Compilation of Solar Articles by IIEE-SG

PV Solar System Design
Topics
1 Safety and Terminologies
2 PV Solar System Fundamentals and Configurations
3 Design Procedures and Calculation
4 Summary
5 Q&A
Objectives
• This seminar will equip participants to:
• apply safety measures in solar PV operation.
• understand the fundamentals of PV solar system.
• interpret the different configuration of a PV solar
system.
• design solar photovoltaic (PV) systems.
• describe the procedures in designing a PV solar
system.
• focus more on silicon based solar PV systems.
1.0 Safety and Terminologies
• 1.0 Safety measures when dealing with
solar PV system
• 1.0 Safety measures when dealing with solar PV
system
• Electrocution
• Never work on a system alone
• PV modules should always considered electrically live.
• Do not wear jewelry
• DC circuit breakers must be used in the DC side of the circuit to
prevent arcing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kcwgPs-
DBE
• 1.0 Safety measures when dealing with solar
PV system
• Understand the system before conducting maintenance.
• Tools and equipment must be in good condition
• Measure conductivity from exposed metal frames
• Do not assume: that the switch is always working (do not
believe the schematic diagram, always check and measures)
• 1.0 Safety measures when dealing with solar
PV system
• PV modules should always considered electrically live.
• Battery Bank should be isolated when performing any activities
with them.
• Inverters used must have anti-islanding function.
• Wires used must have sufficient current capacity and should be
more than Isc. External wires must be UV rated.
1.1 Definitions taken from CP 5: Ammendment 1
• PV cell
Basic PV device which can generate electricity when exposed to light such as
solar radiation.
• PV Module
Smallest completely environmentally protected assembly of interconnected
PV cell.
• PV String
Circuit in which PV modules are connected in series in order for a PV array to
generate the required output voltage.
• PV array
Mechanically and electrically integrated assembly of PV modules, and other
necessary components, to form a d.c. power supply unit.
• PV array junction box
Enclosure where PV strings of any PV array are electrically connected and
where devices can be located.
• PV Generator
Assembly of PV arrays.
• PV generator junction box
Enclosure where PV arrays are electrically connected and where devices can be
located.
• PV string cable
Cable connecting PV modules to form a PV string
• PV array cable
Output cable of a PV array
• PV d.c. main cable
Cable connecting the PV generator junction box to the d.c. terminals of the PV
inverter.
• PV inverter
Device which converts d.c. voltage and d.c. current into a.c. voltage
and a.c. current
• PV supply cable
Cable connecting the a.c. terminals of the PV inverter to a distribution
circuit of the electrical installation.
• PV a.c. module
Integrated module / inverter assembly where the electrical interface
terminals are a.c. only. No access is provided to the d.c. side.
• Standard test condition (STC)
Test condition specified in IEC 60904-3 for PV cells and PV modules.
• Open-circuit voltage under STC UOC STC
Voltage under STC across an unloaded (open) generator or on the d.c.
side of the inverter.
• Short-circuit current under STC ISC STC
Short circuit current of a PV module, PV string, PV array or PV generator
under STC.
• d.c. side
Part of a PV installation from a PV cell to the d.c. terminals of the PV
inverter.
• a.c. side
Part of a PV installation from the a.c. terminals of the PV inverter to
the point of connection of the PV supply cable to the electrical
installation.
• Simple separation
Separation between circuits or between a circuit and earth by means of
basic insulation.
1.1 PV symbols
+
PV cell
PV Module PV Module symbol

PV Array
1.1 PV symbols cable
PV string
cable
PV string PV Array
1.1 PV symbols
PV Array Junction Box PV generator junction box

1.1 PV symbols
PV inverter symbol
PV Inverter
1.1 PV symbols
PV Generator PV generator Symbol

2.0 PV solar system fundamentals and configuration
• 2.1 Introduction to PV Solar System (Why PV System?)

• Electrical energy is very important.
• Production (majority) taken from burning oil.
• Byproduct affects the environment (climate
change).
• To address the issues of electrical energy
production is through renewable energy.
• PV system is considered as a renewable energy.
• 2.1 Introduction to PV Solar System (PV cell Construction)

• Materials
• Conductor
• Insulator
• Semi-conductor
• Semi-conductor materials by itself is NOT a solar cell
• Dopant
• Aluminum, Gallium, Boron (P-Type)
• Phosphorous, Arsenic (N-type) P-type
N-type
• 2.1 Introduction to PV Solar System (PV cell Construction)

• Types of Solar Cells
Monocrystalline Silicon Polycrystalline Silicon Amorphous Silicon Solar
Solar cell (15% - 18%) Solar cell (13%-16%) cell (9.5% - 10.5%)
• 2.1 Introduction to PV Solar System

• Factors affecting the Performance of Solar Cells
• Materials Materials Cell Eff (Lab) Cell Eff (prod)
Monocrystalline 24.7% 18%
Polycrystalline 19.8% 16%
Ribbon 19.7% 14%
Thin Film 19.2% 9.5%
Amorphous 13.0% 10.5%
Micromorphous 12.0% 10.7%
Hybrid HIT 20.1% 17.3%
CIS, CIG 18.8% 14%
Cadmium Telluride 16.4% 10%
III – IV semiconductor 35.8% 27.4%
• 2.1 Introduction to PV Solar System

• Materials
• 2.2 Solar Radiation

Solar
Reflected solar radiation (albedo) Constant
from atmosphere
Solar radiation at top of atmosphere
Top of atmosphere GO = 1,367W/m2
Direct
Clouds radiation
Dust
Earth surface Solar radiation at sea level G = I = 1000W/m2

• 2.3 Peak Sun Hour or Irradiation (Fuel)

• PSH -
Sun path during
the day 1kWh = 3.6 MJ
1000W/m2
Irradiance varies during

the day
Pyranometer
7:00AM 10:00AM 2:00PM 6:00PM

• 2.4 Geometric effects
Ray from the sun
Solar Panel tilted (8 rays)
Earth surface
• 2.5 Sun path Diagram (Location)

• 2.5 Sun path Diagram (Location)

• 2.5 Sun path Diagram (Philippines)
Tropic of cancer
June 21 (23.460 N)
Tropic of Capricorn
Dec 22 ((23.460 S)
Equinox Mar 21 & Sept

23 (equator)
Cauyan Isabela: 15.966° N, 121.33° E Tropic of Tropic of

cancer Equinox Capricorn
(23.460 N) (23.460 S)
15.966°
North Equator South


Note: True North and Magnetic North must be considered in a PV system.
• 2.6 Solar Cell/PV module Performance


• Materials (Monocrystalline, Poly etc.) Note: Temperature is a
• Temperature factor to be considered
on the design of PV
• Higher temperature less Power system

• Surrounding Environment
• Irradiance
• Shading
• Tall building
• Clouds
• Dust
• Accumulated dirt
• 2.7 Types of PV Solar System

• 2.7.1 Grid-Tie PV Solar System
• 2.7.2 Off-Grid PV Solar System
• 2.7.3 Micro-Grid (Module Inverter) PV Solar System
• 2.7.4 Hybrid PV Solar System
• DC Coupled System (Charge Controller)
• AC Coupled System (Hybrid/Battery back-up Inverter)

GTI – Grid Tie Inverter


AC AC Main
PV (DC) Main Inverter Switchboard Disconnection Main AC
Disconnection AC Main Protection
Disconnection Devices
Devices Devices
Devices
Transformer
Measuring
Device
Measuring
Over Voltage Over Voltage Device
Over Voltage
Protection Protection Protection


Charge
controller
AC Switchboard
Inverter
DC Isolator DC Isolator
AC
Isolator
DC Load
Battery

• 2.7.3 Micro-Grid PV Solar System

• 2.7.4 Hybrid PV Solar System
3.0 Design procedures and calculation
• 3.0 Design Procedures
• 3.0 PV Solar system sizing
• 3.1 Budget
• 3.2 Area (limitation)
• 3.3 PV Module sizing
• 3.4 Inverters (match with PV modules)
• 3.5 Battery sizing
• 3.6 Charge controller sizing
• 3.7 Load (Essential loads)
• 3.1 Budget (Pay attention on brands)
Items Description Items
1 PV modules 8 Labor cost
2 Batteries 9 Transport
3 Inverters 10 Net metering (GTI)
4 Charge Controller 11 Maintenance cost
5 Protective Devices 12 Permits
6 Cables 13 Engineering Works
7 Mounting Brackets, fittings 14 Miscellaneous
1kw ≈ 6 to 8 m2
SS EN 1991-1-4:2009 (Wind-loading requirement)
Edge Zone
Front view of the roof Side view of the
roof
Length
• Example:
A customer has a roof dimension of 10m x 5m and would
like to install PV array. The owner prefers to use Trina TSM-
260 PC/PA05A 260watts PV module. What is the maximum
number of PV modules that can be fitted in the roof? Allow
a 10mm gap between each module.
991mm
• 3.0 Design Procedures Note: 10mm gap between
PV modules
1650mm
Portrait
• 3.2 Area (limitation) - Sol’n.
• Solution: Column O = 10m / 0.991m
Column O = 10.09column ≈ 10columns
Column 1 = (10 x .991) + (9 * 0.01)
5m Column 1 = 10 m
Rows O = 5m / 1.65m
Rows O = 3.03 rows ≈ 3 rows
Rows 1 = ( 3 x 1.650) + (2 * 0.01)
10m Rows 1 = 4.97m
PV modules = 3 x 10 = 30 PV modules
991mm Note: 10mm gap between
• 3.0 Design Procedures PV modules
1650mm
Landscape
Column O = 10m / 1.65m
Column O = 6.06columns ≈ 6 columns
Column 1 = (6 x 1.65) + (5 * 0.01)
5m Column 1 = 9.95 m
Rows O = 5m / 0.991m
Rows O = 5.05 rows ≈ 5 rows
Rows 1 = ( 5 x 0.991) + (4 * 0.01)
10m Rows 1 = 4.99m
PV modules = 5 x 6 = 30 PV modules
• 3.3 PV module Sizing – Factors affecting PV module
• Materials
• Shading (irradiance)
• Temperature
• Bypass Diode
Normal Operation
Faulty Module Mode
• Blocking Diode (protection)
•Temperature
•δ = temp coeff (v / o C, % / o C, mW / o C)
 
Vat X o C  Vat STC  V  T X o C  T STC  Data Sheet Sample

• Example 1: A PV module has a VMP of 24v and VMP
temperature coefficient of 0.16v/ oC . If the temperature
of the PV module reach 55 oC, what will be the VMP of
the module? If a 24v inverter will be used in this PV
module with an operating voltage 20v to 28v, determine
if the system will work.

• Solution: Inverter Operating voltage = 20 v – 28 v
 
Vat X o C  Vat STC  V  T X o C  T STC 
Vat 55o C  24  0.16  55  25
Vat 55o C  19.2V


• 3.3 PV module Sizing – Matching PV Array and Inverter

• 3.3 Example 2: You bought 10 PV modules of REC-250PE and
would like to install in your roof. Select the appropriate size
(spec) of Fronius IG Inverter. How would you configure this
modules? if the maximum effective cell temperature at your
location is 75 oC, while the minimum temperature is 0 oC .

• 3.0 PV Solar system sizing (Find the value)
Characteristic Rating Characteristic Rating
VOC Operating Temperature
VMP Maximum System Voltage
ISC Max Series Fuse Rating
IMP Module Efficiency
VMAX Power Tolerance
NOCT Temp Coeff PMPP
Temp Coeff VOC Temp Coeff ISC

• 3.3 Solution:

• 3.3 Solution:
• 1 PV string
• V = 10 * 30.2v = 302v
• 2 PV strings
• V = 5 * 30.2 = 151v
• Power
P = 10 * 250 = 2500w
Fronius IG20

• 3.3 Example 3: Determine the minimum number of REC-
250PE PV modules that can be connected to Fronius IG 20
inverter with the same condition in example 2.
• Note that the maximum effective cell temperature at your
location is 75 oC, while the minimum temperature is 0 oC .
Assume a voltage drop at VMP of 2%.

• Solution:
VMP(min) Inverter MPPT voltage VMP(max)

= 150v Fronius - IG20 = 400v
10% 5%
PV modules
VMP(min) VMP(max) V (max)

= 165v = 380v = 500v

• Solution: (Minimum number of PV modules in a string T= 75 oC
 
Vat 75o C  Vat STC  V  T 75o C  T STC  V  0.40%/ OC  30.2  0.1208V / OC
Data Sheet Sample
Vat 75o C  30.2  V  75  25 Vat 75o C  30.2  0.1208  75  25
V  ? Vat 75o C  24.16v


• Solution: (Minimum number of PV modules in a string T= 75oC)
Vat 75o C ( voltage _ drop @ 2%)  24.16  0.98  23.68v
Voltage @ Inverter  150 1.1  165v
165v
PVMin   6.96  7 PVpanels
23.68v

• Solution: (Maximum number of PV modules in a string T= 0 oC)
 
Vat 0o C  Vat STC  V  T 0o C  T STC  V  0.40%/ OC  30.2  0.1208V / OC
Vat 0o C  30.2  V  0  25 Vat 0o C  30.2  0.1208  0  25
V  ? Vat 0o C  33.225v

• Solution: (Maximum number of PV modules in a string, T= 0 oC)
Vat 0o C ( open _ circuit )  no _ voltage _ drop  33.22v
Voltage @ Inverter(5% safety)  400  0.95  380v
380v
PVMin   11.44  11PVpanels
33.22v

• Solution: (Maximum number of PV modules)
I INV  0  14.3 A Max _ PV _ Mod  111  11PV _ Modules
I SC  8.86 A PV _ Array _ Out  11 250  2750W (exceeded )
14.3 A 2700
String ( Max _ Parallel )   1.61A  1string Final _ PV   10.8  10
8.86 A 250

• 3.4 OCP PV emergency power Off-grid design:


70-90w
eff = 50 - 95%
C.C.  use 10A Charge Controller
Pin = 105.26w
AH  DoD * Current * Period
2 hrs.
AH  3 * 8.8 A * 2hrs  52.63 AH P
I  in 
105.26
 8.8 A
V 12
PSHSingapore = 4.02hrs/Dec 100w
8.8 A * 2 Hrs
PV _ Size  *12V  52.54watts (min) 10-30w
4.02 Hrs
4.0 Summary
1. There are four different PV configuration system: standalone, grid, micro-grid
and hybrid.
2. There are a lot of considerations when you design a PV system to ensure that
your system can function under all conditions.
3. The PV system should be designed with all the safety precautions factored in to
prevent electrocution or fire.
4. The PV system must comply with the relevant standards and legal
requirements.
4.0 Summary
Designing a PV solar system
• Determine power consumption demands

• Size the PV modules
• Inverter sizing
• Battery sizing
• Solar charge controller sizing
Reference
• https://www.recgroup.com/sites/default/files/documents/ds_rec_peak_en
ergy_series_rev_y_us.pdf
• http://www.yinglisolar.com/as/products/monocrystalline/panda-60-cell-
series/
• http://www.solar-repository.sg/pv-systems-database
• https://www.canadiansolar.com/fileadmin/user_upload/downloads/datash
eets/v5.5/Canadian_Solar-Datasheet-MaxPower-CS6X-P-v5.51en.pdf
• https://www.solar-voltaics.com/wp-content/uploads/brand-
datasheets/Trina_Solar_TSM_PC05A_Module_Datasheet--Solar-Voltaics-
201506.pdf
Reference
• http://www.newgenerationsolar.com.au/wp-
content/uploads/2016/10/SB3000TL_SB4000TL_SB5000TL_Datasheet
.pdf
• http://andrewmarsh.com/apps/releases/sunpath2d.html
• https://www3.fronius.com/cps/rde/xchg/SID-743CB989-
039644D1/fronius_australia/hs.xsl/25_8563.htm#.WvqhDYiFM2w
Q&A
Solar Photovoltaic Power System Handbook
Solar Photovoltaic Power

System Handbook
Grid Connected System
Copyright© 2011 Regen Power Pty. Ltd. Page 1

1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2 Important Contact Numbers .............................................................................................................. 3
3 How to use this Handbook ................................................................................................................. 3
4 Safety Instructions............................................................................................................................. 4
5 The Solar Photovoltaic Power System Explained .............................................................................. 4
6 System Performance ......................................................................................................................... 7
6.1 Tilt Angle .................................................................................................................................... 7
6.2 Orientation Angle ......................................................................................................................... 7
6.3 Shading ...................................................................................................................................... 7
6.4 Soiling of the Panels .................................................................................................................... 8
6.5 Temperature ............................................................................................................................... 8
6.6 System Degradation..................................................................................................................... 9
7 Output of a Typical Solar PV Power System ...................................................................................... 9
8 What Savings can I expect from my PV System .............................................................................. 10
8.1 System Rated Power .................................................................................................................. 10
8.2 Feed-in-Tariff ............................................................................................................................ 10
8.3 Load Management..................................................................................................................... 10
9 Electricity Audit ............................................................................................................................... 11
10 Operating Instructions ..................................................................................................................... 13
10.1 Inverter Status ........................................................................................................................... 13
10.2 Maintenance ............................................................................................................................. 13
10.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic Array ...................................................................................................... 13
10.2.2 General System Inspection .................................................................................................. 14
10.2.3 System Circuit Breakers...................................................................................................... 14
10.2.4 System Performance .......................................................................................................... 14
11 Service Information for Qualified Technicians ................................................................................. 14

1 Introduction
Thank you for selecting Regen Power as your partner for your Solar Photovoltaic Power System. By doing so you
are now actively helping to mitigate the rise in greenhouse gas emissions for many years to come. You can now
produce your own electricity, resulting in significantly lower energy bills and ensuring that you will be less
affected by electricity tariff rises. Last but not least, the Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Power System can be regarded as
a valuable asset for your house making it more efficient and environment friendly. We are sure you will feel good
about what you have done.
At Regen Power, we place our customers’ need for exceptional service and reliability at the top of our priorities.
Accordingly, we are your first point of contact for any concerns or queries you may have about the PV system
over its service lifetime.
Regen Power has taken great care in the selection of the components that make up your PV system, including:
• Ensuring that all components meet or exceed relevant International & Australian Standards.
• Tailoring the design of the system to Australian conditions.
• Providing a wide range of systems to suit individual needs and budgets.
• Ensuring that all systems require very little maintenance.
• Providing long terms warranties for peace of mind.
• Ensuring ease of installation on various roofing materials such as tile and metal.
• Making your purchase a real asset to your home.
The objective of this handbook is to provide you, the owner and operator of the PV system, with the information
needed to ensure a long system life with satisfaction and safety.
2 Important Contact Numbers

Should any problems occur with your PV system please contact one of the following telephone numbers. You will
be asked to describe the problem in as detailed as possible, so please familiarise yourself with the Error Report
Form found in the Appendix. You may ask the installer to help you fill out the details if required.
Please record the important contact details below for future reference.
Phone Numbers: Perth (08) 9456 3491, Sydney (02) 9078 8000, Brisbane (07) 3713 3444
Installer Name: ______________________________________________
Installer Phone: ______________________________________________
Invoice Number: _____________________________________________
Please retain your original invoice for warranty purpose.
3 How to use this Handbook

This handbook serves to give you some background information on the operation and installation of the PV
system. Although your system has already been installed, please follow all instructions carefully and familiarise
yourself with the system operation and maintenance requirements.

4 Safety Instructions
Regen Power places the highest priority on the health and safety of not only its employees but also its customers.
Whilst your system has been installed by an accredited installer, it is very important that you understand and
comply with the following safety instructions:
• Only experienced and certified electrical personnel are to be employed to do any service work on your PV
system according to State and Australian electrical codes.
• Your PV modules produce high and potentially lethal DC voltage. Therefore do not interfere with any PV
module, interconnecting cables or main wiring to the inverter.
• Read all the relevant technical literature supplied with your system and comply with safety
recommendations contained therein.
• If minor, non-electrical servicing you wish to carry, remove any jewellery such as watches, necklaces,
bracelets, rings you are wearing and any metallic objects from your pockets that could potentially cause
a short circuit or electrical shock.
• Your PV array will generate power even in low light levels. Always make sure that the PV modules are
fully covered with an opaque material and the isolator has been switched on before an authorised person
attempts any service work.
• Do not work at heights without first ensuring that it is safe to do so and that all safety harnessing and
scaffolding comply with local standards.
• Never do any servicing if it is raining or if the system is damp as moisture conducts electricity.
• Safety signage has been installed with your system. Familiarise yourself with their location and function,
particularly the ‘Shutdown Procedure’ label.
• The inverter is designed to synchronise and export power to the grid. As such the inverter produces
lethal 240 V AC, 50 Hz. Never open the inverter for any reason.
Throughout this handbook the following warnings symbols are used to draw your attention to an electrical safety
issue and that a potential dangerous voltage or condition could exist, requiring that the service personnel must
use extreme caution at all times.
5 The Solar Photovoltaic Power System Explained

Photovoltaic Systems make use of the ‘photovoltaic effect’ (photo=light and voltaic=electricity), the basic process
discovered by Edmund Becquerel, a French physicist in 1839. He discovered the PV effect while experimenting
with an electrolytic cell made up of two metal electrodes; finding that certain materials would produce small
amounts of electric current when exposed to light.
Sunlight is composed of photons, or ‘packets’ of energy. These photons have various amounts of energy
corresponding to different wavelengths of light. When photons strike a PV cell, they may be reflected or

absorbed, or they may pass right through the surface (causing heat only). When a photon is absorbed, the energy
of the photon is transferred to an electron in an atom of the cell, a semiconductor based material (such as
silicon). With its newfound energy, the electron is able to escape from its normal position associated with that
atom, to become part of the current in an electrical circuit. By leaving this position, the electron leaves a hole
behind. While the electron is negatively charged, the hole is recognized as a positive charge carrier and
contributes to current. The PV cell has a built-in electric field, providing the voltage needed to drive the current
through an external load, such as a light bulb.
Photovoltaic cells are connected to form a module (or panel); typically 60 to 72 cells per module. Crystalline
silicon cells produce approximately 0.5 V each irrespective of the size of the cell. Therefore a 72-cell module will
operate at close to 36 V. Modules are then connected in series and parallel to form an array to generate the
required current, voltage and power. The array is then connected to an inverter to convert the DC output into AC
to match the requirement of the utility.
The electricity produced by your PV system is completely independent of your electricity usage in the house as it
is connected directly to the utility grid. It will rarely be the case that your electricity production exactly matches
your demand. The grid essentially acts like a battery whenever you use less energy, feeding the excess electricity
into the utility. On the other hand, if you need more electricity than your PV system produces, you are backed up
by the utility.
The parts which make up a Solar Photovoltaic Power System are shown in Figure 1.
(1) Solar Panels: Convert sunlight into electrical power via the photovoltaic effect. The electrical power
produced is direct current (DC) like a battery, which cannot be used with normal electrical equipment in a
household straight away.
(2) Mounting Frames: Support the solar panels to the sub structure of the roof to ensure a secure fixture to
the roof and space underneath the panel.
(3) Marshaling Enclosure: Connect all strings to the DC cable running the electrical power from the roof to
the inverter. In case of a bigger PV system (> 5 kWp) the Marshaling box may contain special string
fuses.
(4) AC & DC Isolation Enclosure: Holds a 2-pole DC Isolator Switch which protects the input side of the
inverter. There is alternating current (AC) switch on the output side to allow safe disconnection of the
inverter.

Figure 1: Schematic overview of a Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Power System.
(5) Inverter: Converts the DC power from the PV panels into AC in order to match the parameters of the
utility grid (according to AS 4777). The inverter deactivates at night and automatically starts operating in
the morning when sunlight is sufficient. The inverter is the operations centre of your system and as such,
useful information can be obtained from the inverter’s display.
(6) Main Switch Box: An additional AC Isolator Switch connects the PV system to the existing
infrastructure. It also protects equipment from being harmed by eventual over currents from the inverter
if it is in a fault condition.
(7) Energy Meter: In most cases older electricity meters will be changed to a Bi-directional Digital Meter
when the Solar Photovoltaic Power System is installed at a house. This is done through your electricity
retailer.

6 System Performance
The warranty (Appendix) for the PV power output is given for 25 years. It stipulates the efficiency reduction to
80% of its initial value at Standard Testing Condition (STC). We encourage owners to check the performance of
the system to ensure they are getting the most benefits. This can be done by regularly recording the energy
reading on the display. In this section the different factors influencing the system performance are explained.
6.1 Tilt Angle

As shown in Figure 2, the tilt of the panel is the angle it makes to the horizontal. In summer the sun is higher in
the sky than in winter, and therefore the tilt angle for the panels could be made less in summer. On the other
hand, in winter the sun is low and the panels may be tilted more vertical. However, for most domestic
installations the tilt angle is determined by the roof inclination and cannot be changed. The optimal tilt angle for a
solar system is close to the latitude angle at the site. In same cases support brackets can be used to adjust the
tilt angle of the panels.
6.2 Orientation Angle

Ideally PV panels should face true north, however the angle is ultimately determined by the orientation of the roof
where they are installed. The range of proper orientation angles are shown in Figure 2. It is important to note
how much of the energy yield (kWh) is lost by a non optimum orientation. Figure 3 gives the performance of the
PV array with respect to orientation and tilt. For example, the panels in Figure 2 have a tilt angle of 25° and face
-30° off north. This is in the red area of the plot, which means the system performs between 95% and 100%
energy yield.
Figure 2: Tilt angle for panels installed on inclined roof (left); orientation angle for panel (right).
6.3 Shading
How much does shade from the tree on neighbour’s property take away from my energy yield? Shading is a
critical issue for a PV system because the effect is counter intuitive. If one out of six panels is completely shaded
the energy production does not decrease by 1/6 or 17%, but usually by about 100%. In addition, partial shading

can cause damage to PV cells. This is due to the fact that the panels are connected in series and as such, the
weakest link determines the energy output. PV panels have built-in diodes to reduce the effect of partial shading.
In reality, shading of the PV array may not be prevented entirely, especially at times of sunrise or sunset when
shadows are long. However, as the energy production of the system is less in the morning and late evening
hours, marginal shading is generally accepted at those times. Placement of panels where objects (trees or
buildings) cause shading on the panels between 10 am and 2 pm must be avoided. Regen Power has the right to
decline installation in cases where shading of panels cannot be avoided.
Figure 3: PV array performance with respect to tilt angle and panel orientation.
6.4 Soiling of the Panels

Another form of shading occurs when a dirt film is deposited on the panels. Such a dirt film has an evenly
distributed impact on all panels and none of the panels stop working completely, meaning that the system can
still work, however with a slightly reduced output. Normally natural rainfall washes the panels often enough to
prevent a large accumulation of dirt, however in very dusty and dry regions it may be necessary to clean the
panels using a water hose when a build-up occurs.
6.5 Temperature
The performance of PV cells are affected by temperature such that the higher the cell temperature, the lower the
energy production. Cells can reach high temperatures, for example, when the solar radiation is at its strongest in
summer around noon, the cells can heat up to around 70°C. The heat is dissipated via the back of the panels by
natural convection, as shown in Figure 4. For this reason, it is important to avoid heating the cells by restricting
airflow underneath the panels. Do not use any sort of visual cover and make sure that obstacles, such as leaves
from nearby trees, cannot accumulate and hamper the airflow.
As a simple rule, a rise in temperature by 10°C lowers the effective power output of the PV system by about 4% -
5 %.

Figure 4: Effective dissipation of heat from the panels.
6.6 System Degradation

The power output of the PV panels will reduce slowly over time, typically by 0.5% per annum. This means that
the system will lose 12% efficiency after 25 years of operation. The warranty on the power output of the panels
guarantees a degradation of less than 0.9% per annum, resulting in a minimum efficiency of 80% after 25 years.
Table 1 summarises the drop in efficiencies over time.
Table 1: PV array degradation over time.

Year of Operation
Degradation 0 5 10 15 20 25
0.5% pa 100% 98% 95% 93% 90% 88%
0.9% pa 100% 96% 91% 87% 83% 80%
7 Output of a Typical Solar PV Power System

Figure 5 shows the performance of a typical 1 kW(p) PV system in Perth. As seen, there is greater energy in
summer than in winter. Between November and February the output reaches 6 units (kWh) per day, whereas in
winter months the output averages 3.5 kWh a day.
Figure 5: Simulated output prediction based on NASA weather data.

The output shown in Figure 5 is based on a system with low shading, a 25° tilted roof and north orientation.
Simulated values can vary from your system according to installation as well as weather conditions. The
performance chart is therefore intended as a guide.
8 What Savings can I expect from my PV System

Once installed, savings essentially depend on the size of the PV system (kW rating), the way you make use of its
output energy, and the tariff structure in your State.
8.1 System Rated Power

As a rule a 1 kW (peak) PV system will generate between 4 kWh to 5 kWh of electrical energy per day depending
on location and the factors discussed in Section 6. This is based on annual average (365 days) as seen in Section
7. Using a conservative number of 4 kWh per kW installed, a 1.5 kW system will generate 6 kWh per day or
2,190 kWh per year. Experience showed for example that a 1 kW PV generates at least 1,500 kWh or 1.5 MWh
per year. This energy is generated at the exact point of use rather than at a central coal-fired power station,
avoiding transmission and distribution losses. Generating your own solar electricity thus means a reduction in CO2
and other gaseous emissions by approximately 2 metric tons per kW installed.
8.2 Feed-in-Tariff
The feed-in tariff is an incentive to support the generation of clean electricity by way of legislation that enforces
utilities to buy excess energy generated from small-scale photovoltaic (and other renewable energy sources) such
as the PV system you just installed. This system is well known around the world and can generally be one of two
schemes: a gross feed-in tariff or a net feed-in tariff.
The net feed-in tariff scheme pays for excess energy generated that is exported to the grid and measured at the
point of utility. In this case, the PV generated energy feeds the house first and any excess energy beyond that is
metered and purchased by the utility. For example, the tariff in Qld and is currently legislated at 44 cents/kWh
although several electricity suppliers pay few cents more. Since we purchase electricity far cheaper than 44
cents/kWh it makes sense to conserve the use of this energy (kWh) during the day and sell it at a premium rate.
The gross feed-in tariff scheme will pay up for all energy produced by the PV system irrespective of the load in
the house and thus energy is measured at the output terminals of the inverter. This scheme which was
introduced in NSW in 2009 offered initially 60 cents/kWh but has dropped to 20 cents/kWh. A feed-in tariff helps
you to recover the investment on your PV system much faster.
8.3 Load Management

As explained above in the case of net feed-in tariff it is important to shift the use of electricity during the time the
PV system is generating electricity in order to take advantage of the high tariff the utility is prepared to pay.
Except for a refrigerator that must run continuously the use of heavy appliances such as ironing, cooking or
washing can be done in the evening or the early hours of the morning. An energy audit can be done to examine
ways by which energy can be saved.
Let’s now examine a situation where a 1.5 kW system is installed in a house in one of the major cities such as

Brisbane or Perth. We will assume that this system generates on an annual average basis 6 kWh and that the
owner is offered 50 cents/kWh for excess energy purchased by the grid and that the owner is paying a tariff of
25 cents/kWh including GST for electricity he/she buys. Assuming that the owner is conscious of his/her
consumption and that he is able to export 4 kWh of his PV generated energy to the grid and that 2 kWh is used
during the day (running the fridge and making tea or coffee). Based on these realistic assumptions the owner is
saving $2.5 every day on his/her electricity bill or nearly $1,000 per year. Table 2 is a guide to savings resulting
with the use of a PV system. Actual savings can vary depending on your electricity usage during the day.
Table 2: Estimated savings in electricity bills.
PV size (kW) Daily saving Annual saving

1.5 $2.75 $1,000
2.0 $3.78 $1,380
3.0 $5.83 $2,130
9 Electricity Audit
Energy audit can be done to examine ways to manage your electricity usage and help reduce your electricity bills.
A sketch showing a typical household electricity profile (blue plot of power versus time) is shown in Figure 6,
starting at midnight and ending midnight. As seen, there is a small rise in power use around 7 am and a peak
around 7 pm. The area under the curve represents the daily energy consumption or kWh which we pay. Figure 6
also shows the simulated systems outputs for PV rated 1 kW and 1.5 kW during an average day between 6 am
and 6 pm.
Figure 6: A daily load curve and the output of a 1 kW and 1.5 kW PV systems versus time.

As seen, the output of a 1 kW PV system as depicted by the grey area offsets the electricity usage of the house
but there is no excess energy to export to the grid. On the other hand, the output of a 1.5 kW PV system is large
enough to supply the house load and allows a surplus of energy, as marked by the yellow region, to be fed to the
grid. It is this surplus energy that earns the owner the biggest incentive. Shifting the load therefore outside the
period of solar power generation will mean that the yellow region will expand. A larger size photovoltaic system
will sure improve the energy balance and allows more energy to be exported to the grid. Consider using a solar
hot water system for heating water instead of electricity. Gas cooking particularly during the day (while your solar
PV system is generating electricity) will save expensive electricity that can be exported to the grid. This will
continue to be important as electricity prices increase if carbon taxes are introduced.
Table 3 gives a listing of the main appliances used around the house and their typical consumption. The average
consumption per household in Australia is about 10 MWh per year.
Table 3: Appliances list for home energy audit.

Appliance Quantity Power (W) Time of use Energy (Wh/day)
(hours/day)
Refrigerator 1800 - 2400
Freezer 1000 - 1200
Electric heater 1000 - 2400
Air conditioner 600 - 2400
Fan 60 - 120
Iron 1000 - 1200
Fluorescent light 10 - 40
Incandescent light/globe 25 - 100
Television 100 - 400
Video 80 -120
Radio/Cassette 40 - 80
Hair dryer 600 - 1000
Electric blanket 20 - 50
Electric stove 1000 - 2400
Electric oven 1500 - 3000
Kettle 900 - 2000
Food processor 250 - 450
Toaster 800 - 1200
Other kitchen appliance
Washing machine 600 - 900
Clothes dryer 200 - 500
Computer 180 - 250
Screen/monitor 180 - 250
Printer 100 - 200
Facsimile machine 100 - 200
Swimming pool pump 700 - 1000
Electric hot water heater 1800 – 2400
Other appliances
Total Energy Consumption 12,000 – 24,000

10 Operating Instructions
10.1 Inverter Status

Your PV system is designed to work fully automatic and unattended. The technology is simple, has no moving
parts and does not require user interference. Important and useful information is displayed on the inverter LCD. In
some cases the operating conditions are given by coloured LEDs next to the inverter display. Regen Power uses
inverters from manufacturers of Eversolar, Samil, SMA, CMS or Power One; all of high quality and comply with
Australian and NZ standards. The LED indications are slightly different among these inverters and it is important
to refer you to the Instructions Manual of the exact inverter that has been installed for you.
If your inverter is installed outside the house next to the switch board you may want to erect a canopy above the
inverter to reduce heat stress and accumulation of rain water. The canopy must be at least 0.25 m above the
inverter. For your specific inverter please refer to the inverter Manual.
During normal operation the inverter will display parameters such as voltage, power, energy and total energy. For
most fault conditions the nature of the failure is indicated on the inverter display. Some fault conditions are non-
critical and will automatically resolve themselves, such as if unexpected fluctuations are detected in the utility
grid. However, some fault conditions may be critical and need attention, for example if the inverter cannot
synchronise to the grid. Therefore it is important to:
(1) Always have your inverter manual handy
(2) Look up the error message in the manual and follow the advice given
(3) If advised, contact Regen Power and specify the error
10.2 Maintenance
The PV power system is characterized as “low maintenance” mainly due to the absence of moving parts. Regular
maintenance involves inspection for damage and simple cleaning if necessary. If after following the suggestions
below, your system still does not appear to be working or if you have any questions please call Regen Power on
their number(s) listed in Section 2.
10.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic Array

Periodically inspect for broken module glass, shading, and excessive soiling.
WARNING: Do not attempt to clean or otherwise come in contact with the surface of a PV
module with a broken glass face; this could result in a dangerous shock.
The system can lose 4 - 8% of its production capacity from dirty modules if cleaning is not accomplished,
depending on local conditions. Flushing down with a water hose should remove accumulated dust and dirt.
Cleaning with a sponge and soapy water may be necessary if bird guano build up occurs. Incidental shading of
the PV array by vegetation or other objects is to be avoided.

10.2.2 General System Inspection
An annual inspection of fasteners, mounting hardware and incidental corrosion is suggested. This should not
require any exposure to live electrical equipment. In general, the wiring, the inverter, and the metering device
should not need any maintenance or further inspection unless system output or power drops below expected
values and cannot be brought back up by module cleaning. Also important in the inspection is to mitigate
anticipated shading due to vegetation growth.
10.2.3 System Circuit Breakers

The homeowner should regard the PV system AC circuit breaker in the same fashion as any other residential
circuit breaker. They are highly developed safety devices and are safe to operate if in doubt. The AC breakers are
located in the isolation enclosure close to the inverter or in the residential switch / meter box. PV system AC
breakers can open automatically due to transients experienced in the utility grid interconnection. When a PV
system circuit breaker is found to be “off” (or open), simply move the breaker to the “on” (or closed) position. If a
problem does exist, the breaker will quickly open again. In this case the owner should contact Regen Power.
10.2.4 System Performance

The PV system operations are displayed at the inverter via an LCD screen and at the meter display (depending on
meter). These will indicate how much power is being generated. With time and experience, you will become
familiar with the normal operating performance, as described earlier (function of season, cloud cover, array
soiling and shading). If under performance is suspected, and is not improved by washing the PV array (or
removing debris), the owner should contact Regen Power.
WARNING: Regen Power expressly recommends that homeowners NOT explore the
wiring systems or components beyond the level they are accustomed to as they
encounter in the usual residential power systems and appliances.
11 Service Information for Qualified Technicians

WARNING: This section is intended to provide a troubleshooting guide for qualified
personnel experienced in energy conversion systems and electronics. Use appropriate
electrical safety procedures when performing test which expose live electrical parts.
Remember, whenever a PV panel is exposed to light it is generating electricity. Always
record all steps and results in the trouble shooting process.
When the PV system seems to be not operating properly, follow these steps:
• Refer to the Inverter Installation and Operation Manual:
o Check the inverter display for trouble codes.
o Perform actions indicated by the troubleshooting guidelines.
• If the inverter troubleshooting process indicates a problem at the PV array:
o Verify that there is sufficient sunlight with no shading for operation. Very overcast sky may
prevent PV electricity generation.
o Verify that no extraneous material has come to reside on the array. Debris must be removed.
o Visually check the PV array for broken modules.

WARNING: Do not attempt to clean or otherwise come in contact with the surface of a
solar module with a broken glass face; this could result in a dangerous shock.
• If the solar array must be further investigated:

o Open all PV system related AC breakers.
o Open all PV system related DC breakers and fuses.
WARNING: The PV source circuits will be live (during daylight hours) from the PV array
even when the DC isolator is open. A shock hazard exists in this area.
• Verify integrity of the isolator. If found open, reset or replace with same type as installed.
o Perform the Start Up procedure Inverter Installation and Operation Manual.
• Check open circuit voltage at each of the PV source circuits.
o Open all PV source circuit isolators.
o Each source circuit should be showing the same voltage characteristics (+/- 5 V DC). Under
variable solar radiation conditions, perform the measurements repeatedly and rather quickly to
determine consistency.
WARNING: The PV source circuits will be live (during daylight hours) from the PV array even
when the DC isolator is open. A shock hazard exists in this area.
• If the voltage test indicates a problem in the PV array:
WARNING: Working at elevations above grade requires safe working procedures. Consult
your local Safety Regulations authority, and use recommended safety equipment.
• On the roof, determine the location of the Array Junction Box.

• Check the connectors for all the PV source circuits.
o If found to have loose connections, tighten them and re-check the voltage tests at the Array DC
isolator junction box.
• Locate and replace the low voltage module(s).
• Test open circuit voltage on the leads into the Inverter DC isolator – (Inverter end).

Warranty Certificate
1. DEFINITIONS
The following have these meaning in these terms unless the contrary intention appears.
(a) Regen Power or Regen: Regen Power Pty Ltd, a company duly incorporated pursuant to the Corporations
Act (ACN 103 145 731) and having its principal office at 4/90 Catalano Circuit, Canning Vale, WA 6155.
(b) Installation Site: the site at which the solar photovoltaic power system is installed.
(c) Purchaser: the person named as Purchaser in the original contract signed with Regen Power
(d) System: There are essentially two main parts in the solar PV system namely the PV panels and the
inverter.
(e) PV: abbreviation for phovoltoltaic. The solar PV panels (or modules) are installed on the roof at the
Installation Site. This part of the System produces DC electricity when exposed to the sun. Your PV panels may
be mono-crystalline or poly-crystalline.
(f) Inverter: This part of the System converts the DC electricity to AC electricity in order to match the
requirement of the electricity network according to AS 4777. Regen Power uses inverters from reputable
companies. The customer is required to keep the Instructions Manual of the installed inverter in a safe place.
The Instructions Manual is the first point of reference to use in case of suspected reduction in performance.
(g) Auxiliary parts: In addition to the PV panels and the inverter, the system must be electrically wired using
standard DC and AC cables and DC and AC circuit breakers.
(h) Force majeure: circumstances beyond Regen’s control which Regen Power is unable to overcome by
exercising reasonable diligence and reasonable cost
(i) Nominated Output: the expected output for solar PV panels as advised. This is also termed Output Power
at Standard Testing Conditions (STC) at 1000 W/m2, AM1.5 and 25oC.
2. WARRANTY APPLICABLE TO THE SYSTEM

2.1 Subject to statutory warranties, Regen Power will, at its absolute discretion, either repair or replace the
Goods or part thereof that Regen consider has failed in the following cases only:
(a) where any PV panel installed as part of the System fails to perform to at least 90% of Nominated Output,
but only where the failure arises and is notified to Regen Power within 10 years of the date the Agreement
comes into effect;
(b) where any solar panel installed as part of the System fails to perform to at least 80% of Nominated Output,
but only where the failure arises and is notified to Regen within 25 years of the date the Agreement comes into
effect,
(c) where any solar PV panels installed as part of the System fail as a result of defects in materials or
workmanship, but only where the failure arises and is notified to Regen within 5 years of the date the
Agreement comes into effect,
(d) where the inverter installed as part of the System fails as a result of defects in materials or workmanship,
but only where the failure arises and is notified to Regen within 5 years of the date the Agreement comes into
effect, and
(e) where the System fails as a result of failures in workmanship in the installation of the System, but only
where the failure arises and is notified to Regen Power within 60 months of installation.
2.2 Except as provided, all express and implied warranties, guarantees and conditions under statute or
general law as to merchantability, quality, description, suitability or fitness of the System for any purpose or as
to design, assembly, installation, materials or workmanship or otherwise are expressly excluded to the extent
permitted by law. Regen Power will have no responsibility or liability for any damage or injury to persons or

property, for economic loss, or for any other loss resulting from any cause whatsoever arising out of or related
to the System, including but not limited to, any defects in the System, or from the use or installation of the
System.
2.3 The warranties provided in clause 2.1 will not apply to any parts that have been subjected to:
(a) misuse, abuse, neglect or accident;
(b) alteration, improper alteration or reinstallation by Customer or any other person;
(c) non-observance with use and maintenance instructions;
(d) repair, modification or repositioning by anyone other than a service technician approved by Regen Power in
writing;
(e) power failure, power surge, lightening, flood, fire, accidental breakage or other events outside of Regen’s
control;
(f) the type or any part of the System being altered, removed or made illegible.
2.3 If the System components are installed in conditions which are different to the conditions under which
the manufacturer assessed the Nominated Output, then the Nominated Output for the purposes of clauses
2.1(a) and 2.1(b) will be adjusted downwards by a factor which reflects those differences.
3. CUSTOMER OBLIGATIONS
The customer agrees to the following:
(a) Periodically clean the PV panels and especially after dust storms.
(b) Periodically remove any branches or droppings affecting the output of the panels.
(c) Periodically observe of any shading by trees on the Installation Site or nearby trees or buildings which could
affect the performance of the System.
(d) Provide adequate protection for the inverter if placed outside. A canopy may be required to prevent direct
heat and rain. The canopy must not obstruct airflow. Customer must refer to Inverter Instructions Manual for
details on how to protect the inverter. The customer may wish to consult with the installer on the proper way to
erect the canopy.
(e) Provide adequate ventilation if the inverter is installed in a garage or a confined space. Customer must
refer to Inverter Manual for details on how to protect your inverter.
(f) Periodically check the inverter display for output performance particularly the total energy (kWh) generated
to date.
(g) Refrain from switching on and off the DC or AC circuit breakers and follow proper start-up and shut-down
procedures as indicated.

Western Australia New South Wales Queensland
4/90 Catalano Circuit 20-21/17A Amax Avenue 7/32 Spine Street
Canning Vale, WA 6155 Girraween, NSW, 2145 Sumner Park, QLD, 4074
Tel: (08) 9456 3491 Tel: (02) 9078 8000 Tel: (07) 3713 3444
Fax : (08) 9456 3492 Fax : (02) 9636 5252 Fax : (07) 3712 0618
admin@regenpower.com admin.nsw@regenpower.com admin.qld@regenpower.com
Congratulations on your purchase of a Regen Power Solar Photovoltaic Power System.
Your PV system should provide you years of trouble free electricity wherever there is sun.
Warranty Period
5 years electrical installation
25 years limited output
(Refer to our website for your particular PV Modules)
www.regenpower.com/warranty
5 years inverter
(Refer to inverter warranty declaration)
Please complete the following details and retain with the original purchase document:
Owner’s name: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Address: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
City: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Postcode: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Invoice No: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Date of installation of PV panels and Inverter: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Date of installation of electricity meter: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Installer’s name and telephone number: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brand of PV panels: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brand of inverter: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
In the event that service is required, please call the National Service and Warranty Number.
1300 876 354
Prior to calling for Service or Warranty, please ensure you refer to your Inverter Operating Instruction
Manual, and in particular the Troubleshooting section.
www.regenpower.com

Smart Power Meter Email EM1000 Display Register
If you have a Email EM 1000 single phase smart power meter, here are the break-downs of what each register
or display are on your power, assuming Import / Export power, such as a grid-connected solar photovoltaic
(solar PV) array.
Pressing the RED button (top-right corner of the smart power meter) changes to the next display / register:
Display / Register number:
1. Total kWh
2. Total kWh – Peak
3. Total kWh – Off Peak
4. Total kWh – Weekday shoulder
5. Total kWh – Weekend shoulder
6. Total kWh – EXPORTED
7. Total kWh – EXPORTED – Peak
8. Total kWh – EXPORTED – Off Peak
9. Total kWh – EXPORTED – Weekday shoulder
10. Total kWh – EXPORTED – Weekend shoulder
11. Voltage (e.g. 240v)
12. Current (Amps) e.g. 2.5A
13. Power Factor (e.g. -0.85)
14. Display Test
15. Time
16. Date
The display / register list then repeats again.
Note: The “Exported” values will appear with a minus or ‘negative’ (-) symbol next to them, to indicate that you
have exported power back to the grid.

Logbook for Recording PV Output Energy
PV System Address
PV Size in kW Module Type
PV Array Orientation Array Tilt Angle
Inverter Type Power of Inverter kW
PV Installation Date Meter Installation
Inverter Inverter Electricity Electricity

Date Time Reading Total Reading Total Export Reading Import Reading
kWh today kWh to date to date (option) to date (option)

Logbook for Preventative Maintenance
PV System Address
PV Size in kW Module Type
PV Array Orientation Array Tilt Angle
Inverter Type Power of Inverter kW
PV Installation Date Meter Installation
As the system owner, you are required to ensure that PV panels are not shaded either partially or fully due to
growing tree branches or by neighbouring buildings. You are also required to clean the panels periodically and
after dust storms. If you are not able to do that task safely please contact the office in your State for advice.
Charges will be on an hourly basis and will depend on type and size of installation.
Date Time Observation Preventative or Maintenance

Logbook for Preventative Maintenance
Contact Us
Western Australia (Head Office) New South Wales
4/90 Catalano Circuit 21/17A Amax Ave

Canning Vale 6155 Girraween 2145
Western Australia New South Wales
Phone: (08) 9456 3491 Phone: (02) 9078 8000

Fax: (08) 9456 3492 Fax: (02) 9636 5252
Email: admin@regenpower.com Email: admin.nsw@regenpower.com
Queensland 1300 876 354

www.regenpower.com
7/32 Spine Street
sales@regenpower.com
Sumner Park 4074
Queensland EC9676
Phone: (07) 3713 3444

Fax: (07) 3712 0618
Email: admin.qld@regenpower.com

ARTICLE 6.90 - SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAlC (PY) SYSTEMS
6.85.2 Orderly Shutdown DC-to-DC Converter Output Circuit. Circuit
conductors between the de-to-de converter source
6.85.2.1 Location of Overcurrent Devices in or on
circuit(s) and the inverter or de utilization equipment.
Premises. Location of overcurrent devices that are
critical to integrated electrical systems shall be permitted DC-to-DC Converter Source Circuit. Circuits between
to be accessible, with mounting heights permitted to de-to-de converters and from de-to-de converters to the
ensure security from operation by unqualified personnel. common connection point(s) of the de system.
6.85.2.3 Direct-Current System Grounding. Two- Direct-Current (de) Combiner. A device used in the
wire de circuits shall be permitted to be ungrounded. PV source and PV output circuits to combine two or
more de circuit inputs and provide one de circuit output.
6.85.2.5 Ungrounded Control Circuits. Where
operational continuity is required, control circuits of Diversion Charge Controller. Equipment that regulates
150 volts or less from separately derived systems shall the charging process of a battery by diverting power
be permitted to be ungrounded. from energy storage to direct-current or altemating-
current loads or to an interconnected utility service.
ARTICLE 6.90 - SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV)
Electrical Production and Distribution Network. A
SYSTEMS
power production, distribution, and utilization system,
such as a utility system and connected loads, that is
6.90.1 General
external to and not controlled by the PV power system.
6.90.1.1 Scope. This article applies to solar PV systems, Functional Grounded PV System. A PV system that
other than those covered by Article 6.91, including has an electrical reference to ground that is not solidly
the array circuit(s), inverter(s), and controller(s) for grounded.
such systems. [See Figure 6.90.1.1 (A) and Figure FPN: A functional grounded PY system is often connected to
6.90.1.1 (B).] The systems covered by this article may ground through a fuse, circuit breaker, resistance device, non-
be interactive with other electrical power production isolated grounded ac circuit, or electronic means that is part
of a listed ground-fault protection system. Conductors in these
sources or stand-alone or both, and may or may not be
systems that are normally at ground potential may have voltage
connected to energy storage systems such as batteries. to ground during fault conditions.
These PV systems may have ac or de output for
utilization. Generating Capacity. The sum of parallel-connected
inverter maximum continuous output power at 40°C in
FPN: Article 6.9 1 covers the installation of large-scale PY electric
kilowatts.
supply stations.
Interactive System. A PV system that operates in
6.90.1.2 Definitions. parallel with and may deliver power to an electrical
production and distribution network.
Alternating-Current (ac) Module (Alternating-
Current Photovoltaic Module). A complete, Inverter. Equipment that is used to change voltage level
environmentally protected unit consisting of solar cells, or waveform, or both, of electrical energy. Commonly,
optics, inverter, and other components, exclusive of an inverter [also known as a power conditioning unit
tracker, designed to generate ac power when exposed (PCU) or power conversion system (PCS)] is a device
to sunlight. that changes de input to an ac output. Inverters may also
function as battery chargers that use alternating current
Array. A mechanically integrated assembly of
from another source and convert it into direct current
module(s) or panel(s) with a support structure and
for charging batteries.
foundation, tracker, and other components, as required,
to form a de or ac power-producing unit. Inverter Input Circuit. Conductors connected to the
de input of an inverter.
Bipolar Photovoltaic Array. A de PV array that bas
two outputs, each having opposite polarity to a common Inverter Output Circuit. Conductors connected to the
reference point or center tap. ac output of an inverter.
DC-to-DC Converter. A device installed in the PV Module. A complete, environmentally protected unit
source circuit or PV output circuit that can provide an consisting of solar cells, optics, and other components,
output de voltage and current at a higher or lower value exclusive of tracker, designed to generate de power
than the input de voltage and current. when exposed to sunlight.
669
ARTICLE 6.90 - SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAJC (PY) SYSTEMS
Interactive inverter ~V system disconnect
~'\ •F-Z1-~~---• ~rod~:~~c

DC-to-DC PV or DC-to-DC
converter
output circuit IL::J fiJ Inverter output circuit
and
distribution
PV power source network
Inverter output circuit

1r-------- Electric production
1 and distribution network
I
Solar I PV system
cells I disconnect
II l_----------------~ AC module (includes inverter)

AC module system Array (of AC modules)
PV system Interactive system
I Module PV power
source disconnect Multimode disconnect
/ Electric production
II I
Panel and distribution
network
I!.._________________,,I
t--~--- Stand-alone
LArray, subarray, or system
PV power source loads
Energy storage system

Notes:
(1) These diagrams are intended to be a means of Identification for PV DC coupled multlmode system
power source components, circuits, and connections that make up the PV PV power Interactive
power source. source inverter Inverter output circuit
(2) Custom PV power source designs occur, and some components are
optional.
/ PV system
,,,,....-disconnect
Figure 6.90.1.l(A) Identification of PV Power Energy storage

system
Source Components. Electric
production and
Monopole Subarray. A PV subarray that has two distribution
Energy storage network
conductors in the output circuit, one positive (+) and system disconnect Interactive system
one negative(-). Two monopole PV subarrays are used AC coupled multlmode system disconnect
to form a bipolar PV array. PV power PV system Stand-alone
source /disconnect inverter Inverter
Multimode Inverter. Equipment having the capabilities 1' output
of both the interactive inverter and the stand-alone circuit
inverter. PV system t-...__ _ _ _ Stand-alone
DC circuit(s) DC loads system loads
Panel. A collection of modules mechanically fastened Energy storage
together, wired, and designed to provide a field- system disconnect
installable unit. _____

.,___ Energy storage system
~
Photovoltaic Output Circuit. Circuit conductors Stand-alone system

Notes:
between the PV source circuit(s) and the inverter or de
I . These diagrams are intended to be a means of identification for PV system
utilization equipment. components, circuits, and connections.
2. The PV system disconnect in these diagrams separates the PV system from
Photovoltaic Power Source. An array or aggregate of all other systems.
arrays that generates de power at system voltage and 3. ot all disconnecting means required by Part 6.90.3 are shown.
4. System grounding and equipment grounding are not shown. See Pan
current. 6.90.5.
5. Custom designs occur in each configuration, and some components are
Photovoltaic Source Circuit. Circuits between
optional.
modules and from modules to the common connection
point(s) of the de system. Figure 6.90.1.l(B) Identification of PV System
Components in Common Configurations.
Photovoltaic System DC Circuit. Any de conductor
supplied by a PV power source, including PV source Stand-Alone System. A solar PV system that supplies
circuits, PV output circuits, de-to-de converter source power independently of an electrical production and
circuits, or de-to-de converter output circuits. distribution network.
Solar Cell. The basic PV device that generates Subarray. An electrical subset of a PV array.
electricity when exposed to light.
670
ARTICLE 6.90 - SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PY) SYSTEMS
6.90.1.4 Gener al Requirements. Annual Mean Minimum Design Dry Bulb Temperature found
in the ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals, 2013 . These
(A) Photovoltaic Systems. Photovoltaic systems shall temperature data can be used to calculate maximum voltage.
be permitted to supply a building or other structure in
(1) Instructions in listing or labeling of the module:
addition to any other electrical supply system(s).
The sum of the PY module-rated open-circuit
(B) Equipment. Inverters, motor generators, PY voltage of the series-connected modules corrected
modules, PY panels, ac modules, de combiners, dc-to- for the lowest expected ambient temperature using
dc converters, and charge controllers intended for use the open-circuit voltage temperature coefficients
in PY systems shall be listed or field labeled for the PY in accordance with the instructions included in
application. the listing or labeling of the module.
(C) Qualified Personnel. The installation of equipment (2) Crystalline and multicrystalline modules: For
and all associated wiring and interconnections shall be crystalline and multicrystalline silicon modules,
performed only by qualified persons. the sum of the PY module-rated open-circuit
FPN: See Article I. I for the definition of qualified person. voltage of the series-connected modules corrected
for the lowest expected ambient temperature
(D) Multiple PV Systems. Multiple PY systems shall using the correction factor provided in Table
be permitted to be installed in or on a single building or 6.90.2.1(A).
structure. Where the PY systems are remotely located
from each other, a directory in accordance with 7.5. l . l 0 (3) PY systems of 100 kW or larger: For PY systems
shall be provided at each PY system disconnecting with a generating capacity of 100 kW or greater,
means. a documented and stamped PY system design,
using an industry standard method and provided
(E) Locations Not Permitted. PY system equipment by a licensed professional electrical engineer,
and disconnecting means shall not be installed m shall be permitted.
bathrooms.
FPN: One industry standard method for calculating maximum
6.90.1.6 Alternating-Current (ac) Modules. voltage of a PV system is published by Sandia National
Laboratories, reference SAND 2004-3535, Photovoltaic Array
(A) Photovoltaic Source Circuits. The requirements Performance Model.
ofArticle 6.90 pertaining to PY source circuits shall not
The maximum voltage shall be used to determine the
apply to ac modules. The PY source circuit, conductors,
and inverters shall be considered as internal wiring of voltage rating of conductors, cables, disconnects,
overcurrent devices, and other equipment.
an ac module.
(B) Inverter Output Circuit. The output of an ac Table 6.90.2.l(A) Voltage Correction Factors for
module shall be considered an inverter output circuit. Crystalline and Multicrystalline Silicon Modules
6.90.2 Circuit Requirements Correction Factors for Ambient Temperatures Below
25°C. (Multiply the rated open-circuit voltage by the
6.90.2.1 Maximum Voltage. The maximum voltage
appropriate correction factor shown below.)
of PY system de circuits shall be the highest voltage
Ambient Temperature (0 C) Factor
between any two circuit conductors or any conductor
and ground. PY system de circuits on or in one- and two- 24 to 20 1.02
family dwellings shall be permitted to have a maximum 19 to 15 1.04
voltage of 600 volts or Jess. PY system de circuits on 14 to 10 1.06
or in other types of buildings shall be permitted to have 9 to 5 l.08
a maximum voltage of 1000 volts or less. Where not 4 to 0 1.10
located on or in buildings, listed de PY equipment, rated -I to -5 1.12
at a maximum voltage of 1500 volts or less, shall not be
-6 to -10 1.14
required to comply with Parts Article 4.90.2 and 4.90.3.
-l l to -15 1.16
(A) Photovoltaic Source and Output Circuits. In a -l6to-20 1.18
de PY source circuit or output circuit, the maximum
-21 to -25 1.20
PY system voltage for that circuit shall be calculated in
-26 to -30 l.21
accordance with one of the following methods:
-31 to -35 1.23
FPN : One source for lowest-expected, ambient temperature
design data for various locations is the chapter titled Extreme -36 to -40 1.25
671
(B) DC-to-DC Converter Source and Output orientation. The current value used by this
Circuits. In a dcto-dc converter source and output method shall not be less than 70 percent of the
circuit, the maximum voltage shall be calculated in value calculated using 6.90.2.2(A)( 1)(1 ).
accordance with 6.90.2. l(B)(l) or (B)(2). FPN: One industry standard method for calculating maximum
current of a PY system is available from Sandia National
(1) Single DC-to-DC Converter. For circuits
Laboratories, reference SAND 2004-3535, Photovoltaic Array
connected to the output of a single de-to-de Performance Model. This model is used by the System Advisor
converter, the maximum voltage shall be the Model simulation program provided by the National Renewable
maximum rated voltage output of the de-to-de Energy Laboratory.
converter. (2) Photovoltaic Output Circuit Currents. The
(2) Two or More Series Connected DC-to-DC maximum current shall be the sum of parallel
Converters. For circuits connected to the source circuit maximum currents as calculated in
output of two or more series-connected dc-to- 6.90.2.2(A)(l ).
dc converters, the maximum voltage shall be (3) Inverter Output Circuit Current. The
determined in accordance with the instructions maximum current shall be the inverter continuous
included in the listing or labeling of the dc-to- output current rating.
dc converter. If these instructions do not state
the rated voltage of series-connected de-to-de (4) Stand-Alone Inverter Input Circuit Current.
converters, the maximum voltage shall be the The maximum current shall be the stand-alone
sum of the maximum rated vo ltage output of the continuous inverter input current rating when the
de-to-de converters in series. inverter is producing rated power at the lowest
input voltage.
(C) Bipolar Source and Output Circuits. For 2-wire
de circuits connected to bipolar PV arrays, the maximum (5) DC-to-DC Converter Source Circuit Output
voltage shall be the highest voltage between the 2-wire Current. The maximum current shall be the dc-
circuit conductors where one conductor of the 2-wire to-dc converter continuous output current rating.
circuit is connected to the functional ground reference (6) DC-to-DC Converter Output Circuit Current.
(center tap). To prevent overvoltage in the event of a The maximum current shall be the sum of parallel
ground-fault or arc-fault, the array shall be connected de-to-de converter source circuit
6.90.2.2 Circuit Sizing and Current. currents as calculated in 6.90.2.2(A)(5).
(A) Calculation of Maximum Circuit Current. (B) Conductor Ampacity. PV system currents shall be
The maximum current for the specific circuit shall be considered to be continuous. Circuit conductors shall
calculated in accordance with 6.90.2.2(A)(l) through be sized to carry not less than the larger of 6.90.2.2(B)
(A)(6). (1) or (B)(2) or where protected by a listed adjustable
electronic overcurrent protective device in accordance
FPN: Where the requirements of 6.90.2.2(A)( l ) and (B)(l) are
both applied, the resulting multiplication factor is 156 percent. 6.90.2.3(B)(3), not less than the current in 6.90.2.2(B)
(3).
(1) Photovoltaic Source Circuit Currents. The
maximum current shall be calculated by one of (1) Before Application of Adjustment and
the following methods: Correction Factors. One hundred twenty-five
percent of the maximum currents calculated in
(1) The sum of parallel-connected PV module-- 6.90.2.2(A) before the application of adjustment
rated short-circuit currents multiplied by 125 and correction factors.
percent
Exception: Circuits containing an assembly, together
(2) For PV systems with a generating capacity of with its overcurrent device(s), that is listed for
100 kW or greater, a documented and stamped continuous operation at 100 percent of its rating shall
PV system design, using an industry standard be permitted to be used at 100 percent of its rating.
method and provided by a licensed professional
electrical engineer, shall be permitted. The (2) After Application of Adjustment and
calculated maximum current value shall be Correction Factors. The maximum currents
based on the highest 3-hour current average calculated in 6.90.2.2(A) after the application of
resulting from the simulated local irradiance adjustment and correction factors.
on the PV array accounting for elevation and
672
ARTICLE 6.90 - SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS
(3) Adjustable Electronic Overcurrent Protective in PV systems. Over-current devices, where required,
Device. The rating or setting of an adjustable shall be rated in accordance with one of the following:
electronic overcurrent protective device installed
(1) Not less than 125 percent of the maximum
in accordance with 2.40.1.6.
currents calculated in 6.90.2.2(A).
(C) Systems with Multiple Direct-Current Voltages.
(2) An assembly, together with its overcurrent
For a PV power source that bas multiple output circuit
device(s), that is listed for continuous operation
voltages and employs a common-return conductor,
at 100 percent of its rating shall be permitted to
the ampacity of the common-return conductor shall
be used at 100 percent of its rating.
not be less than the sum of the ampere ratings of the
overcurrent devices of the individual output circuits. (3) Adjustable electronic overcurrent protective
devices rated or set in accordance with 2.40.1 .6.
(D) Sizing of Module Interconnection Conductors.
Where a single overcurrent device is used to protect a FPN: Some electronic overcurrent protective devices prevent
backfeed current.
set of two or more parallel-connected module circuits,
the ampacity of each of the module interconnection (C) Photovoltaic Source and Output Circuits. A single
conductors shall not be less than the sum of the rating over-current protective device, where required, shall be
of the single overcurrent device plus 125 percent of the permitted to protect the PV modules and conductors
short-circuit current from the other parallel-connected of each source circuit or the conductors of each output
modules. circuit. Where single overcurrent protection devices
are used to protect PV source or output circuits, all
6.90.2.3 Overcurrent Protection. overcurrent devices shall be placed in the same polarity
for all circuits within a PV system. The overcurrent
(A) Circuits and Equipment. PV system de circuit
devices shall be accessible but shall not be required to
and inverter output conductors and equipment shall be
be readily accessible.
protected against overcurrent. Overcurrent protective
devices shall not be required for circuits with sufficient FPN: Due to improved ground-fault protection required in PV
systems by 6.90.5.1(8 ), a single overcurrent protective device
ampacity for the highest available current. Circuits
in either the positive or negative conductors of a PV system in
connected to current limited supplies (e.g., PV modules, combination with this ground-fault protection provides adequate
de-to-de converters, interactive inverter output circuits) overcurrent protection.
and also connected to sources having higher current
(D) Power Transformers. Overcurrent protection for
availability (e.g., parallel strings of modules, utility
a transformer with a source(s) on each side shall be
power) shall be protected at the higher current source
provided in accordance with 4.50.1.3 by considering
connection.
first one side of the transformer, then the other side of
Exception: An overcurrent device shall not be the transformer, as the primary.
required for PV modules or PV source circuit or dc-
Exception: A power transformer with a current rating
to-dc converters source circuit conductors sized in
on the side connected toward the interactive inverter
accordance with 6.90.2.2(B) where one ofthe following
output, not less than the rated continuous output current
applies:
of the inverter, shall be permitted without overcurrent
(1) There are no external sources such as parallel- protection from the inverter.
connected source circuits, batteries, or backfeed
from inverters. 6.90.2.4 Stand-Alone Systems. The wmng system
(2) The short-circuit currents from all sources do connected to a stand-alone system shall be installed in
not exceed the ampacity of the conductors and accordance with 7.10.1.15.
the maximum overcurrent protective device size
rating specified for the PV module or de-to-de 6.90.2.5 Arc-Fault Circuit Protection (Direct
converter. Current). Photovoltaic systems operating at 80 volts
de or greater between any two conductors shall be
FPN: Photovoltaic system de circuits are current limited circuits
protected by a listed PV arc-fault circuit interrupter or
that only need overcurrent protection when connected in parallel
to higher current sources. The overcurrent device is often installed other system components listed to provide equivalent
at the higher current source end of the circuit. protection. The system shall detect and interrupt arcing
faults resulting from a failure in the intended continuity
(B) Overcurrent Device Ratings. Overcurrent devices
of a conductor, connection, module, or other system
used in PV system de circuits shall be listed for use
component in the PV system de circuits.
673
ARTICLE 6.90 - SOLAR PHOTOVOLTA1C (PY) SYSTEMS
Exception: For PV systems not installed on or in (2) Controlled conductors located inside the
buildings, PV output circuits and de-to-de converter boundary or not more than l 000 mm from the
output circuits that are direct buried, installed in point of penetration of the surface of the building
metallic raceways, or installed in enclosed metallic shall be limited to not more than 80 volts within
cable trays are permitted without arc-fault circuit 30 seconds of rapid shutdown initiation. Voltage
shall be measured between any two conductors
protection. Detached structures whose sole purpose is
and between any conductor and ground.
to house PV system equipment shall not be considered
buildings according to this exception. (3) PV arrays with no exposed wiring methods, no
exposed conductive parts, and installed more than
6.90.2.6 Rapid Shutdown of PV Systems on Buildings. 2500 mm from exposed grounded conductive
parts or ground shall not be required to comply
PV system circuits installed on or in buildings shall
with 6.90.2.6(B)(2).
include a rapid shutdown function to reduce shock
hazard for emergency responders in accordance with The requirement of 6.90.2.6(B)(2) shall become
6.90.2.6(A) through (D) as follows. effective January 1, 2019.
Exception: Ground mounted PV system circuits that (C) Initiation Device. The initiation device(s) shall
enter buildings, of which the sole purpose is to house initiate the rapid shutdown function of the PV system.
PV system equipment, shall not be required to comply The device "off' position shall indicate that the rapid
with 6.90.2.6. shutdown function has been initiated for all PV systems
connected to that device. For one-family and two-
(A) Controlled Conductors. Requirements for
family dwellings, an initiation device(s) shall be located
controlled conductors shall apply to PV circuits supplied
at a readily accessible location outside the building.
by the PV system.
The rapid shutdown initiation device(s) shall consist of
(B) Controlled Limits. The use of the term array
at least one of the following:
boundary in this section is defined as 305 mm from the
array in all directions. Controlled conductors outside ( 1) Service disconnecting means
the array boundary shall comply with 6.90.2.6(B)
(2) PV system disconnecting means
(1) and inside the array boundary shall comply with
6.90.2.6(B)(2). (3) Readily accessible switch that plainly indicates
whether it is in the "off' or "on" position
(1) Outside the Array Boundary. Controlled
conductors located outside the boundary or more than FPN: One example of why an initiation device that complies with
6.90.2.6(C)(3) would be used is where a PY system is connected
1000 mm from the point of entry inside a building shall to an optional standby system that remains energized upon loss
be limited to not more than 30 volts within 30 seconds of utifay voltage.
of rapid shutdown initiation. Voltage shall be measured
Where multiple PV systems are installed with rapid
between any two conductors and between any conductor
shutdown functions on a single service, the initiation
and ground.
device(s) shall consist of not more than six switches
(2) Inside the Array Boundary. The PV system shall or six sets of circuit breakers, or a combination of not
comply with one of the following: more than six switches and sets of circuit breakers,
( l) The PV array shall be listed or field labeled as a mounted in a single enclosure, or in a group of separate
rapid shutdown PV array. Such a PV array shall enclosures. These initiation device(s) shall initiate the
be installed and used in accordance with the rapid shutdown of all PV systems with rapid shutdown
instructions included with the rapid shutdown functions on that service. Where auxiliary initiation
PV array listing or field labeling. devices are installed, these auxiliary devices shall
control all PV systems with rapid shutdown functions
FPN: A listed or field labeled rapid shutdown PV array is evaluated
as an assembly or system as defined in the installation instructions
on that service.
to reduce but not eliminate risk of electric shock hazard within (D) Equipment. Equipment that performs the rapid
a damaged PV array during fire-fighting procedures. These
shutdown functions, other than initiation devices such
rapid shutdown PY arrays are designed to reduce shock hazards
by methods such as limiting access to energized components, as listed disconnect switches, circuit breakers, or control
reducing the voltage difference between energized components, switches, shall be listed for providing rapid shutdown
limiting the electric current that might flow in an electrical circuit protection.
involving personnel with increased resistance of the conductive
circuit, or by a combination of such methods. FPN: lnverter input circuit conductors often remain energized for
up to 5 minutes with inverters not listed for rapid shutdown.
674
6.90.3 Disconnecting Means (E) Ratings. The PV system disconnecting means shaJI
have ratings sufficient for the maximum circuit current
6.90.3.1 Photovoltaic System Disconnecting Means.
available short-circuit current, and voltage that is
Means shall be provided to disconnect the PV system
available at the terminals of the PV system disconnect.
from all wiring systems including power systems,
energy storage systems, and utilization equipment and (F) Type of Disconnect.
its associated premises wiring.
(1) Simultaneous Disconnection. The PV system
(A) Location. The PV system disconnecting means disconnecting means shall simultaneously
shall be installed at a readily accessible location. disconnect the PV system conductors of the
FPN: PY systems installed in accordance with 6.90.2.6 address circuit from all conductors of other wiring
the concerns related to energized conductors entering a building. systems. The PV system disconnecting means
shall be an externally operable general-use switch
(B) Marking. Each PV system disconnecting means
or circuit breaker, or other approved means. A de
shall plainly indicate whether in the open (off) or closed
PV system disconnecting means shall be marked
(on) position and be permanently marked "PV SYSTEM
for use in PV systems or be suitable for backfeed
DISCONNECT" or equivalent. Additional markings
operation.
shall be permitted based upon the specific system
configuration. For PV system disconnecting means (2) Devices Marked "Line" and "Load." Devices
where the line and load terminals may be energized in marked with " line" and "load" shall not be
the open position, the device shall be marked with the permitted for backfeed or reverse current.
following words or equivalent: (3) DC-Rated Enclosed Switches, Open-Type
WARNING Switches, and Low-Voltage Power Circuit
Breakers. DC-rated, enclosed switches, open-
ELECTRIC SHOCK HAZARD
type switches, and low-voltage power circuit
TERMINALS ON THE LINE AND LOAD breakers shaJI be permitted for backfeed
SIDES MAYBE operation.
ENERGIZED IN THE OPEN POSITION
6.90.3.3 Disconnection of Photovoltaic Equipment.
The warning sign(s) or label(s) shall comply with Isolating devices shall be provided to isolate PV
1.10.l.2l(B). modules, ac PV modules, fuses, de-to-de converters
(C) Suitable for Use. If the PV system is connected to inverters, and charge controllers from all conductors that
the supply side of the service disconnecting means as are not solidly grounded. An equipment disconnecting
permitted in 2.30.6.13(6), the PV system disconnecting means or a PV system disconnecting means shall be
means shall be listed as suitable for use as service permitted in place of an isolating device. Where the
maximum circuit current is greater than 30 amperes
equipment.
for the output circuit of a de combiner or the input
(D) Maximum Number of Disconnects. Each PV circuit of a charge controller or inverter, an equipment
system disconnecting means shall consist of not more disconnecting means shall be provided for isolation.
than six switches or six sets of circuit breakers, or a Where a charge controller or inverter has multiple input
combination of not more than six switches and sets circuits, a single equipment disconnecting means shall
of circuit breakers, mounted in a single enclosure or be permitted to isolate the equipment from the input
in a group of separate enclosures. A single PV system circuits.
disconnecting means shall be permitted for the combined
FPN: The purpose of these isolating devices are for the safe
ac output of one or more inverters or ac modules in an and convenient replacement or service of specific PY system
interactive system. equipment without exposure to energized conductors.
Informational Note: This requirement does not limit (A) Location. Isolating devices or equipment
the number of PV systems connected to a service as disconnecting means shall be installed in circuits
permitted in 6.90. l .4(D). This requirement allows up connected to equipment at a location within the
to six disconnecting means to disconnect a single PV equipment, or within sight and within 3000 mm of the
system. For PV systems where all power is converted equipment. An equipment disconnecting means shall
through interactive inverters, a dedicated circuit be permitted to be remote from the equipment where
breaker, in 7.5.1.12(B)(I), is an example of a single PV the equipment disconnecting means can be remotely
system disconnecting means. operated from within 3000 mm of the equipment.
675
(B) Interrupting Rating. An equipment disconnecting and fittings specifically listed for use on PV arrays,
means shall have an interrupting rating sufficient for and wiring as part of a listed system shall be permitted.
the maximum short-circuit current and voltage that is Where wiring devices with integral enclosures are used,
available at the terminals of the equipment. An isolating sufficient length of cable shall be provided to facilitate
device shall not be required to have an interrupting replacement.
rating.
Where PV source and output circuits operating at
(C) Isolating Device. An isolating device shall not voltages greater than 30 volts are installed in readily
be required to simultaneously disconnect all current- accessible locations, circuit conductors shall be
carrying conductors of a circuit. The isolating device guarded or installed in Type MC cable or in raceway.
shall be one of the following: For ambient temperatures exceeding 30°C (86°F),
conductor ampacities shall be corrected in accordance
( 1) A connector meeting the requirements of 6.90.4.3
with Table 6.90.4.1 (A).
and listed and identified for use with specific
equipment (B) Identification and Grouping. PV source circuits
and PV output circuits shall not be contained in the same
(2) A finger safe fuse holder
raceway, cable tray, cable, outlet box, junction box, or
(3) An isolating switch that requires a tool to open similar fitting as conductors, feeders, branch circuits of
(4) An isolating device listed for the intended other non-PV systems, or inverter output circuits, unless
application the conductors of the different systems are separated
by a partition. PV system circuit conductors shall be
An isolating device shall be rated to open the identified and grouped as required by 6.90.4.l(B)
maximum circuit current under load or be marked (1) through (2). The means of identification shall be
"Do Not Disconnect Under Load" or "Not for Current permitted by separate color coding, marking tape,
Interrupting." tagging, or other approved means.
(D) Equipment Disconnecting Means. An equipment (1) Identification. PV system circuit conductors
disconnecting means shall simultaneously disconnect shall be identified at all accessible points of
all current-carrying conductors that are not solidly termination, connection, and splices.
grounded of the circuit to which it is connected. An
equipment disconnecting means shall be externally The means of identification shall be permitted by
operable without exposing the operator to contact with separate color coding, marking tape, tagging, or other
energized parts, shall indicate whether in the open approved means. Only solidly grounded PV system
(off) or closed (on) position, and shall be lockable in circuit conductors, in accordance with 6.90.5.1 (A)
accordance with l. l 0. 1.25. An equipment disconnecting (5), shall be marked in accordance with 2.0.1.6.
means shall be one of the following devices: Exception: Where the identification ofthe conductors is
( 1) A manually operable switch or circuit breaker evident by spacing or arrangement.further identification
shall not be required.
(2) A connector meeting the requirements of
6.90.4.3(E)(l)
(3) A load break fused pull out switch
Table 6.90.4.l(A) Correction Factors
(4) A remote-controlled circuit breaker that is
Ambient Temperature Rating of
operable locally and opens automatically when
Temperature Conductor
control power is interrupted
(OC) 60°C 75°C 90°C 10s0 c
For equipment disconnecting means, other than those
30 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
complying with 6.90.4.1, where the line and load
3 1-35 0.91 0.94 0.96 0.97
terminals can be energized in the open position, the
device shall be marked in accordance with the warning 36-40 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.93
in 6.90.3.l(B). 4 1-45 0.71 0.82 0.87 0.89
46-50 0.58 0.75 0.82 0.86
6.90.4 Wiring Methods
51-55 0.4 1 0.67 0.76 0.82
6.90.4.1 Methods Permitted. 56-60 - 0.58 0.71 0.77
(A) Wiring Systems. All raceway and cable wiring 61 -70 - 0.33 0.58 0.68
methods included in this Code, other wiring systems 71-80 - - 0.41 0.58
676
(2) Grouping. Where the conductors of more than Table 6.90.4.l(E) Minimum PV Wire Strands
one PV system occupy the same junction box or
PV Wire (mm 2) Minimum Strands
raceway with a removable cover(s), the ac and
0.75 17
de conductors of each system shall be grouped
separately by cable ties or similar means at least 1.25 - 5.5 19
once and shall then be grouped at intervals not to 8.0 - 22 49
exceed 1800 mm. 30 130
38 - 500 259
Exception: The requirementfor grouping shall not apply
if the circuit enters from a cable or raceway unique to
the circuit that makes the grouping obvious. (G) Photovoltaic System Direct Current Circuits
(C) Single-Conductor Cable. on or in a Building. Where PY system de circuits
run inside a building, they shall be contained in metal
(1) General. Single-conductor cable Type USE-2 raceways, Type MC metal-clad cable that complies
and single conductor cable listed and identified with 2.50.6.9(10), or metal enclosures from the point
as photovoltaic (PY) wire shall be permitted in
of penetration of the surface of the building to the
exposed outdoor locations in PY source circuits
within the PY array. PY wire shall be installed in first readily accessible disconnecting means. The
accordance with 3.38.2.l(B)(4)(b) and 3.34.2.21. disconnecting means shall comply with 6.90.3. l(B) and
(C) and 6.90.3.3(A) and (B). The wiring methods shall
(2) Cable Tray. PY source circuits and PY output comply with the additional installation requirements in
circuits using single-conductor cable listed and
6.90.4. l (G)(l) through (4).
labeled as photovoltaic (PV) wire of all sizes,
with or without a cable tray marking/rating, shall (1) Embedded in Building Surfaces. Where circuits
be permitted in cable trays installed in outdoor are embedded in built-up, laminate, or membrane
locations, provided that the cables are supported roofing materials in roof areas not covered by PY
at intervals not to exceed 300 mm and secured at modules and associated equipment, the location
intervals not to exceed 1400 mm.
of circuits shall be clearly marked using a marking
FPN: Photovoltaic wire and PY cable have a nonstandard outer protocol that is approved as being suitable for
diameter. Table 10.1. 1.1 contains the allowable percent of cross
continuous exposure to sunlight and weather.
section of conduit and tubing for conductors and cables.
(2) Flexible Wiring Methods. Where flexible metal
(D) Multiconductor Cable. Jacketed multiconductor
conduit (FMC) smaller than metric designator
cable assemblies listed and identified for the application
21 (trade size 3/4) or Type MC cable smaller than
shall be permitted in outdoor locations. The cable shall
25 mm in diameter containing PY power circuit
be secured at intervals not exceeding 1 800 mm.
conductors is installed across ceilings or floor
(E) Flexible Cords and Cables Connected to joists, the raceway or cable shall be protected by
Tracking PV Arrays. Flexible cords and flexible substantial guard strips that are at least as high
cables, where connected to moving parts of tracking PY as the raceway or cable. Where run exposed,
arrays, shall comply with Article 4.0 and shall be of a other than within 1 800 mm of their connection
type identified as a hard service cord or portable power to equipment, these wiring methods shall closely
cable; they shall be suitable for extra-hard usage, listed \follow the building surface or be protected from
for outdoor use, water resistant, and sunlight resistant. physical damage by an approved means.
Allowable ampacities shall be in accordance with
(3) Marking and Labeling Required. The following
4.0.1.5 .. Stranded copper PY wire shall be permitted
wiring methods and enclosures that contain PY
to be connected to moving parts of tracking PY arrays
system de circuit conductors shall be marked
in accordance with the minimum number of strands
with the wording WARNING: PHOTOVOLTAIC
specified in Table 6.90.4.l(E).
POWER SOURCE by means of permanently
(F) Small-Conductor Cables. Single-conductor cables affixed labels or other approved permanent
listed for outdoor use that are sunlight resistant and marking:
moisture resistant in sizes 1.25 mm2 and 0.75 mm 2
a. Exposed raceways, cable trays, and other
shall be permitted for module interconnections where
wiring methods
such cables meet the ampacity requirements of 4.0.1 .5.
Section 3.10.2.5 shall be used to determine the cable b. Covers or enclosures of pull boxes and junction
ampacity adjustment and correction factors. boxes
677
c. Conduit bodies in which any of the available 6.90.4.3 Connectors. Connectors, other than those
conduit openings are unused covered by 6.90.4.2, shall comply with 6.90.4.3(A)
through (E).
(4) Marking and Labeling Methods and Locations.
The labels or markings shall be visible after (A) Configuration. The connectors shall be polarized
installation. The labels shall be reflective, and all and shall have a configuration that is noninterchangeable
letters shall be capitalized and shall be a minimum with receptacles in other electrical systems on the
height of 9.5 mm in white on a red background. premises.
PV system de circuit labels shall appear on every
(B) Guarding. The connectors shall be constructed and
section of the wiring system that is separated by
installed so as to guard against inadvertent contact with
enclosures, walls, partitions, ceilings, or floors.
live parts by persons.
Spacing between labels or markings, or between
a label and a marking, shall not be more than (C) Type. The connectors shall be of the latching or
3000 mm. Labels required by this section shall locking type. Connectors that are readily accessible and
be suitable for the environment where they are that are used in circuits operating at over 30 volts de or
installed. 15 volts ac shall require a tool for opening.
(H) Flexible, Fine-Stranded Cables. Flexible, fine- (D) Grounding Member. The grounding member shall
stranded cables shall be terminated only with terminals, be the first to make and the last to break contact with the
lugs, devices, or connectors in accordance with mating connector.
1.10.1.14. (E) Interruption of Circuit. Connectors shall be either
(I) Bipolar Photovoltaic Systems. Where the sum, (1) or (2):
without consideration of polarity, of the PV voltages ( 1) Be rated for interrupting current without hazard to
of the two monopole subarrays exceeds the rating of the operator.
the conductors and connected equipment, monopole
subarrays in a bipolar PV system shall be physically (2) Be a type that requires the use of a tool to open
separated, and the electrical output circuits from each and marked "Do Not Disconnect Under Load" or
monopole subarrayshall be installed in separate raceways ''Not for Current Interrupting."
until connected to the inverter. The disconnecting means
and overcurrent protective devices for each monopole 6.90.4.4 Access to Boxes. Junction, pull, and outlet
subarray output shall be in separate enclosures. All boxes located behind modules or panels shall be so
conductors from each separate monopole subarray shall installed that the wiring contained in them can be
be routed in the same raceway. Solidly grounded bipolar rendered accessible directly or by displacement of a
PV systems shall be clearly marked with a permanent, module(s) or panel(s) secured by removable fasteners
legible warning notice indicating that the disconnection and connected by a flexible wiring system.
of the grounded conductor(s) may result in overvoltage
on the equipment. 6.90.5 Grounding and Bonding
Exception: Listed switchgear rated for the maximum 6.90.5.1 System Grounding.
voltage between circuits and containing a physical
barrier separating the disconnecting means for each (A) PV System Grounding Configurations. One or
monopole subarray shall be permitted to be used more of the following system grounding configurations
instead of disconnecting means in separate enclosures. shall be employed:
(1) 2-wire PV arrays with one functional grounded
6.90.4.2 Component Interconnections. Fittings and conductor
connectors that are intended to be concealed at the time
of on-site assembly, where listed for such use, shall be (2) Bipolar PY arrays according to 6.90.2.l(C) with a
permitted for on-site interconnection of modules or other functional ground reference (center tap)
array components. Such fittings and connectors shall (3) PV arrays not isolated from the grounded inverter
be equal to the wiring method employed in insulation, output circuit
temperature rise, and fault-current withstand, and shall
(4) Ungrounded PV arrays
be capable of resisting the effects of the environment in
which they are used. (5) Solidly grounded PV arrays as permitted m
6.90.5. l(B) Exception
678
(6) PV systems that use other methods that accomplish (B) Equipment Secured to Grounded Metal
equivalent system protection in accordance with Supports. Devices listed, labeled, and identified for
2.50.1.4(A) with equipment listed and identified bonding and grounding the metal parts of PV systems
for the use shall be permitted to bond the equipment to grounded
metal supports. Metallic support structures shall have
(B) Ground-Fault Protection. DC PV arrays shall be
identified bonding jumpers connected between separate
provided with de ground-fault protection meeting the
requirements of 6.90.5.l(B)(l) and (2) to reduce fire metallic sections or shall be identified for equipment
bonding and shall be connected to the equipment
hazards.
grounding conductor.
Exception: P V arrays with not more than two P V source
(C) With Circuit Conductors. Equipment grounding
circuits and with all PV system de circuits not on or
conductors for the PV array and support structure
in buildings shall be permitted without ground-fault
(where installed) shall be contained within the same
protection where solidly grounded.
raceway, cable or otherwise run with the PV array
(1) Ground-Fault Detection. The ground fault circuit conductors when those circuit conductors leave
protective device or system shall detect ground the vicinity of the PV array.
fault(s) in the PV array de current-carrying
conductors and components, including any 6.90.5.5 Size of Equipment Grounding
functional grounded conductors, and be listed for Conductors. Equipment grounding conductors
providing PV ground-fault protection. for PV source and PV output circuits shall be
(2) Isolating Faulted Circuits. The faulted circuits
sized in accordance with 2.50.6.13. Where no
shall be isolated by one of the following methods: overcurrent protective device is used in the circuit,
an assumed overcurrent device rated in accordance
(1) The current-carrying conductors of the faulted
with 6.90.2.3(B) shall be used when applying
circuit shall be automatically disconnected.
Table 2.50.6.13. Increases in equipment grounding
(2) The inverter or charge controller fed by the conductor size to address voltage drop considerations
faulted circuit shall automatically cease to shall not be required. An equipment grounding
supply power to output circuits and isolate conductor shall not be smaller than 2.0 mm2 •
the PV system de circuits from the ground
reference in a functional grounded system. 6.90.5.6 Array Equipment Grounding Conductors.
For PV modules, equipment grounding conductors
6.90.5.2 Point of System Grounding Connection. smaller than 14 mm2 shall comply with 2.50.6.11 (C).
Systems with a ground-fault protective device in 6.90.5.7 Grounding Electrode System.
accordance with 6.90.5.1 (B) shall have any current-
carrying conductor-to-ground connection made by the (A) Buildings or Structures Supporting a PV Array.
ground-fault protective device. For solidly grounded A building or structure supporting a PV array shall have
PV systems, the de circuit grounding connection shall a grounding electrode system installed in accordance
be made at any single point on the PV output circuit. with Part 2.50.3.
PV array equipment grounding conductors shall
6.90.5.3 Equipment Grounding and Bonding. be connected to the grounding electrode system of
Exposed non- current-carrying metal parts of PV the building or structure supporting the PV array in
module frames, electrical equipment, and conductor accordance with Part 2.50.7. This connection shall be
enclosures of PV systems shall be grounded in in addition to any other equipment grounding conductor
accordance with 2.50.7.5 or 2.50.7.7(A), regard less of requirements in 6.90.5.3(C). The PV array equipment
voltage. Equipment grounding conductors and devices grounding conductors shall be sized in accordance with
shall comply with 6.90.5.3(A) through (C). 6.90.5 .5.
(A) Photovoltaic Module Mounting Systems and For PV systems that are not solidly grounded, the
Devices. Devices and systems used for mounting PV equipment grounding conductor for the output of the PV
modules that are also used for bonding module frames system, connected to associated distribution equipment,
shall be listed, labeled, and identified for bonding PV shall be permitted to be the connection to ground for
modules. Devices that mount adjacent PV modules ground-fault protection and equipment grounding of the
shall be permitted to bond adjacent PV modules. PY array.
679
For solidly grounded PV systems, as permitted in 6.90.6.3 Direct-Current Photovoltaic Power Source.
6.90.5.l(A) (5), the grounded conductor shall be A permanent label for the de PV power source indicating
connected to a grounding electrode system by means the information specified in (1) through (3) shall be
of a grounding electrode conductor sized in accordance provided by the installer at de PV system disconnecting
with 2.50.8.7. means and at each de equipment disconnecting means
FPN: Most PY systems installed in the past decade are actually required by 6.90.3.3. Where a disconnecting means
functional grounded systems rather than solidly grounded systems has more than one de PV power source, the values
as defined in this Code. For functional grounded PY systems
with an interactive inverter output, the ac equipment grounding in 6.90.6.3(1) through (3) shall be specified for each
conductor is connected to associated grounded ac distribution source.
equipment. This connection is often the connection to ground for
ground-fault protection and equipment grounding of the PY array. (1) Maximum voltage
(B) Additional Auxiliary Electrodes for Array FPN to ( I): See 6.90.2.1 for voltage.
Grounding. Grounding electrodes shall be permitted to
(2) Maximum circuit current
be installed in accordance with 2.50.3.3 and 2.50.3.5 at
the location of ground-and roof-mounted PV arrays. The FPN to (2): See 6.90.2.2(A) for calculation of maximum circuit
current.
electrodes shall be permitted to be connected directly to
the array frame(s) or structure. The grounding electrode (3) Maximum rated output current of the charge
conductor shall be sized according to 2.50.3.17. The controller or de-to-de converter (if installed)
structure of a ground-mounted PV array shall be
6.90.6.4 Interactive System Point oflnterconnection.
permitted to be considered a grounding electrode if it
All interacti ve system(s) points of interconnection with
meets the requirements of 2.50.3.3. Roof mounted PV
other sources shall be marked at an accessible location
arrays shall be permitted to use the metal frame of a
at the disconnecting means as a power source and with
building or structure if the requirements of 2.50.3.3(A)
the rated ac output current and the nominal operating
(2) are met.
ac voltage.
6.90.5.10 Equipment Bonding Jumpers. Equipment
6.90.6.5 Photovoltaic Systems Connected to Energy
bonding jumpers, if used, shall comply with
Storage Systems. The PV system output circuit
2.50.6. 11 (C).
conductors shall be marked to indicate the polarity
6.90.6 Marking where connected to energy storage systems.
6.90.6.1 Modules. Modules shall be marked with
6.90.6.6 Identification of Power Sources.
identification of terminals or leads as to polarity,
maximum overcurrent device rating for module (A) Facilities with Stand-Alone Systems. Any
protection, and with the following ratings: structure or building with a PV power system that is
( 1) Open-circuit voltage not connected to a utility service source and is a stand-
alone system shall have a permanent plaque or directory
(2) Operating voltage installed on the exterior of the building or structure at
(3) Maximum permissible system voltage a readily visible Location. The plaque or directory shall
indicate the location of system disconnecting means
(4) Operating current
and that the structure contains a stand-alone electrical
(5) Short-circuit current power system.
( 6) Maximum power (B) Facilities with Utility Services and
Photovoltaic Systems. Plaques or directories
6.90.6.2 Alternating-Current Photovoltaic Modules.
Alternating-current modules shall be marked with shall be installed in accordance with 7.5 .1. 10.
identification ofterminals or leads and with identification (C) Buildings with Rapid Shutdown. Buildings with
of the following ratings: PV systems shall have permanent labels as described in
( 1) Nominal operating ac voltage 6.90.6.6(C) (1) through (C)(3).
(2) Nominal operating ac frequency (1) Rapid Shutdown Type. The type of PV system
rapid shutdown shall be Labeled as described in
(3) Maximum ac power
6.90.6.6(C)(l)(a) or (l)(b):
(4) Maximum ac current
(a) For PV systems that shut down the array and
(5) Maximum overcurrent device rating for ac conductors leaving the array:
module protection
680
SOLAR PV SYSTEM IS EQUIPPED WITH RAPID from the switch that includes the following wording:
SHUTDOWN.
RAPID SHUTDOWN SWITCH FOR SOLAR PV
TURN RAPID SHUTDOWN SWITCH TO THE SYSTEM
"OFF" POSITION TO SHUT DOWN PV SYSTEM
The label shall be reflective, with all letters capitalized
AND REDUCE SHOCK HAZARD IN ARRAY.
and having a minimum height of 9.5 mm, in white on
The title "SOLAR PV SYSTEM IS EQUIPPED red background.
WITH RAPID SHUTDOWN" shall utilize capitalized
characters with a minimum height of 9.5 mm in black
on yellow background, and the remaining characters
SOLAR PY SYSTEM EQUIPPED
shall be capitalized with a minimum height of 4.8 mm WITH RAPID SHUTDOWN
in black on white background. [See Figure 6.90.6.6(C)
(l)(a).]
TURN RAPID SHUTDOWN
SWITCH TO THE
(b) For PV systems that only shut down conductors
"OFP POSITION TO
leaving the array: SHUT DOWN PV SYSTEM
AND REDUCE
SOLAR PV SYSTEM IS EQUIPPED WITH RAPID SHOCK HAZARD
SHUTDOWN IN THE ARRAY.
TURN RAPID SHUTDOWN SWITCH TO THE

"OFF" POSITION TO SHUT DOWN
FIGURE 6.90.6.6(C)(l)(a) Label for PV Systems
CONDUCTORS OUTSIDE THE ARRAY.
that Shut Down the Array and the Conductors
CONDUCTORS IN ARRAY REMAIN
Leaving the Array.
ENERGIZED IN SUNLIGHT.
The title "SOLAR PV SYSTEM IS EQUIPPED SOLAR PV SYSTEM EQUIPPED
WITH RAPID SHUTDOWN" shall utilize capitalized
characters wjth a minimum height of 9.5 mm in white
WITH RAPID SHUTDOWN
on red background, and the remaining characters shall
TURN RAPID SHUTDOWN
be capitalized with a minimum height of 4.8 mm in SWITCH TO THE
black on white background. [See Figure 6.90.6.6(C)(l) "OFP POSITION TO
(b).] SHUT DOWN CONDUCTORS
OUTSIDE THE ARRAY.
The labels in 6.90.6.6(C)( l)(a) and (b) shall include a CONDUCTORS WITHIN
THE ARRAY REMAIN
simple diagram of a building with a roof. The diagram
ENERGIZED IN SUNLIGHT.
shall have sections in red to signify sections of the PV
system that are not shut down when the rapid shutdown
switch is operated. FIGURE 6.90.6.6(C)(l)(b) Label for PV Systems
The rapid shutdown label in 6.90.6.6(C)(I) shall be that Shut Down the Conductors Leaving the Array
located on or no more than l 000 mm from the service Only.
disconnecting means to which the PV systems are 6.90. 7 Connection to Other Sources
connected and shall indicate the location of all identified
rapid shutdown switches if not at the same location. 6.90.7.1 Connection to Other Sources. PV systems
connected to other sources shall be installed m
(2) Buildings with More Thao One Rapid Shutdown accordance with Parts Article 7.5. l and 7.5.2.
Type. For buildings that have PV systems with
both rapid shutdown types or a PV system with a 6.90.8 Energy Storage Systems
rapid shutdown type and a PV system with no rapid
shutdown, a detailed plan view diagram of the roof 6.90.8.1 General. An energy storage system connected
shall be provided showing each different PV system and to a PV system shall be installed in accordance with
a dotted line around areas that remain energized after Article 7.6.
the rapid shutdown switch is operated.
6.90.8.2 Self-Regulated PV Charge Control. The PV
(3) Rapid Shutdown Switch. A rapid shutdown switch source circuit shall be considered to comply with the
shall have a label located on or no more than 1000 m requirements of 7.6.2.4 if:
681
ARTICLE 6.91 - LARGE-SCALE PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION FACILITY
( 1) The PV source circuit is matched to the voltage the transfer of electrical energy shall be through
rating and charge current requirements of the medium- or high-voltage switch gear, substation,
interconnected battery cells and, switch yard, or similar methods whose sole
purpose shall be to safely and effectively
(2) The maximum charging current multiplied by l interconnect the two systems.
hour is less than 3 percent of the rated battery
(4) The electrical loads within the PV electric supply
capacity expressed in ampere-hours or as
station shall only be used to power auxiliary
recommended by the battery manufacturer equipment for the generation of the PV power.
ARTICLE 6.91-Large-Scale Photovoltaic (PV) (5) Large-scale PV electric supply stations shall not
Electric Power Production Facility be installed on buildings.
6.91.1.1 Scope. This article covers the installation of 6.91.1.5 Equipment Approval. All electrical
large-scale PV electric power production facilities with equipment shall be approved for installation by one of
a generating capacity of no less than 5000 kW, and not the following:
under exclusive utility control.
( 1) Listing and labeling
FPN No. I: Facilities covered by this article have specific design
and safety features unique to large-scale PY facilities and are (2) Field labeling
operated for the sole purpose of providing electric supply to a
system operated by a regulated utility for the transfer of electric (3) Where products complying with 6.91.1.5(1)
energy. or (2) are not avai lable, by engineering review
FPN No. 2: Section I .O. I .2(B)(S) includes information about validating that the electrical equipment is tested
utility-owned properties not covered under this Code. For
to relevant standards or industry practice
additional information on electric supply stations, see ANSI/
IEEE C2-2012, National Elecrrical Safety Code. 6.91.1.6 Engineered Design. Documentation of the
6.91.1.2 Definitions. electrical portion of the engineered design of the
electric supply station shall be stamped and provided
Electric Supply Stations. Locations contarnrng the upon request of the Office of the Building Official/EE.
generating stations and substations, including their Additional stamped independent engineering reports
associated generator, storage battery, transformer, and detailing compliance of the design with applicable
switchgear areas. electrical standards and industry practice shall be
Generating Capacity. The sum of the parallel- provided upon request of the Office of the Building
connected inverter rated maximum continuous output Official/EE. The independent engineer shall be a
power at 40°C in kilowatts (kW). licensed professional electrical engineer retained by
the system owner or installer. This documentation
Generating Station. A plant wherein electric energy
shall include details of conformance of the design with
is produced by conversion from some other form of
Article 6.90, and any alternative methods to Article
energy (e.g., chemical, nuclear, solar, wind, mechanical,
6.90, or other articles of this Code.
or hydraulic) by means of suitable apparatus.
6.91.1. 7 Conformance of Construction to Engineered
6.91.1.4 Special Requirements for Large-Scale PV
Design. Documentation that the construction of the
Electric Supply Stations. Large-scale PV electric
electric supply station conforms to the electrical
supply stations shall be accessible only to authorized
engineered design shall be provided upon request
personnel and comply with the following :
of the Office of the Building Official/EE. Additional
(I) Electrical circuits and equipment shall be stamped independent engineering reports detailing
maintained and operated only by qualified the construction conforms with this Code, applicable
personnel. standards and industry practice shall be provided upon
FP : Refer to NFPA 70£-2015 , Standard for Electrical Safety in request of the Office of the Building Official/EE. The
the Workplace, for electrical safety requirements. independent engineer shall be a licensed professional
electrical engineer retained by the system owner or
(2) Access to PV electric supply stations shall be
restricted by fencing or other adequate means in installer. This documentation, where requested, shall be
accordance with 1.10.3.2. Field-applied hazard available prior to commercial operation of the station.
markings shall be applied in accordance with 6.91.1.8 Direct Current Operating Voltage. For large-
I. I 0.1.21 (B). scale PV electric supply stations, calculations shall be
(3) The connection between the PV electric supply included in the documentation required in 6.91.1.6.
station and the system operated by a utility for
682
ARTICLE 6.92 - FUEL CELL SYSTEMS
6.91.1.9 Disconnection of Photovoltaic Equipment. Maximum System Voltage. The highest fuel cell
Isolating devices shall be permitted to be more than inverter output voltage between any ungrounded
1800 mm from the equipment where written safety conductors present at accessible output terminals.
procedures and conditions of maintenance and
Output Circuit. The conductors used to connect the
supervision ensure that only qualified persons service
fuel cell system to its electrical point of delivery.
the equipment.
FPN: ln the case of sites that have series- or parallel-connected
FPN : For information on lockout/tagout procedures, see NFPA multiple units, the term output circuit also refers to the conductors
70E-2015, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace. used to electrically interconnect the fuel cell system(s).
Buildings whose sole purpose is to house and protect Point of Common Coupling. The point at which the
supply station equipment shall not be required to comply power production and distribution network and the
with 6.90.2.6. Written standard operating procedures customer interface occurs in an interactive system.
shall be available at the site detailing necessary Typically, this is the load side of the power network
shutdown procedures in the event of an emergency. meter.
6.91.1.10 Arc-Fault Mitigation. PV systems that do not Stand-Alone System. A fuel cell system that supplies
comply with the requirements of 6.90.2.5 shall include power independently of an electrical production and
details of fire mitigation plans to address de arc-faults in distribution network.
the documentation required in 6.91.1.6.
6.92.1.4 Installation.
6.91.1.11 Fence Grounding. Fence grounding
requirements and details shall be included in the (A} Fuel Cell System. A fuel cell system shall be
documentation required in 6.91 .1.6. permitted to suppl y a building or other structure in
addition to any service(s) of another electricity supply
ARTICLE 6.92 - FUEL CELL SYSTEMS system(s).
(B) Identification. A permanent plaque or directory,
6.92.1 General denoting all electric power sources on or in the premises,
shall be installed at each service equipment location.
6.92.1.1 Scope. This article applies to the installation of
(C) System Installation. Fuel cell systems including
fuel cell power systems.
all associated wiring and interconnections shall be
FPN: Some fuel cell systems can be interactive with other installed by only qualified persons.
electrical power production sources, are stand-alone, or both.
Some fuel cell systems are connected to electric energy storage FPN: See Article I. I for the definition of qualified person.
systems such as batteries. Fuel cell systems can have ac output(s),
de output(s), or both for utilization. 6.92.1.6 Listing Requirement. The fuel cell system
shall be listed or field labeled for its intended application.
6.92.1.2 Definitions.
Fuel Cell. An electrochemical system that consumes 6.92.2 Circuit Requirements
fuel to produce an electric current. In such cells, the
main chemical reaction used for producing electric 6.92.2.1 Circuit Sizing and Current.
power is not combustion. However, there may (A) Nameplate Rated Circuit Current. The
be sources of combustion used within the overall nameplate(s) rated circuit current shall be the rated
cell system, such as reformers/fuel processors. current indicated on the fuel cell narneplate(s).
Fuel Cell System. The complete aggregate of equipment (B) Conductor Ampacity and Overcurrent Device
used to convert chemical fuel into usable electricity and Ratings. The ampacity of the feeder circuit conductors
typically consisting of a reformer, stack, power inverter, from the fuel cell system(s) to the premises wiring
and auxiliary equipment. system shall not be less than the greater of (1)
nameplate(s) rated circuit current or (2) the rating of
Interactive System. A fuel cell system that operates
the fuel cell system(s) overcurrent protective device(s).
in parallel with and may deliver power to an electrical
production and distribution network. For the purpose (C) Ampacity of Grounded or Neutral Conductor. If
of this definition, an energy storage subsystem of a fuel an interactive single-phase, 2-wire fuel cell output(s) is
cell system, such as a battery, is not another electrical connected to the grounded or neutral conductor and a
production source. single ungrounded conductor of a 3-wire system or of a
683

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PV Solar System Design

2 PV Solar System Fundamentals and Configurations

3 Design Procedures and Calculation

PV Module PV Module symbol

PV Array Junction Box PV generator junction box

PV Generator PV generator Symbol

• 2.1 Introduction to PV Solar System (Why PV System?)

• 2.1 Introduction to PV Solar System (PV cell Construction)

• 2.1 Introduction to PV Solar System (PV cell Construction)

• 2.1 Introduction to PV Solar System

• 2.1 Introduction to PV Solar System

• 2.2 Solar Radiation

Earth surface Solar radiation at sea level G = I = 1000W/m2

• 2.3 Peak Sun Hour or Irradiation (Fuel)

Irradiance varies during

7:00AM 10:00AM 2:00PM 6:00PM

• 2.4 Geometric effects

Ray from the sun

Solar Panel tilted (8 rays)

• 2.5 Sun path Diagram (Location)

• 2.5 Sun path Diagram (Location)

• 2.5 Sun path Diagram (Philippines)

Equinox Mar 21 & Sept

• 2.5 Sun path Diagram (Philippines)

Cauyan Isabela: 15.966° N, 121.33° E Tropic of Tropic of

North Equator South

• 2.5 Sun path Diagram (Philippines)

• 2.6 Solar Cell/PV module Performance

• 2.6 Solar Cell/PV module Performance

• 2.6 Solar Cell/PV module Performance

• 2.7 Types of PV Solar System

• 2.7 Types of PV Solar System

GTI – Grid Tie Inverter

• 2.7 Types of PV Solar System

• 2.7 Types of PV Solar System

• 2.7 Types of PV Solar System

• 2.7 Types of PV Solar System

• 2.7 Types of PV Solar System

• 3.0 PV Solar system sizing

• 3.0 Design Procedures

• 3.0 Design Procedures

Vat 55o C  19.2V

• 3.0 Design Procedures

• 3.0 Design Procedures

• 3.0 Design Procedures

• 3.0 Design Procedures

• 3.0 Design Procedures

• 3.0 Design Procedures

• 3.0 Design Procedures

VMP(min) Inverter MPPT voltage VMP(max)

VMP(min) VMP(max) V (max)

• 3.0 Design Procedures

V  ? Vat 75o C  24.16v

• 3.0 Design Procedures

Voltage @ Inverter  150 1.1  165v

• 3.0 Design Procedures

Vat 0o C  30.2  V  0  25 Vat 0o C  30.2  0.1208  0  25

• 3.0 Design Procedures

Vat 0o C ( open _ circuit )  no _ voltage _ drop  33.22v