CHM01 General Chemistry 1

2nd Semester SY 2017-2018

Stoichiometry
Bunquin, Ray Matthew A.1, del Rosario, Miko Geanne2 , Edralin, Janine Dawn M. 2 , Mendigoria, Lester Joseph B.2 ,
Ocsan, John Kacer Aben2 , Quiniquito, Ron Loyd L.2
1
Teacher, Mapúa Senior High School Department, Mapúa University; 2Student (s), Subject/Section, Mapúa Senior High School Department, Mapúa University

ABSTRACT
Stoichiometry is the calculation of relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical calculations. The purpose of the
experiment was to differentiate the limiting reactant which is the first one to be consumed in a chemical reaction from the excess reactant
which is left after a reaction. Another is to be able to compute for the theoretical yield that is the amount of product calculated from the
balanced equation based on the reactants used and percent yield, which is the amount of a product made in the chemical reaction
measured by dividing the amount of the product by the theoretical yield, of a chemical reaction. An experiment was conducted by mixing
20 mL of calcium chloride and 10 mL soduim carbonate which resulted to a milkish-colored mixture, the mixture was filtered using a filter
paper. The mixture was heated by boiling distilled water that will serve as a steam bath for the filtrate that came from the mixture and it
resulted to a powdery final product. Measurements were made throughout the experiment in order to compute for the theoretical and
percent yield of the product. The significance of the research was to be able to show the difference of the limiting and excess reactants
by conducting an experiment and computing for the required outputs based from the measurements of weight from the experiment.

Keywords: Theoretical Yield, Percent Yield, Limiting Reactant, Excess Reactant

INTRODUCTION

Stoichiometry is the measurement among

quantitative relationships, and is used to determine the
amount of products and reactants that are produced or MATERIALS AND METHODS
needed in a given reaction and also describes what specific
substances participate inside the reaction. It is the The experiment was conducted last February 13,
mathematical part of Chemistry and is proposed by 2018 with the assistance of our instructor and by following
Jeremias Benjaim Richter, who was the first to lay down its
the instructions stated on the lab manual. Data was
principles. We find Stoichiometry to be significant because
it helps us calculate a product's mass in a chemical reaction analysed after the processes were conducted by observing
while also looking for the volume of a gas and the ratio of each and taking note of the important details.
reactants inside a chemical reaction. From the past
experiment that we have conducted, stoichiometry will be The experimental apparatus and materials used
the main formula as well as the guide to solving different are listed below:
kinds of chemical reactions as well as the calculations for
Calcium Chloride and Sodium Bicarbonate. In order for us Table 1.1.List of Apparatus
to make a proper Stoichiometric solution, we also need to
look for the main limiting reactant and by scientific terms it Quantity Name of apparatus Quantity Name of
is the substance that is totally consumed when the chemical apparatus
reaction is complete. The amount of product formed is 2 pcs. 150-mL beaker 1 pc. Platform
limited by this reagent, since the reaction cannot continue balance
without it. And as we look for the main limiting reactant, we 1 pc. 50-mL graduated 1 pc. Glass
are given specific amounts predicted by the stoichiometric cylinder stirring rod
calculation based on the number of moles of all reactants 1 pc. Bunsen Burner 1 pc. Funnel
present. These calculations assumes that only one reaction 1 pc. Iron stand 1 pc. Funnel
occurs and that the limiting reactant reacts completely. support
These calculations are called actual yield, percent yield and 1 pc. Electronic Balance 1 pc. Watch
theoretical yield. glass

Experiment 03│ Group No. 5│ Date 02/27/18 1 of 3

 CHM01 General Chemistry 1
2nd Semester SY 2017-2018

1 pc. 400-mL beaker 1 pc. Iron ring

1 pc. spatula Theoretical yield of (actual yield of 1.000869 g
CaCO3) in grams

Percent yield of CaCO3 93.92%

Table 1.2. Materials

20 mL 1M Calcium Filter Paper

Chloride
10 mL 1M Sodium Distilled Water
Carbonate

20-mL of 1M calcium chloride, and 10-mL of 1M

sodium carbonate, was mixed at first, then a 50-mL
graduated cylinder was used in measuring the volumes.
The mixture was thoroughly mixed and then set aside for 5
minutes in order for the reaction to be complete. After that Figure 1.1. Liquid substance of Na2CO3 and CaCl
the mixture should be filtered and used distilled water to (from left to right respectively)
recover left over particles in the sides of the beaker, then
dispose the filtrate to the sink. The next thing to do was
weigh a clean and dry watch glass. After that the filter paper
which contained the precipitate should be placed on top of
the watch glass that was weighed. 300-mL of water was
poured in a 400-mL beaker and brought it to a boil. Once
the water started to boil, the watch glass containing the filter
paper with the precipitate was placed over the beaker and
allowed them to dry for 15 minutes. Then the spatula was
used to carefully scrape the precipitate from the filter paper
onto the watch glass. The watch glass was then placed
over the beaker again for 15 minutes to dry the precipitate Figure 1.2. Mixture of Na2CO3 and CaCl
completely. After the watch glass cooled down, it was
brought to weigh again its mass. From the data gathered
students computed for the actual yield of the precipitate.
Finally, the theoretical yield and the percent yield of the
precipitate was also calculated.

RESULTS

Table 2.1. Stoichiometry calculations

Figure 1.3. Filtration set-up of the mixture

Mass of watch glass in grams 53.33 g

Mass of watch glass and precipitate 54.27 g

in grams

Mass of precipitate (actual yield of 0.94 g

CaCO3) in grams

Experiment 03│ Group No. 5│ Date 02/27/18 2 of 3

 CHM01 General Chemistry 1
2nd Semester SY 2017-2018
Figure 1.4. Steam bath of the watch glass with the
precipitate (CaCO3)
Figure 1.5. Boiling of the watch glass with the scraped
precipitate (CaCO3)
Solutions calcium chloride, CaCl, and sodium
carbonate, Na2CO3, were transparent before they were
mixed together. A gelatin-like structure was formed at first,
following a white colored liquid in the beaker (see Figure
1.2.). To get the precipitate of the mixture the process of
filtration was used. The filtration paper was then placed on
the watch glass above a beaker for boiling (see Figure
1.4.). Weighing of the watch glass with the scraped
precipitate after placing it over a steam bath comes after.
Results of mass is shown in Table 2.1.
Calculations (refer to Table 1.1.):
Actual yield of the precipitate (CaCO3):
Mass of watch glass and precipitate - Mass of watch glass
54.27 g – 53.33 g = 0.94 g
Theoretical yield of CaCO3:
Na2CO3 =
= 0.01 mole CaCO3
Experiment 03│ Group No. 5│ Date 02/27/18
Theoretical yield =
= 1.000869 g
DISCUSSION
During the experiment, Na2CO3 was first
consumed because it was the limiting reactant supported by
the computations shown in the results. We observed the
experiment because studies stated that in a chemical
reaction, there is a limiting reactant and an excess reactant.
As we conducted the experiment, we have observed these
variables. One reactant is supplied in a larger amount. The
product of the chemical reaction tured into a powder (solid)
after heating. Both were clear liquids independently and
produced a white mixture when combined. This proves that
there is a reaction between the two substances and after
heating, the limiting reactant was consumed and an excess
reactant was left.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Though the experiment was a bit time consuming, the
students were able to finish the task and completed the
objectives for this experiment. Na2CO3 was recognized as
the limiting reactant in the chemical reaction (the one that
was consumed first). While, CaCl2 was identified as the
excess reactant shown in both the chemical reaction and
this experiment (the one that is left after the reaction).
Actual yield, theoretical yield and percent yield were also
computed. Besides announcing the time allotted for this
experiment, students that are to perform this experiment
requires focus, especially in timing the steam bath (boiling
of precipitate), doing this would be less time consuming in
completing the experiment.
REFERENCES
1. Calderon, E. J., & Santos, N. D. (n.d.). SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
MANUAL - PART I.
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