. Primitive B. Western C. Colonial D. Eastern
84. What is philosophical skepticism?
A. Supremacy of reason over faith.
B. General disposition to doubt since no facts can be definitely known.
C. Reliance on science, not religion.
D. Belief that only material things can be known.
85. What is NOT among the many topics which the political scientist needs to directly consider from a
psychological approach to improve statesmanship?
A. Financial assets B. Propaganda C. Public opinion D. Pressure groups
86. What is the income saved but not used through investment?
A. Capital B. Wealth C. Deposit D. Hoarding
87. The use of Spanish surnames by Filipinos was ordered by Governor General ____________.
A. Basilio Agustin B. Ramon Blanco C. Jose Agustin D. Narciso Claveria
88. How can slowing of important growth directly affect an economy?
A. Deterioration of account position C. Low income levels for labor
B. High unemployed levels C. High inflationary rates
89. Who led the representation of the Filipino people during the negotiation between the United States and
Spain for the Treaty of Paris?
A. Doroteo Lopez B. Galiciano Apacible C. Mariano Ponce D. Felipe Agoncillo

90. What was the central focus of much of Philippine Literature during the Hispanic colonial period?
A. Christian faith C. Tribal life
B. Struggle against colonial rule D. Copy of literature from Spain
91. Reduccion is the Spanish policy which provided for the resettlement of Filipino communities to form
town centers called _____________.
A. gubernadorcillos B. cabeceras C. encomiendas D. pueblos
92. What is our present form of government that characterizes our Republic which elects national and local
officials in government?
A. Indirect or representative democracy C. Monarchy
B. Aristocracy D. Direct pure democracy
93. What characterizes a social state?
A. Only monopoly ownership of production C. Only private ownership of production
B. Only joint ownership of production D. Only state and collective ownership of production
94. Who was the last Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines?
A. Ramon Blanco B. Diego del Rios C. Basilio Agustin D. Fermin Jaudenes

95. Which demonstrates interconnectedness between social and environmental injustice?


A. Industrialized countries’ toxic disposed to poorer countries.
B. Temperature warming and rise of sea level.
C. Desertification of verdant regions.
D. Extinction of rare animal species.
96. Tax imposed on all employed and practicing professionals.
A. Income tax B. Real estate tax C. Community Tax D. Inheritance tax
97. What is the possible consequence of meritocracy in a social system?
A. Rule by the wealthy and powerful. C. Culture of elitism.
B. Leadership by people of talent. D. Rule by those with noble birth.

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98. What is the predominant characteristic of eastern religion?
A. Optimism B. Seculiarism C. Mysticism D. Pessimism
99. What economic policy in 16th century in Europe influenced Spain’s expansionist policy to discover new
lands?
A. Ice-trading B. Capitalism C. Mercantilism D. Colonialism
100. The right invoked in the “writ of habeas data” is ____________.
A. The right to information privacy. C. The right to search for information.
B. Right to gather information data. D. Right to transmit data.

101. Whose philosophy advocate the use of reason in understanding the existence of God?
A. St. Benedict B. St. Peter C. St. John D. St. Thomas Aquinas
102. Which is a check on the executive department by the judiciary in the principle check and balance
among branches of the government?
A. Impeachment of the Chief of Justice of the Supreme Court.
B. Determining the salary of the President and Vice-President.
C. Declaring a legislative measure unconstitutional.
D. Declaring an act of the President unconstitutional.
103. Which band played the Marcha Nacional Filipino of the national anthem on June 12, 1898 during the
declaration of Philippine Independence?
A. Pangkat Kawayan ng Pateros C. Malabon Band
B. Kawit Cavite Band D. San Francisco del Monte Band
104. Agency tasked to nurture Philippine arts
A. NBI B. CCP C. NCAA D. NCCA
105. The ultimate objective of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform is:
A. Abolish share tenancy in favor of lease tenancy.
B. Distribute all arable lands to the landless.
C. Establish once cultivated land.
D. Ensure the cultivation of any idle lands.
106. Which was the first labor union in the country founded by Isabelo P. de los Reyes on July 1901?
A. Association of the Philippine Labor C. Union Trabajadores de Filipinos
B. Union Obrera Democratica D. Association de Compania Tabacalera
107. Through the Galleon Trade (1565-1815), the Philippines had extended contacts with _______.
A. Spain B. Spice Land C. China D. Mexico
108. How many days are needed after which an enrolled bill becomes a law?
A. 75 days B. 90 days C. 60 days D. 30 days
109. What law passed on August 1909 by the U.S. Congress established a partial free trade in the
Philippines?
A. Bell Trace C. Treaty on General Relations
B. Payne-Aldrich Act D. Underwood-Simmons Act
110. Who was the Spanish mestizo priest who first led the native secular clergy in the Secularization
Movement in 1861?
A. Father Jacinto Zamora C. Father Pedro Pelaez
B. Father Gregorio Aglipay D. Father Jose Burgos
111. While authority should be respected, its opinion may be an error. Which of the following represents a
better/more certain avenue to the truth?
A. Replication (repeat and check) C. Overgeneralization
B. Selective observation D. Fallacious reasoning
112. Who is known as the “Father of the Local Government Code?”
A. Joey Lina B. Joseph Estrada C. Jovito Salonga D. Aquilino Pimentel

113. Who was the first editor of La Solidaridad, and an orator of the Reform Movement?
A. Juan Luna B. Graciano Lopez Jaena C. Jose Rizal D. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
114. In social trends, how do you call those who are for the revival of the classics?
A. Existentialists B. Humanist C. Rationalists D. Reformists
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115. What happens to a good action when it is performed on account of an evil motive?
A. It becomes good C. It becomes morally good
B. It becomes evil D. It becomes an immoral act
116. The tax required to be paid annually by all adult citizens of the Philippines is the _______.
A. Community tax B. Income tax C. Real estate tax D. Inheritance tax
117. As a Social Science teacher which should Teacher Nora avoid?
A. Abreast with all the other issues C. Facilitator of learning
B. Appreciative of change D. As a sage on the stage
118. Governor General Narciso Claveria was responsible for the _________.
A. Abolition of the Galleon Trade C. Use of Spanish surname by Filipinos
B. Establishment of the Tobacco Monopoly D. Establishment of the Galleon Trade
119. Who among the following Filipino statesmen was the most vocal to speak against the country’s foreign
policy of close association with Americans?
A. Claro M. Recto B. Manuel Luiz Quezon C. Cayetano Arellano D. Jose P. Laurel
120. Of the seven continents comprising continues land mass surrounded by big bodies of water, the biggest
(30.1 percent of the earth) is )_____________?
A. Asia B. Australia C. Europe D. Northern America
121. Civilization is where large ideas and tools, as well as human settlements flourished. Where do
historians say civilization had first been born?
A. China B. Middle East C. Egypt D. Jordan
122. What best describes the form of government of England with its parliament, a prime minister, and a
queen (or king)?
A. Constitutional Monarchy B. Oligarchy C. Ethnocracy D. Democracy
123. Which religious missionaries first arrived in the Philippines?
A. Dominicans B. Franciscans C. Jesuits D. Augustinians
124. What religious institution is the only living remnant of the Philippine Revolution of 1897 today?
A. Philippines Independent Church C. Unitarian Church of the Philippines
B. Roman Catholic Church D. United Church of the Philippines
125. What is the term for the unpleasant sensation or frustration when a traditional-bound Filipino goes to
the U.S. and observes the open display of love and emotion?
A. Culture relativism C. Culture shock
B. Culture cosmopolitanism D. Culture phobia
126. When teachers brand as “pilosopo” students who ask questions, they communicate the NEGATIVE
sociological principle that ____________.
A. asking questions in class is a sign of inattentiveness
B. passive and conformity are worth perpetuating
C. asking questions in class is a sign of ignorance
D. teachers are all knowing and cannot be questioned
127. What problem can result owing to bias among parents and the youth towards manual or technical
occupations, e.g. masons, mechanics, plumbers, etc?
A. Boss mentality B. White collar mania C. Blue collar mania D. Technocrat mind
128. During the 17-18th century Hispanic era, what was the highest post a native or Chinese mestizo can
attain at the municipal level, equivalent: to local bureaucrats namely mayors today?
A. Governadorcillo B. Tenientes de Justicia C. Cabeza de barangay D. Directorcillo
129. During the Hispanic era, native and Chinese male mestizo 16-60 years old are obliged to do forced
labor for forty days. How can exemption be made?
A. Getting a cedula personal C. Paying the bandala
B. Give santorum tax to the church D. Paying the falla (exemption fee)
130. How can Dr. Jose Rizal’s La Liga organization be likened according to present-day social groups/
movements?
A. National political party like LP, NP, Lakas C. National socio-civic organization
B. Shadow government D. Street parliamentarian movement
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131. Who is the painter of fisherfolks and farmers of his hometown in Rizal?
A. Vicente Manansala C. Anita Magsaysay
B. Carlos V. Francisco D. Fernando Amorsolo

132. What is the best reason for holism in art education?


A. Everyone is a potential artist with talents of his/her own
B. Art means the beautiful in human creativity
C. Aesthetic development is for total growth
D. We can be unique artist in our degree of growth

133. Taoism is another Chinese philosophy about the same period as Confucianism, but more spiritual
rather than ethical interest as it stressed that nature contains a divine impulse that directs all life. Who
is the philosopher behind Taoism?
A. Confucius B. Lao-Tzu C. The Buddha D. Sidharta Gautama

134. What contained the concrete promise of the Americans to Filipinos independence “as soon as stable
government can be established?”
A. Preamble of the Jones Law
B. Fairfield Bill of 1924
C. Preamble of the Commonwealth
D. First 1919 Parliamentary Mission to the U.S.

135. The province in the Philippines which was called “Ma-i” by the Chinese in the 14th century is
A. Ilocos B. Mindoro C. Cavite D. Palawan

136. Which power of the state enables it to impose charge of burden upon persons, property or property
rights for the use and support of the government in its discharge of appropriate functions?
A. Eminent Domain B. Exportation C. Taxation D. Value added tax

137. Various expeditions by Spanish adventures were completed by the 17 th century resulting in the Hispanic
conquest of Latin America. Who was the Spanish commander who led an expedition against the Incas
Empire setting up settlements as far as Buenos Aires in 1536?
A. Basco Dagama B. Hernon Cortez C. Pizarro D. Inez de la Cruz J.R. Pole
138. Political idealist advocate ideals in politics, such as justice, equality and fairness. Political realist have
a more realist viewpoint of politics, aptly stated by “Might is right.” Who among the following is
more of a political realist rather than political idealist?
A. Martin Luther King B. Mahatma Ghandi C. Julius Cesar D. Benigno Aquino
139. Who was the second editor of “La Solidaridad” with the pen name Dolores Manapat?
A. Graciano Lopez Jaena B. Mariano Ponce C. Jose Rizal D. Marcelo H. del Pilar
140. What development has taken place in our form of government from the pre-Hispanic Philippines to
present?
I. We have come from a one-man rule to a government of the people, by the people and for the people.
II. We began with a one-man rule and have ended up with a dictatorial form of government.
III. We started with a dictatorial form of government that has developed into the present democratic
form.
A. I and III B. I C. III D. II
141. How can the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program bring about social equity and economic
prosperity in the country?
I. By distributing the ownership of land to farmers for value charge
II. By transferring the ownership of land to farmers for value
III. By helping the affected landowners to use their land compensation in viable business activities
IV. By providing support services to farmer beneficiaries
A. I, II and III B. II, III and IV C. I, II and IV D. I, III and IV
142. If they were to come back to life, who among the following would be the most vocal to speak against
the country’s foreign policy of close association with America?
A. Leon M. Guerrero Jr., Jose P. Laurel C. Jose P. Laurel, Elpidio Quirino
B. Claro M. Recto, Leon Ma. Guerrero D. Claro M. Recto, Jose P. Laurel
PRE-BOARD GENERAL EDUC. – SOCIAL STUDIES Good Shepherd Professional Training Services

143. Rizal said “There are no tyrants where there are no slaves.” Which statement/s logically explains
such?
I. If the Filipino were treated as slaves by the Spaniards, it was because they allowed themselves
to be treated as such.
II. It was actually the fault of the Filipinos why the Spaniards treated them as slaves.
III. The Spaniards were tyrants and so they treated the Filipino as slaves.
A. I B. III C. I and II D. II

144. Which of the following are symptoms of a compulsive-obsessive personality disorder?


I. Repetitive handwashing
II. Preoccupation with aggressive impulses
III. Paranoia
A. I, II and III B. II only C. III only D. I and II

145. What law established the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao?


A. R.A. No. 6374 B. R.A. No. 3647 C. R.A. No. 4637 D. R.A. No. 6734

146. How why does the Philippine have claim over Sabah?
A. The sultan of Sulu, who received the territory as a gift, has given the Philippine Government
power to reclaim his territory.
B. The Malay’s the third wave of migrants to the country own the territory.
C. Sabah was formerly a part of the Philippine archipelago.
D. The Philippine government bought it from the Sultan of Brunei.

147. What is/are the best ways to a child’s development according to the statement?
I. Meet the child where the child is
II. Allow the child to develop according to his/her pace.
III. Compare a child to another in order to motivate her/him to catch up with other children’s
development.
A. II and III B. I and III C. I, II and III D. I and II

148. They are the duo famous for nationalism and against colonialism.
A. Manuel Quezon and Manuel Roxas C. Elpidio Quirino and Ramon Magsaysay
B. Ferdinand Marcos and Carlos Garcia D. Claro M. Recto and Jose P. Laurel

149. Which is in accordance with the principle of shared responsibility between workers and employers
promoted by the 1987 Constitution?
I. The right to strike is granted as a last resort tool of workers in airing their legitimate demands.
II. The right to strike has no limits, regardless of the kind of work involved especially if
employers are abusive.
III. The right to strike shall not apply when the act is inimical to public interest.
A. II and III B. I, II and III C. I and III D. I and II

150. Which is referred to as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease of infirmity in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions
and process?
A. reproductive rights C. reproductive counseling
B. reproductive choice D. reproductive health

END OF PRE-BOARD GNERAL EDUCATION – SOCIAL SCIENCE

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