Modeling and Simulation of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) for Early Fault Detection in

Interconnected Two-Area Network

Asad Waqar, Zeeshan Khurshid, Jehanzeb Ahmad, Muhammad Aamir, Muneeb Yaqoob, Imtiaz Alam
Department of Electrical Engineering
Bahria University, Islamabad.
Email: asadwaqar.buic@bahria.edu.pk

Abstract—The electrical power system is becoming more and
more complex with the increasing demand of the electricity
across the world, as the world is becoming the global village. The
electrical power system must be reliable and safe enough to fulfil
the energy requirements with the continuous supply of energy.
The chances of power system’s blackouts and outages are
increasing with its increased complexity. So, there is a need of an
efficient control system to make the power system more safe,
efficient and reliable. Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and
Control system (WAMPAC) is becoming an emerging technology
for an efficient monitoring, protection and control of power
system. Phasor measurement unit (PMU) is an integrated part of
wide area monitoring, protection and control (WAMPAC)
system, which can be used for monitoring, protection and control
of complex electrical power systems. PMU gives the synchronized
phasor measurements of voltage and current and can easily
monitor and control even small disturbances in power system to
protect the power system from any blackouts and outages before
any fault occurs. In the proposed paper a PMU model is designed
in MATLAB/Simulink and then PMU is used for power system
protection and the comparative analysis are done with the
conventional protection technique for an interconnected two-area
network power system.
Keywords—Global Positioning System (GPS), Phasor
Measurement Unit (PMU), Wide Area Monitoring System
(WAMS), Wide Area Monitoring Protection and Control
(WAMPAC),
I. INTRODUCTION
The power system was very simple and small in the old
days and the structure of the power system management was
also very safe and secure. However, the managerial efficiency
of the power system was reduced with the increasing
complexity of the power system due to increasing power
demand from the power system [1]. The stress on the power
system is also increased as the competitive structure of the
market increased the utilization of the power system. The
replacement of the traditional non-renewable energy resources
of the power generation with the renewable energy resources
also increased the complexity and challenges for power
system monitoring, protection and control [2]. The real-time
data measurement and monitoring is required to make the
present grid more reliable and efficient [3]. Wide area
monitoring system (WAMS) has been implemented all over
the world for the synchronized monitoring, protection and
control of the power system from blackouts and are being
upgraded continuously [4]. The digital bidirectional
communication between the supplier and consumer in the
Wide area monitoring system (WAMS) makes the grid
smarter [5].
The wide area monitoring system (WAMS) consists of a huge
number of PMUs which are placed in the different
geographically dispersed locations [6]. As known, PMU gives
the synchronized measurements of voltage or current phasors
and the synchronization is achieved by using a very high
precision time reference i.e. GPS which gives a 1 pulse /s
signal with the synchronizing efficiency of less than 1μs. [7,
8]. An idea of implementing the PMU in MATLAB is
presented [9]. A Non-Recursive DFT based technique is
presented for the designing of the PMU in order to reduce the
complexity of the design [10]. A review of PMU is proposed
earlier [11].
Most of the research is being done for the efficient
placement of PMU and very less research is done about the
modelling of phasor measurement unit. The contribution of the
proposed research is that a Simulink based model of PMU is
designed and then PMU is also used to protect the power
system during a 3-phase fault in a two-area network power
system as a case study. The comparative analysis is also done
between the PMU and the conventional protection technique
II. PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNIT (PMU)
Arun Phadke and Thorp, firstly introduced the phasor
measurements at Virginia Polytechnic state university in 1988
[12] which gives the phasor estimation of voltage and current.
The reference time signal is obtained from the Global
Positioning system (GPS) to define these phasors. Through
which the synchronized measurements of phasor are achieved
for the power system. In 2003, a very large blackout was
occurred in the northeast part of the USA. After that in Feb
2004, the outage task force of the US-Canada submitted a
finalized report to suggest the use of PMU to get the complete
visibility of the power grid. Later the number of installed
PMU in US was increased from 166 in 2010 to 1126 in
2013[13]. PMUs are high speed power devices and can be
used to provide the synchronized measurement of phasors.
Phasor measurements include the amplitudes of voltage,
current, and phase angle. PMUs can also be used to measure
the frequency, rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) and real
and reactive powers etc. The synchronized measurements
mean that PMUs takes the real-time samples of the waveforms
of current and voltage by using the GPS (global positioning
system) as a reference source of real timing signals.
Phasor measurement unit (PMU) takes the samples of
voltage and current waveforms by using its own sampling-
time. The synchronization is achieved by using PLL system.
The standard of power system monitoring, protection and

978-1-5386-5482-8/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

control is promoted by using synchronized phasor
measurements. The functional block diagram of PMU is given
in Fig.1.
Fig.1.Functional Block Diagram of PMU
III. SIMULATION BASED MODEL OF PMU IN
MATLAB/SIMULINK
c) Analog to Digital converter (ADC)
The output from the anti-aliasing filter is fed to the analog
to digital converter, which converts the analog input into
digital signal through the process of sampling and
quantization. The sampled signal is passed through the DFT
block in order to convert it into complex signal. The output
from the ADC is fed to the sequence analyzer.
d) Sequence Analyzer
The sequence analyzer is designed with the help of
MATLAB function. The sequence analyzer receives the
sampled data from the ADC and computes the sequence
components of voltage. The sequence components can be
represented as
1
Va 0 Va  Vb  Vc  (1)
3
The MATLAB Simulink is used to design the simulation 1
model of a PMU. The model is shown in the Fig.2. The Va1
3
Va  aVb  a 2Vc  (2)
phasor measurement unit model is consisted of the following
1
blocks.
x Potential Transformer
Va 2
3
x Low Pass anti-aliasing Filter
x DFT based ADC
x Sequence Analyzer
x Complex to Magnitude and Phase Angle
Conversion
x Display Module
Fig. 2. Simulation Based Model of PMU
The working of the different Simulink blocks of the phasor
measurement unit model are described below.
a) Potential Transformer (PT)
The potential transformer is used to measure the analog
inputs. The inputs are connected to the area where the PMU is
to be placed and the outputs are connected to the low pass
filter.
b) Antialiasing Filter
To convert the analog signal into digital signal, two
methods are performed which are known as sampling and
quantization. For the reconstruction of the signal from the
sampled signals, the sampling frequency must be greater than
twice of the maximum frequency of the original signal. This is
known as Nyquist sampling theorem. If the sampling rate is
less and does not follow the Nyquist theorem, then it becomes
difficult to obtain the complete information from the sampled
signal and valuable information may be lost. This error is
known as aliasing error. To remove this error, anti-aliasing
filter is used. The inputs and outs of the low pass anti-aliasing
filter are connected to the potential transformer and analog to
digital converter respectively.
Va  a 2Vb  aVc  (3)
Where, a= -0.5+0.866i
Va0, Va1 and Va2 are the zero Sequence, positive sequence
and negative sequence components respectively. While Va,
Vb and Vc are the phase components.
e) Complex to Magnitude and Phase Angle Conversion
The complex to magnitude and phase angle conversion
block is used to get the magnitude and phase angle of the
different sequence components of the voltage.
f) Display Module
The display block is a kind of screen to see the different
measurements from the phasor measurement unit.
IV. NOVEL CONTROLLER
The controller is used to monitor and protect the power
system from the blackouts or damages. The output from the
phasor measurement unit is fed to the controller. The
algorithm working inside the controller computes the state of
power system that either the power system is working the way
that it is wanted to be or not. If there any fault occurs in the
power system, the controller takes the control action quickly
and prevent the power system from any damage. The
controller has the one input and two control outputs. The
output.1 is to be connected with the main power system and
output.2 is to be connected with the backup system. During
any fault the output.1 disconnects the faulted area of the power
system and the output.2 connects the backup system to the
main system to withstand the continuity of the power to the
load and to increase the reliability of the power system. The
flow chart of the controller is shown in the Fig.3.
V. SIMULATION OF TWO AREA NETWORK POWER SYSTEM
(CASE STUDY)
The proposed research is tested and verified by using a
Simulation of a three phase two area network power system as
shown in the Fig.4.
 Start Delta (D1) Winding Parameters:
Vrms (phase-phase): 13.8kV, Resistance (p.u): 0.002 and
Wait Untill
Inductance (p.u): 0.08
System
Becomes
Magnetization Resistance: 500 and Magnetization Inductance:
Stable
500

Start
c) Three Phase Parallel RLC Loads
Comparison
Vrms (phase-phase): 220kV, Frequency: 50Hz, Active
Power: 10e3W, Inductive Reactive Power: 35VAR and
Capacitive Reactive Power: 0
B No Data Matched?
d) Three Phase Series RLC Branches:
Yes Resistance: 0.0002*100(Ω) and Inductance:0.2*100(H).

A e) Three Phase Circuit Breakers:

External Control: Breaker Resistance: 0.001 Ω, Snubber
Resistance: 1e6 Ω and Snubber Capacitance: inf.
A B
VII. THE STEADY STATE OPERATION OF THE PROPOSED MODEL
The results are shown below from the Fig.5 to F.g.8
Power Power
Online
Data
Matched
System is
working
Main
System is
not
Diconnect
Faulty
a) Voltage (p.u) from the Area_1
System
Properly working Section
Properly The voltage (p.u) from the Area_1 are shown in the Fig.5.

Offline Online
Backup Backup
System System

Fig. 3. Flow Chart of Novel Controller

Fig.5. Voltage (p.u) from Area_1

b) Voltage (p.u) from the Area_2

The voltage (p.u) from the Area_2 are shown in the Fig.6.

Fig.4. Two Area Network Power System

The system has the following electrical components.

1) 3-Ф Generator -02 no.
2) 3-Ф Transformer -02 no.
3) 3-Ф Circuit Breaker -02 no.
4) 3-Ф Series RLC Branches -02 no.
5) 3-Ф parallel RLC Load -02 no.
Fig.6. Voltage (p.u) from Area_2
VI. ELECTRICAL RATINGS OF SIMULINK MODEL
c) Voltage (p.u) across the Load_1
The electrical ratings of the Simulink model shown in the
Fig.4. are given below. The voltage (p.u) across Load_1 is shown in the Fig.7.

a) Three Phase.Generators
The three-phase generators have the following ratings,
Vrms (phase-phase): 13.8 kV, frequency: 50Hz, Base Voltage:
13.8 kV.
b) Three Phase Transformers
The two Windings three phase transformers have the
primary windings in star-connection and secondary windings
in delta(D1) connection. They have the following ratings: Fig.7. Voltage (p.u) across load_1
Power :100MVA and Frequency: 50Hz.
Star Winding Parameters: d) Voltage across the Load_2
Vrms (phase-phase): 13.8kV, Resistance (p.u): 0.002 and The voltage (p.u) across Load_2 is shown in the Fig.8.
Inductance (p.u): 0.08
 Fig.8. Voltage (p.u) across Load_2
VIII. THE OPERATION OF THE PROPOSED POWER SYSTEM WITH A
3-ϴ (L-L-L-G)
The proposed power system is tested by applying a 3-ϴ (L-
L-L-G) fault at time=0.1s on the Bus.1 in area.1 as shown in
the Fig.9.
Fig.9. Power System with 3-ϴ (L-L-L-G) Fault
The results are shown below from the Fig.10 to Fig.13.
a) Voltage (p.u) from the Area_1
The voltage (p.u) from the Area_1 are shown in the Fig.10.
Fig.10. Voltage (p.u) from Area_1
b) Voltage (p.u) from the Area_2
The voltage (p.u) from the Area_2 are shown in the Fig.11.
Fig.11. Voltage (p.u) from Area_2
c) Voltage across the Load_1
The voltage across the Load_1 are shown in the Fig.12.
Fig.12.Voltage (p.u) across Load_1
d) Voltage (p.u) across the Load_2
The voltage (p.u) across the load_2 are shown in the Fig.13.
Fig.13. Voltage (p.u) across Load_2
IX. THE PROTECTION OF PROPOSED POWER SYSTEM
The proposed power system is protected by using both the
phasor measurement (PMU) and conventional protection
method.
A. The Backup Protection System
The backup system used to restore the proposed power is
given in the Fig.14.
Fig.14. The Backup Protection System
The backup system has the following electrical ratings of
the different components.
a) Three Phase Generators
The three-phase generators have the following ratings,
Phase-to-Phase Voltage (RMS): 13.8 kV, Nominal frequency:
50Hz, Base Voltage: 13.8 kV (Vrms ph-ph)
b) Three Phase Transformers
The two Windings three phase transformers have the
primary windings in star-connection and secondary windings
in delta(D1) connection. They have the following ratings:
Power:100MVA and Frequency: 50Hz
Star Winding Parameters: Vrms(phase-phase): 13.8kV,
Resistance (p.u): 0.002 and Inductance (p.u): 0.08
Delta (D1) Winding Parameters: Vrms(phase-phase):
220kV, Resistance: 0.002 and Inductance: 0.08
Magnetization Resistance: 500 and Magnetization
Inductance:500
 c) Circuit Breakers: External Control

Breaker Resistance: 0.001 Ω, Snubber Resistance: 1e6 Ω

and Snubber Capacitance: inf.
B. Protection with PMU
The PMU is placed in the proposed power system at
Area.1 as shown in the Fig.15.

Fig.19. Voltage (p.u) across Load_2

C. Protection by using Conventional Technique

(Analog Scheme)
The complete mechanism for the restoration of the
proposed power system using Conventional Protection
Technique is shown in the Figure.20.

Fig.15. Power System Protection with PMU

The results are shown below from the Fig.16 to Fig.19.

d) Voltage (p.u) from the Area_1
The voltage (p.u) from the Area_1 are shown in the Fig.16.

Fig.20.Power System Protection with Conventional Technique

The results are shown below from the Fig.21 to Fig.24.

d) Voltage (p.u) from the Area_1
The voltage (p.u) from the Area_1 are shown in the Fig.21.

Fig.16. Voltage (p.u) from Area_1

a) Voltage (p.u) from the Area_2

The voltage (p.u) from the Area_2 are shown in the Fig.17.

Fig.21. Voltage (p.u) from Area_1

e) Voltage (p.u) from the Area_2

Fig.17. Voltage (p.u) from Area_2 The voltage (p.u) from the Area_2 are shown in the Fig.22.
b) Voltage across the Load_1
The voltage across the Load_1 are shown in the Fig.18.

Fig.22. Voltage (p.u) from Area_2

Fig.18.Voltage (p.u) across Load_1
f) Voltage across the Load_1
c) Voltage (p.u) across the Load_2 The voltage across the Load_1 are shown in the Fig.23.
The voltage (p.u) across the load_2 are shown in the Fig.19.

Fig.23.Voltage (p.u) across Load_1
g) Voltage (p.u) across the Load_2
The voltage (p.u) across the load_2 are shown in the Fig.24.
Fig.24. Voltage (p.u) across Load_2
X. EVALUATIONS
In the proposed paper, the Simulink model of the
interconnected two-area power system is monitored, protected
and controlled with the help the PMU and then the results are
compared with the conventional analog protection technique.
It is evaluated from the results that the PMU is the efficient
and fast control electrical device which pre-control and pre-
protect the power system from any damages and blackouts.
The proposed research is focused on the protection of power
system during a 3-phase (L-L-L-G) fault. As the fault is
introduced at 0.1s during the simulation time and the
comparative analysis shows that the PMU takes only 0.1ms to
protect the proposed power system and the conventional
analog technique takes 35ms to protect the same power system
under the same conditions. The results are shown in the
Fig.25.
Fig.25.Comparison of PMU with Conventional Protection Technique
XI. CONCLUSIONS
The proposed research is focused on the designing of a
simulation-based model of PMU and protection of a two-area
network power system using PMU. It is concluded that the
PMUs are very efficient and reliable for the monitoring,
protection and control of the power system. The Simulation
based analysis of the PMU shows that it is an efficient
equipment for the monitoring, protection and control of the
power system. The contribution of the proposed research is
that a Simulink based model of PMU is designed and the PMU
is also used to protect the power system during a 3-phase fault
in an interconnected two-area network power system as a case
study. The results are compared with the conventional
protection technique used for the monitoring, protection and
control of the power system. The conventional protection
techniques are analogue protection techniques and the PMU is
a digital protection technique. PMU measures each small
sample of the digitalized data and continuously sends it to the
controller. The controller continuously compares the received
phasor data with the predefined phasor data and takes the
remedial action before any fault occurs as the received phasor
measurements differ the predefined phasor data even for a
small sample of digitalized phasor measurements. The power
system is a dynamic system and the power system control and
protection is an emerging challenge from the beginning and
has become more challenging task after the introduction of
renewable energy resources. So, the PMUs are very reliable
and efficient for the complete stability of the power system.
The comparative analysis showed that the PMU only takes
0.1ms and conventional technique takes 35ms to operate and
protect the power system from the blackouts and damages
during any fault in the power system.
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