sxeulis istoria

1930 wels brazilielma sociologma Jilberto freirem Seiswavla monaTa fizikuri garegnoba XIX
saukunis gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli gancxadebebis safuZvelze, romlebSic gaqceul monebs
aRwerdnen. man yuradReba miaqcia tomobrivi niSnebis moxseniebas, Zaladobisa da mZime
samuSaoebis Sedegad miyenebul iarebsa da nakls, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebeli iyo
imis gageba, Tu afrikis romeli nawilidan wamoiyvanes isini.
1972 wels gamoica emanuel le rua ladiurisa da sxva ori Tanavtoris Sroma, romelSic samxedro
reestris meSveobiT avlendnen XIX saukuneSi frangi axalwveulebis fizikur monacemebs.
magaliTad, daadgines, rom CrdiloeTSi maTi umravlesoba maRali, samxreTSi ki dabali iyo, rac
gansxvavebul kvebas dabralda [porteri 1987: 233-260; freire 1963; aroni 1972].
1980 wlidan mravldeba gamokvlevebi, romlebic eZRvneba mamakacisa da qalis sxeulebs;
sxeuls, rogorc _ gamocdilebasa da simbolos; danawevrebul tans; anoreqsirebul (anoreqsia sruli
an nawilobrivi uaria sakvebis miRebaze, rac fsiqopaTologiuri darRvevebiTa Sepirobebuli) da
aTletur sxeulebs; anatomirebul sxeuls; wmindanTa da codvilTa sxeulebs.
1995 wels daarsda Jurnali “Body and society”. wignebia Seqmnili sxeulis siwmindis, cekvebis,
wvrTnis, varjiSis, tatuirebisa da Jestikulaciis Sesaxeb.
istorikosebi teritorias ifarToeben: amis magaliTia Jestis istoria. Jak le gofTan erTad JestiT
dainteresda Jan-klod Smiti, romelmac Sua saukuneebis Jesti ganixila. Smiti aRniSnavs, rom XII
saukuneSi es Tema cxovel interess iwvevda, rasac adasturebs teqstTa da gamosaxulebaTa
korpusi, romelTa wyalobiTac aRdga religiuri da salocavad gamoyenebuli Jestebi, raindad
kurTxevisa da omaJis (gavasalebis ceremonia) miRebis Jestebi. magaliTad, Smiti miiCnevs, rom
xeldakrefili (gansxvavebiT xelapyrobili locvisagan) da muxlmodrekili locva iyo omaJis micemis
feodaluri Jestis gardasaxva religiurad, roca vasali muxls idrekda da xels xelSi udebda seniors
[Jestis kulturuli istoria 1991; Smitti 1990].
ruseTis istoriidan: 1667 wels rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia gaiTiSa: moskovis krebam mxari
dauWira axal wesebs da eklesiisagan gankveTa tradicionalistebi, mogvianebiT “Zvelmoweseni”
rom ewodaT. ganxeTqilebis erT-erTi mizezi iyo arCevani ori TiTiTa da sami TiTiT pirjvris
weras Soris. am mcire Jests miRma didi arCevani Tvlemda. sami TiTiT pirjvris wera niSnavda
berZnuli tradiciisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebas, ori TiTiT ki _ sakuTriv rusulisaTvis.
fiTer braunis wignma “sxeuli da sazogadoeba” ukuagdo sayovelTaod miRebuli Sexeduleba
qristianobis mier sxeulis daTrgunvisa da mis mimarT zizRisa [brauni 1988].
qerolain binumis zemoT naxsenebi “wminda lxini da wminda marxva” ganixilavs ara mxolod
qalTa istorias, aramed sxeulisa da sakvebis problematikas, rogorc _ komunikaciis saSualebas.
pier burdies koncefcia “habitusis” Sesaxeb swored imas emsaxureboda, rom gadalaxuliyo
ufskruli cnobierebasa da sxeuls Soris.

sxeulis Tavgadasavali: evropuli da qarTuli versiebi

Sua saukuneebi adamianis sxeulis daviwyebisa da istoriidan misi gandevnis epoqaa. iq da

imxanad mxolod macxovris sxeuli prevalirebs: iq mxolod iesos gankaceba da mis mier
kacobriobis codvaTa gamosyidva axsovT. sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa damTrgunvelis aRdgoma
safuZvlad daedo dogmats sxeulTa aRdgomis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmadac qalebi da
mamakacebi saiqioSi kvlavac Seimosebian xorciT, raTa itanjon jojoxeTSi an inetaron
samoTxeSi, sadac xuTive grZnobas kvlav miecema gasaqani: TvaliT maradiulad ganWvreten
RmerTsa da sasufevlis naTels, ynosvas yvavilTa surneli dauamebT, angelosTa galobiT
datkbebian, zeciur sakvebs igemeben da uwmindes haers Seexebian.
Sua saukuneebSi sxeulisadmi araerTgvarovani da urTierTgamomricxavi damokidebuleba
arsebobda: mas xan adidebdnen, xan _ amdablebdnen. roca adamianis idealad xorcis
damTrgunveli beri cxaddeboda, TavSekaveba da umankoeba uzenaes saTnoebad miiCneoda,

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xolo avxorcoba da gemoTmoyvareba _ sasikvdilo codvad. Tavdapirveli Secodeba mxolod
adamianis ampartavnobaze ki ar migviTiTebda, aramed seqsualur codvasac ganasaxierebda.
yovelive amaSi damnaSave mokvdavi sxeuli iyo da isve emsxverpla: pirveli qali da pirveli
mamakaci Sromisa da tkivilisTvis gaiwirnen.
Tumc, XIII saukunis Teologebi mTlad ver aRweven sxeulis nihilizebas:
amboben, rom fexze dgoma adamianis saukeTeso pozaa, radgan sulis swrafvas ganasaxierebs
qvevidan zeviT, miwidan RvTisken; sqesobriv gansxvavebulobaSi ikiTxeba adamianuri bunebis
midrekileba srulyofisaken; aRdgomis Semdeg samoTxeSi rCeulTa srulyofileba da mSveniereba
unda warmoCndes; xorciel tkbobaSicaa madli: is adamianur gonebas unda daemorCilos, radgan
xorcieli grZnoba sulier miswrafebebs aZlierebs.
amgvarad, Sua saukuneebSi mcxovrebi da moazrovne adamianis ganxilvisas iolad gavarCevT,
erTi mxriv, sulieri xsnis moimede xorciel vnebaTa damTrgunvel eriskacs da, meore mxriv _
sixarulisa da sicilis maRiarebel monazons.
Tumc, winaaRmdegobebs bolo ar uCans: gvams xan xrwnilad da ferflad warmoidgenen, xanac
micvalebulTa pativsacemad ceremoniebs gamarTaven... marto evqaristiis kulti rad Rirs! nurc is
dagvaviwydeba, rom Sua saukuneTa evropaSi sxeuli mTavar metaforadac iqca, romlis
SemweobiTac aRiwereboda sazogadoeba da misi institutebi. sxeuli SesaZloa yofiliyo
erTianobisa da konfliqtis, wesrigisa da aRrevis, bunebiTi cxovrebisa da harmoniis simbolo.
amdenad, SesaZloa aRarc gagvikvirdes, rom saxelmwifo religiad qceuli qristianoba Tan
Trgunavda nebismier xorciel gamovlinebas, Tan adasturebda, rom RmerTi adamianuri sxeuliT
Seimosa, adamiani suliwmidis taZrad iqca. Sua saukuneTa mkvidri Tavs marxviT wvrTnida,
magram wregadasul karnavalebsac awyobda. seqsualoba, Sroma, brZola, sizmari, tansacmeli,
Jestebi, sicili... Sua saukuneebSi mcxovreb adamians yovelive es sxeulTan abrunebda da
SesaZloa, xelmeoredac aRmoaCeninebda mas.

evropuli saazrovno orientirebi

Sua saukuneTa evropaSi cocxlobs samonazvno sulierebis lozungi wuTisoflis biwierebis

Sesaxeb, rac, uwinaresad, swored sxeulis, xorcis ugulebelyofiT gamoixateba. eklesia krZalavs da
mkacrad gansjis nayrovanebas, avxorcobas, ukanono seqsualur urTierTobebs... mkvidrdeba
sisxlisa da Teslis tabu. bolos da bolos, naxevari evropa swored sisxlis problemebTan
dakavSirebulma daavadebebma moceles!
sisxli gansazRvravda sazogadoebis ori umaRlesi fenis _ mlocvelTa (oratores) da meomarTa
(bellatores) kriteriumebs. meomrebi, romlebic mudam etoqebodnen sasuliero fenas, iZulebulni
iyvnen, sisxli daeRvaraT, maSin, roca berebs _ viTarca sarwmunoebis damcvelT _ brZola da,
Sesabamisad, sisxlisRvra ekrZalebodaT. maT socialur gansxvavebulobas Sesabamisi tabu
gansazRvravda: macxovari krZalavda sisxlis Rvras.
paradoqsi iyo, rom qristianuli kulti im sisxlian msxverpls emyareboda, romelic kvlav da kvlav
meordeboda evqaristiisas: “aiReT, WameT. es Cemi sxeulia.” “yvelam SesviT aqedan, vinaidan
es aris Cemi sisxli axali aRTqmisa...” (maTe, 26, 26-28). qristianuli liturgiis umniSvnelovanesi
epizodi erTgvarad sisxliani msxverplSewirvacaa.
Sesabamisad, Sua saukuneebSi sisxli ara mxolod sasuliero pirTa da eriskacTa socialuri ierarqiis
safuZvlad iqceva, aramed saero pirTac ganasxvavebs da aucxoebs erTmaneTisgan. samxedro
wodeba TandaTanobiT imsWvaleba miTiT sakuTari keTilSobilebis Sesaxeb, rac misi, rogorc
socialuri jgufis, saarsebo niadagicaa.
sisxlis tabuireba erT-erTi mizezia Sua saukunebSi qalis meorexarisxovani rolisa da am sisxlisfer
koliziebSi “dedaTa wesic” igulisxmeba. Sua saukuneTa Teologiam aaRorZina qalisTvis
dawesebuli Zveli aRTqmiseuli akrZalvebi, romelTa darRveva SesaZloa keTrovani
Cvilebis dabadebasac dasdeboda safuZvlad. amgvarad, Cvens winaSea sxeulis sqesobrivi
bunebis devalvaciis niSnebi. TviT qristianuli qorwinebac ki vnebaTa SemcirebaTa xarjze unda
kurTxeuliyo. sqesobriv siaxloves mxolod modgmis gagrZelebis perspeqtiva amarTlebda. “colis

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zedmetad vnebiani siyvaruli mruSobaa”, _ ambobdnen saeklesio pirebi. adamians Tavisi sxeuli
unda aelagma da am saqmeSi yovelgvari “gadacdoma” mkacrad isjeboda. aqac mamakaci iyo
warmmarTveli. sodomia sasikvdilo codvad ganixileboda. mis gansakuTrebulad mkacr Sefasebas
albaT isic ganapirobebda, rom bosuelis mtkicebiT, “mxiarulebis” (gay) kultura XII saukuneSi
swored eklesiis wiaRSi iSva.
pap grigol VII-is (1073-1083) pontifikatisas safuZveli daedo Sidasaeklesio cxovrebis radikalur
cvlilebas, Sewyda simonia, konkubinati, zRvari gaivlo sasuliero da saero wodebebs Soris.
lateranis pirveli saeklesio krebis Tanaxmad, sasuliero pirebs aekrZalaT colebisa da mxevlebis
yola, raTa suli damaxinjebisagan exsnaT da suliwmidis gardamosvlisTvis xeli ar SeeSalaT. ase
iqmneboda dauqorwinebel mamakacTa fena. saeroebsac unda ekontrolebinaT sakuTari neba da
vneba, eRiarebinaT patriarqaluri, monogamiuri da samudamo qorwineba. Camoyalibda
sqesobriv urTierTobaTa erTgvari ierarqia, sadac pirvel safexurs qalwuloba (umankoeba)
ikavebda, meores _ qvrivobis umankoeba, mesames ki _ qorwinebisa.
Tumc, Teoria praqtikasTan arc Tu ise axlos idga: sasuliero pirebi qorwindebodnen, ibrZodnen,
mxevlebs iCendenen... aristokratia barbarosobisdroindel poligamias misdevda. keTilSobilTa
fenis warmomadgenelTa col-qmroba warmoudgeneli iyo ukanono kavSirebis gareSe. ubiwoba
Zalze iSviaTi saTnoeba gaxldaT. magram eklesiis mier sazogadoebisaTvis Tavsmoxveuli
seqsualuri eTika mainc ikavebda adgils Sua saukuneebis evropelis warmosaxvasa da yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom miSel fukosa da pol veinis mtkicebiT, aseTi seqsualuri morali ar
SeiZleba qristianobis know how-d CaiTvalos. puritanul simamaces jer kidev romis imperiaSi
icnobdnen.
qalisTvis meorexarisxovani rolis miniWeba didwilad ganapiroba bibliuri teqstebis eklesiis
mamebiseulma ganmartebebma. adamianis Seqmnis pirvel bibliur versias _ “Seqmna RmerTma
kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini” (dabadeba, 1, 27) _ iolad
Caenacvla saeklesio avtoritetTa mier popularizebuli meore versia _ “ufalma RmerTma ZilquSi
mohgvara adams da ra eZina, gamouRo erTi nekni da mis adgilas xorci Caudo. neknisagan,
adams rom gamouRo, dedakaci Seqmna ufalma RmerTma da adams miuyvana” (dabadeba, 2,
21-22). es debuleba imgvarad interpretirdeboda, rom Tavdapirvelad, sxeulTa qmnis procesSi,
qali ar iyo mamakacis Tanaswori. TeologTa erTi nawili avgustines darad amtkicebda, rom qalis
daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba codviT dacemidan momdinareobs. adamianuri arseba orad
gaiyo: maTgan umaRlesi (goni da suli) mamakacs ganekuTvna, umdablesi ki (sxeuli, xorci) _
qals. Toma akvinelma (daaxl. 1225-1274) aristoteles debuleba gaixsena: suli xorcis formaao da
aseTi opozicia Camoayaliba: suli _ mamakaci; xorci _ qali; RmerTma isini erTdroulad Seqmna.
RvTiuri suli oriveSia ganfenili; magram, amave dros, mamakaci ufro met gonebriv simkvircxles
avlens, misi Tesli ukvdavyofs kacobriobas da es RvTis mier kurTxeulia. Tumc, imave Toma
akvinels gamouTqvams aseTi Tezisic: Tu RmerTi qalis umaRles arsebad Seqmnas izraxavda,
mas adamis Tavisagan Seqmnida; Tu qals umdables arsebad moiazrebda, maSin mis
Sesaqmnelad fexebs gamoiyenebda. RmerTma qali adamis Sua nawilidan Seqmna, raTa maTi
Tanasworoba daedasturebinao. qorwinebas saeklesio reglamentic orive mxaris TanxmobiT
amtkicebs.
qalis mdgomareoba gaaumjobesa RvTismSoblis kultis gavrcelebam. RvTaebrivi qaluroba
ganamtkica qalis, dedis, anas saxiT ki _ bebiis avtoritetmac. da mainc: iman, rom pirvelyofili
codva seqsualur codvad gardaisaxa, qals mTeli cxovreba sazRaurad uqcia. Sua saukuneebi
mamakacTa epoqad warmogvidgeba. am drois (da ara marto amdroindeli) yvela dokumenti
mamakacis Sedgenilia. qali erTguli colisa da dedis pativiT unda dakmayofilebuliyo.
Sesabamisad, sasuliero adeptebi mamakacs boWavdnen, ukrZalavdnen meZavebTan
urTierTobas. uZvelesi profesiis warmomadgenlebi, cxadia, idevnebodnen, magram mainc
axerxebdnen sazogadoebaSi socialuri regulatoris rolis Sesrulebas. metaforulad, meZavis sxeuli
ganasaxierebda Sua saukuneTa sazogadoebriv winaaRmdegobriobas [le gofi, triuoni 2008: 5-52;
mosi 1996: 242-263; diubi 2005: 20-45; fuko 1996: 105-108; baxtini 1990: 106; le gofi 2002:
142-169];