Number Systems

CONTENT
1. Numerical base conversions
2. Analog Signal representations
3. Q Arithmetic

I. Kaya, KTU 2016

 Number Systems
Why people are using decimal (10) numbers in their
daily life without regarding to any culture?
İnstant answer received only by 1/20 students.
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Decimal to Binary conversion
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Decimal to Binary Conversion
Octal to Decimal Conversion
Decimal to Octal Conversion
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
Decimal to hexadecimal
Hexadecimal to Binary
or vice versa
Sampling tie, and memory alignment
Analog Signal, e.g Sound
 Analog Digital Converter

VA VDD

Ain0 D0
Ain1 D1
Ain2 D2
Ain3
ADC 8 Bit, 20 kHz
Ch_Select_0
Ch_Select_1 1 LSB
D7
VREF+
VREF- OE

GNDA GNDDD
Number System, 8 bits, unsigned integer Q8
Step size = = = 0.0196

1 ç =∓ = ∓0.0196
Magnitude 1/2 ç = ∓(1/2) = ∓0.0099

3.3 V or 5V
255 4.63
237
3.81
195 2.75 2.52 2.48 2.53
140 129
129 126
Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts: sampling period
0 Time
11101101
11000011

10001100

10000001

011111110

10000001
Q8
 Number System, 8 bits, signed integer Q.7
Step size = = = 0.0196

1 ç =∓ = ∓0.0196
Magnitude 1/2 ç = ∓(1/2) = ∓0.0099

2.5 V 127
2.13
1.31 109
67 0.25 0.02 -0.02 0.07
0 0BIN 3
12 1 -2
Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts: sampling period
-2.5 V -128 Time

Q.7
01101101
01000011

00001100

00000001

00000011
Sign Bit 11111110
Number System, 16 bits, unsigned integer Q16
Step size = = = 76.3

1 ç =∓ = ∓76.3
Magnitude 1 1
ç =∓ = ∓38.1
2 2
3.3 V or 5V
4.63
65535
FFFF 3.81 60685
49937 2.75 2.52 2.48 2.53
36044 33160
33029 32505
Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts: sampling period
0000 0V
Time
1110110100001101
1100001100010001

1000110011001100

1000000100000101

1000000110001000
Q16

1111111011111001
Number System, 16 bits, unsigned integer Q.15
Step size = = = 76.3

1 ç =∓ = ∓76.3
Magnitude 1 1
ç =∓ = ∓38.1
2 2
2.5V
2.13
32767
0FFF 1.31 60685
49937 0.25 0.02 -0.02 0.03
0V 36044 33160
33029 32505
Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts Ts: sampling period
-32768
1000 -2.5V Time
0110110100001101
0100001100010001

0000110011001100

0000000100000101

0000000110001000
Q.15

1111111011111001
Sign Bit
Q.7
Q.7
Q.7
 Binary operations
Binary addition
0 + 0 = 0 without carry
0 + 1 = 1 without carry
1 + 1 = 0 with carry equal 1

An example of the sum of two binary numbers:

01011101 2

+ 00010110 2

01110011 2
 Binary addition
0100 0001 1100 0001 1100 0001
0101 0000 0001 0100
0101 0000
-____________ -____________
-____________

1100 0001 1100 0001
0100 0001
1011 0000 1110 1100
1010 0000 +____________ +____________
+____________ 1111 0001 1110 1101
1110 0001 Cs=1 Cp=0 Cs=1 Cp=1
Cs=0 Cp=0
Overflow=Cs. xor. Cp=0 Overflow=Cs. xor. Cp=1 Overflow=Cs. xor. Cp=0
Binary operations

Binary multiplication
 32 Bit Floating number
Representation
S: Sign of the number
E: Biased Exponent, bias number is 127
F: Fraction,
Radix point is at the after 23rd bit, or after bit 22
 IEEE standard floating-point
• Single precision • Double precision
– 32 bits – 64 bits
• sign: 1 bit • sign: 1 bit
• exponent: 8 bits • exponent: 11 bits
• significand: 23 bits • significand: 52 bits
– Bias: 127 – Bias: 511
Consider decimal number 14.23510

İnteger part : 11102

Fractional part : 0.00111100010100011112

Biary base as : 1110. 0.00111100010100011112

The number normalization requires that radix is moved to the left

1.11001111000010100011112 x 23

Floating point number

S=0, positive
E=127+3 =13010 = 100000102
F=11001111000010100011112 fractional part of mantissa

Floating point Code

0 10000010 11001111000010100011112 or 0x4163C28F16