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Applicationsoffm 1
Applicationsoffm 1
Applicationsoffm 1
OF FLUID
MECHANICS
CONTENTS
PART-A
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS
1-DEFINATION OF FLUID AND BASICS
2-DIFFERENCE IN BEHAVIOUR OF FLUID AND
SOLID
3-BASIC LAWS GOVERNING FLUID MECHANICS
5-BRIEF HISTORY
PART-B
AREAS OF APPLICATION OF FLUID
MECHANICS
1-METEOROLOGY (WEATHER FORECASTING)
2-AEROSPACE AND AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY
3-TURBOMACHINES AND HYDRAULICS
4-FLUID AS COOLANT IN ENGINES, ELECTRONICS,
POWER PALNTS AND MANUFACTURING
NANOFLUIDS AS COOLANTS
(RECENT DEVELOPMENT)
9- APPLICATIONS IN SPORTS
SHARK SKIN IN SWIM SUITS
10-FORECASTING NATURAL DISASTERS
TROPICAL CYCLONE
11-MEMS
PART-A
INTRODUCTION TO FLUID
MECHANICS
1-DEFINATION OF FLUID AND BASICS
Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics that studies the mechanics of
fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. It is the study
of fluids at rest or in motion. It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a
subject which models matter without using the information that it is made
out of atoms; that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint
rather than from microscopic.
It has traditionally been applied in areas as the design of canal and dam
systems; the design of pumps, compressors, and piping and ducting used
in the water and air conditioning systems of homes and businesses, piping
systems needed in chemical plants; the aerodynamics of automobiles and
sub- and supersonic airplanes; and the development of many different
flow measurement devices such as gas pump meters.
The most common coolant is water. Its high heat capacity and low
cost makes it a suitable heat-transfer medium. It is usually used
with additives, like corrosion inhibitors and antifreeze.
A-WIND POWER
Wind energy or wind power is extracted from air flow using wind
turbines or sails to produce mechanical or electrical energy. Windmills are
used for their mechanical
power, windpumps for water pumping, and sails to propel ships. Wind
power as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely
distributed, clean, produces
no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, and uses little land. The
net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of
nonrenewable power sources.
Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are connected
to the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is an
inexpensive source of electricity, competitive with or in many places
cheaper than coal or gas plants. Offshore wind is steadier and stronger
than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, but construction
and maintenance costs are considerably higher.
TURBINE DESIGN
Wind turbines are devices that convert the wind’s kinetic energy into
electrical power. The result of over a millennium of windmill development
and modern engineering, today’s wind turbines are manufactured in a
wide range of horizontal axis and vertical axis types. Arrays of large
turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important
source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a
strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels. Wind turbine design is the
process of defining the form and specifications of a wind turbine to extract
energy from the wind. A wind turbine installation consists of the necessary
systems needed to capture the wind’s energy, point the turbine into the
wind, convert mechanical rotation into electrical power, and other
systems to start, stop, and control the turbine. The aerodynamics of a
wind turbine is not straightforward. The air flow at the blades is not the
same as the airflow far away from the turbine. The very nature of the way
in which energy is extracted from the air also causes air to be deflected
by the turbine.
Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the
capture of that energy to do useful work–for example, electricity
generation, water desalination, or
the pumping of water (into reservoirs). A machine able to exploit wave
power is generally known as a wave energy converter (WEC). Wave-
power generation is not currently a widely employed commercial
technology, although there have been attempts to use it. The major
competitor of wave power is offshore wind power, with more visual
impact.
7-BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
ARTIFICIAL HEARTS
An artificial heart is a device that replaces the heart. Artificial hearts are
typically used to bridge the time to heart transplantation, or to
permanently replace the heart
in case heart transplantation is impossible. An artificial heart is distinct
from a ventricular assist device designed to support a failing heart. It is
also distinct from a cardiopulmonary bypass machine, which is an external
device used to provide the functions of both the heart and lungs and are
only used for a few hours at a time, most commonly during cardiac
surgery.
In August 2006, an artificial heart was implanted into a 15-year-old girl at
the Stollery Children’s Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta. It was intended to
act as a temporary fixture until a donor heart could be found. Instead, the
artificial heart (called a Berlin Heart) allowed for natural processes to
occur and her heart healed on its own. After
146 days, the Berlin Heart was removed, and the girl’s heart was able to
function properly on its own
Patients who have some remaining heart function but who can no longer
live normally may be candidates for ventricular assist devices (VAD),
which do not replace the human heart but complement it by taking up
much of the function.
A centrifugal pump or an axial-flow pump can be used as an artificial
heart, resulting in the patient being alive without a pulse.
B-FERROFLUID
Ferrofluids are used to form liquid seals around the spinning drive
shafts in hard disks. The rotating shaft is surrounded by magnets. A
small amount of ferrofluid, placed in the gap between the magnet
and the shaft, will be held in place by its attraction to the magnet.
The fluid of magnetic particles forms a barrier which prevents debris
from entering the interior of the hard drive.
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Because of the forces that affect tropical cyclone tracks, accurate track
predictions depend on determining the position and strength of high- and
low-pressure areas, and predicting how those areas will change during the
life of a tropical system. The deep layer mean flow, or average wind
through the depth of the troposphere, is considered the best tool in
determining track direction and speed. If storms are significantly sheared,
use of wind speed measurements at a lower altitude, such as at the
70 kPa pressure surface (3,000 meters or 9,800 feet above sea level) will
produce better prediction High-speed computers and sophisticated
simulation software allow forecasters to produce computer models that
predict tropical cyclone tracks based on the future position and strength
of high- and low-pressure systems. Combining forecast models with
increased understanding of the forces that act on tropical cyclones, as
well as with a wealth of data from Earth-orbiting satellites and other
sensors, scientists have increased the accuracy of track forecasts over
recent decades.
1-WIKIPEDIA
2-NPTEL