METROLOGY ASSIGNMENT-2

By
M.AADISH (2018509001)

1) Depth Micrometer
A micrometer, sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge,
is a device incorporating a calibrated screw widely
used for accurate measurement of components.
A depth micrometer is used to measure the depth of holes,
slots, counterbores, recesses, and the distance from
a surface to some recessed part.
Construction
It consists of the following parts namely
 Base
 Sleeve
 Thimble
 Depth rod
 Ratchet
 Lock ring

Working
First choose the measurement rod suitable for the depth
to be measured. Clean the mounting surfaces of the measurement
rod and the rod-receiving shaft. Insert and rotate the measurement
rod into the rod-receiving shaft to seat it completely. Turn the
thimble counterclockwise so that when the base is flush on the top
(reference) surface, the measurement rod does not touch the
surface to be measured. Holding the base firmly on the reference
surface, rotate the thimble ratchet clockwise until it “clicks” three
times (as the measurement rod stops on the measurement
surface). Read the depth measurement.
Applications
A micrometer is used when a very precise measurement is
needed. There are several different designs, depending on what
needs to be measured. This could be the size of a pipe, tool or
object from the outside. This could be the inside width of a pipe,
bearing or another hollow object. Or this could be the depth of a
hole or recess.

2) Bore Gauge
A bore gauge is a tool used to measure the inside of a bore,
or hole. Once a bore gauge is inserted into the hole that needs
measuring, small parts called anvils expand outward to determine
the diameter. Bore gauges are also known as cylinder tests, hole
tests, bore mics, internal micrometers, hold bore gauges, or
telescoping gauges.

Construction
Working
 Zero the gauge. This is accomplished by measuring
across the gauge with an outside micrometer set to the
precise bore size. When the zero aligns with the needle
you're ready.
 Insert the gauge into the bore to the depth you need.
Rock it back and forth until it's properly inserted in
the pipe.
 Look at the reading. This is the lowest reading, which
is taken when the gauge is square on the bore, and the
indicator needle reverses its direction. It can be either
more or less than the zero mark, and will indicate an
oversize or undersize bore.

Applications
Dial bore gauges are mostly used by machinists to measure
the inner diameter of bores in motor engines. The speed and
accuracy of a dial bore gauge can save a lot of time when used to
measure cuts or hole sizes in home remodeling projects.

3) Telescoping gauge
These are a range of gauges that are used to measure a
bore's size, by transferring the internal dimension to a remote
measuring tool. To use, the gauge is inserted at a slight angle to
the bore and gently locked to a size slightly larger than the bore
while at that angle.
Construction
Working
 Telescopic gauges are available in sets with a range of
sizes to cover a variety of bores.
 The springs inside a telescopic rod allow it to retract and
expand, so it can move and fit into the bores.
 The locking screw is attached to these springs, allowing
the telescopic rods to be held at the exact measurement
of the hole or bore.
 A telescopic gauge does not have any measurements
scale of its own, so it is referred to as a transfer
measurement device. This means it needs to be used
with a measuring device such as a micrometer to
measure the exact size of a bore.

Applications
Telescopic gauges are used to measure the internal diameter
of a bore, hole or groove up to 150mm (6″) in diameter, for example
camshaft bearings or connecting rod bore bearings. They are
primarily used by mechanics measuring the bore size of a
crankcase in an engine where the pistons move up and down.

4) Clinometer
A clinometer is a tool that is used to measure the angle of
elevation, or angle from the ground, in a right - angled triangle.
You can use a clinometer to measure the height of tall things that
you can't possibly reach to the top of, flag poles, buildings, trees.

Construction
Working
 A clinometer is a fairly simple instrument which is
used to measure the angle of a slope. By using the
principles of trigonometry, the height of tall objects
can be calculated from the angles measured.
 A clinometer can easily be made from a large
protractor. A narrow piece of wood should be glued to
the base of the protractor to act as a sighting line. A
weighted plumb line is then fastened to the midpoint
of the base line of the protractor.
 To use the clinometer, hold the base (formed by the
wooden sight) uppermost, so that the plumb line
hangs down vertically (as shown above). Hold the
clinometer out at arm’s length and sight along it,
until your eye and your arm make a straight line
to the top of the tree. Someone else should then
read off the angle made by the plumb line on the
Protractor.

Applications
 Determining latitude using Polaris (in the Northern
Hemisphere) or the two stars of the constellation
Crux (in the Southern Hemisphere).
 Determining the angle of the Earth's magnetic field
with respect to the horizontal plane.
 Showing a deviation from the true vertical or
horizontal.
 Surveying, to measure an angle of inclination or
elevation.
  Alerting an equipment operator that it may tip
over.
 Measuring angles of elevation, slope, or incline.

5) Precision level
A spirit level, precision level or simply a level is an
instrument designed to indicate whether a surface is horizontal
(level) or vertical (plumb). Different types of spirit levels may be
used by carpenters, stonemasons, bricklayers, other building
trades workers, surveyors, millwrights and other metalworkers,
and in some photographic or videographic work.

Construction
Working
 For all spirit levels the sensitivity specification is determined by
the sensitivity of the vials that are used.

 The sensitivity is determined by the radius of curvature of the

vials which the bubble moves across.

 Even though it cannot always be seen, all spirit level vials are
curved.

 The principle of operation is that the bubble willmove to the

highest point of the radius as gravity acts on the liquid inside the
vial.
Applications
 Surveyors’ levelling instrument
 Carpenters’ level
 Line level
 Engineering precision levels

6) Alignment Telescope
The alignment telescope is a precision instrument for the
alignment of objects on a reference line defined by the line of
sight, or optical axis of the telescope.

Construction
Principle
The basic measurement principles available with the Micro
Alignment Telescope system are alignment, squareness, flatness,
autocollimation and auto reflection. The Micro Alignment
Telescope generates a straight line of sight from zero to infinity.
This forms the basic reference from which all measurements are
taken. To measure squareness a pentaprism is used to deviate
the straight line through exactly 90 degrees. A similar rotating
pentaprism is used to generate a plane for flatness measurement.
The Telescope is designed to allow autocollimation and auto reflection,
providing for squareness and angular measurement
using reflective mirror targets. A comprehensive range of
accessories allow the telescope, targets and prisms to be
mounted to the work concerned.
Applications
 Pipes
 Aircraft
 Defense
 Ship building industry
 Electro-optical metrology in submarines.