Building Service III

Unit 4:MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT

➢ Mechanized transportation in buildings:

✓ Lifts,
✓ escalators,
✓ Conveyors,
✓ Traveletors.
✓ Hot water boilers and diesel generators.
Mechanized transportation in buildings:
Elevator:
➢ An elevator (or lift) is a vertical transport vehicle that efficiently moves people or goods
between floors of a building.
➢ They are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables and
counterweight systems, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston.

A set of lifts in the lower level of a

London Underground station in the
United Kingdom. The arrows indicate
each lift's position and direction of
travel.
Observation elevators at the 240 Sparks
shopping center

An elevator in National University of Singapore

➢ Hydraulic lifts use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power) to
pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car (see Hydraulic
elevators below).

➢ Roped hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower
cars. Recent innovations include permanent magnet motors, machine room-less rail mounted
gearless machines, and microprocessor controls.

➢ The technology used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic lifts are
cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very
high lift hoist ways.

➢ For buildings of much over seven stories, traction lifts must be employed instead.
Hydraulic lifts are usually slower than traction lifts.
Elevator doors:
➢ Elevator doors protect riders from falling into the shaft. The most common configuration is
to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally.

➢ In a cascading configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space),

the doors run on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked behind one another,
and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side.

➢ This can be configured so that two sets of such cascading doors operate like the center
opening doors described above, allowing for a very wide elevator cab.

➢ In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large "slab" door: a single
panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally.
Uses of elevators:
Passenger service
➢ A passenger elevator is designed to move people between a building's floors.
➢ Passenger elevators capacity is related to the available floor space. Generally passenger
elevators are available in capacities from 1,000 to 6,000 pounds (450–2,700 kg) in 500 lb
(230 kg) increments.
➢ Generally passenger elevators in buildings eight floors or less are hydraulic or electric,
which can reach speeds up to 200 ft/min (1.0 m/s) hydraulic and up to 500 ft/min electric.

➢ In buildings up to ten floors, electric and gearless elevators are likely to have speeds up to
500 ft/min (2.5 m/s), and above ten floors speeds begin at 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s) up to
2000 ft/min (10 m/s).
Types of passenger elevators:
Passenger elevators may be specialized for the service they perform, including:
➢ Hospital emergency (Code blue), front and rear entrances, double decker, and other uses.
Express Elevator:
➢ An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves between the ground
floor and a skylobby, or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to a range of floors,
skipping floors in between. These are especially popular in eastern Asia.
The former World Trade Center's twin towers used skylobbies, located on the 44th and 78th floors of each tower.
Capacity:
➢ Residential elevators may be small enough to only accommodate one person while some
are large enough for more than a dozen.
➢ Wheelchair, or platform lifts, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a wheelchair
6 ft (1.8 m) or less, often can accommodate just one person in a wheelchair at a time with a
load of 1000 lb (450 kg).
Freight elevators:
➢ A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than
passengers.
➢ Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use
by passengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight elevators
allow dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser.
➢ Freight elevators are typically larger and capable of carrying heavier loads than a
passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg.
➢ Freight elevators may have manually operated doors, and often have rugged interior
finishes to prevent damage while loading and unloading.
➢ Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electric elevators are more energy efficient for
the work of freight lifting.

A specialized fright elevator from 1905 for lifting narrow gauge railroad cars between a railroad freight
house and the Chicago Tunnel Company tracks below.
Stage lifts:
➢ Stage and orchestra lifts are specialized lifts, typically powered by hydraulics, that are used
to lift entire sections of a theater stage.
For example,
➢Radio City Music Hall has four such lifts, an "orchestra lift" that covers a large area of the
stage, and three smaller lifts near the rear of the stage.

➢ In this case, the orchestra lift is powerful enough to raise an

entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers
Vehicle elevators:
➢ Vehicular elevators are used within buildings with limited space (in lieu of ramps) to move
cars into the parking garage.
➢ Geared hydraulic chains (not unlike bicycle chains) generate lift for the platform and there
are no counterweights.
➢ To accommodate building designs and improve accessibility, the platform may rotate so
that the driver only has to drive forward.
➢ Most vehicle elevators have a weight capacity of 2 tons, while some are large enough for
20-ton commercial vehicles.
Boat elevators:
➢ In some smaller canals, boats and small ships can pass between different levels of a canal
with a boat lift rather than through a canal lock.
Aircraft elevators:
➢ On aircraft carriers, elevators carry aircraft between the flight deck and the hangar deck
for operations or repairs.
➢ These elevators are designed for much greater capacity than other
elevators, up to 200,000 pounds (90 tonnes) of aircraft and equipment.

➢ Smaller elevators lift munitions to the flight deck from magazines deep
inside the ship.
Residential elevator:
➢ The residential elevator is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than full
commercial elevators.
➢ They may have unique design characteristics suited for home furnishings, such as hinged
wooden shaft-access doors rather than the typical metal sliding doors of commercial
elevators.
➢ Construction may be less robust than in commercial designs with shorter maintenance
periods, but safety systems such as locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and
emergency phones must still be present in the event of malfunction.
Dumb waiter:
➢ Dumbwaiters are small freight
elevators that are intended to carry
food rather than passengers.

➢ They often link kitchens with rooms

on other floors.

View of a dumb waiter

Paternoster:
➢ A special type of elevator is the paternoster, a constantly moving chain
of boxes.

➢ A similar concept, the humanlift, moves only a small platform, which

the rider mounts while using a handhold and was once seen in multi-
story industrial plants.
Material handling belts and belt elevators:
➢ A different kind of elevator is used to transport material. It generally consists of an
inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to
prevent the material from sliding backwards.

➢ These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such
mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage
in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator.

There have occasionally been lift belts for humans:

➢ These typically have steps about every seven feet along the length of the belt, which
moves vertically, so that the passenger can stand on one step and hold on to the one
above.

➢ These belts are sometimes used, for example, to carry the employees of parking garages,
but are considered too dangerous for public use.
Types of lifts-Based on working principle:

➢ Traction
- Geared traction - Gearless traction
➢ Hydraulic
Components of an Elevator:
➢ an elevator car
➢ a counterweight

➢ drive means including a drive motor

connected to a drive sheave, drive sheave
having a periphery rotatable about a drive
axis

➢ Cable groove means on the periphery of

sheave which defines at least one cable groove

➢ Cable interconnecting elevator car and

counterweight while disposed about drive
sheave.
Geared Traction Elevators:
➢ Geared Traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors
➢ Geared machines use worm gears to mechanically control movement of elevator cars by
"rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a
high speed motor.
➢ These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for
speeds up to 350 ft/min.
Machine roomless traction elevators:
Gearless Traction Elevators:

➢ Gearless Traction machines are

high speed electric motors
powered by AC or DC current.

➢ In this case the drive sheave is

directly attached to the end of
motor.
TRACTION ELEVATORS:

PLAN AND MACHINE ROOM DETAILS

 Hydraulic elevators
➢ Hydraulic elevator
systems lift a car using
a hydraulic ram, a fluid-
driven piston mounted
inside a cylinder.
➢The cylinder is connected
to a fluid-pumping system
(typically, hydraulic systems
like this use oil, but other
incompressible fluids would
also work). The hydraulic
system has three parts

➢ A tank (the fluid reservoir)

➢ A pump, powered by an electric motor
➢ A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir
Types of hydraulic elevators

➢ Holed
hydraulic
elevators

➢ Holeless
hydraulic
elevators
 Holed Hydraulic
system
• In Holed Hydraulic
systems, a car is
connected to the top of
a piston that moves up
and down in a cylinder.
Movement is controlled
by a hydraulic valve. As
fluid is pumped into the
cylinder, the car rises;
as the fluid returns to
the reservoir, the car
lowers.
 Holeless Hydraulic
system
• The Holeless Hydraulic
system eliminates the
need for either a well
hole or buried piping.
The best application for
the Holeless product is
most any 2-story
building with less than
14' of travel from one
floor to the other.
 Hydraulic elevators

➢ Holeless hydraulic elevators

➢ Holed hydraulic elevators
HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR-PLAN AND MACHINE
ROOM DETAILS
HYDRAULIC
ELEVATOR
Planning for Elevators:
➢ Architectural finishing of the walls and floors in the vicinity of the entrance hall after
installation has been completed.
➢ Code-compliant construction of a legal, ventilated and waterproof hoist way and controller
room as required by engineering criteria to be famished later.
➢ A ladder to the elevator pit.
➢ Provision for cutting the necessary openings as required by elevator contractor.
➢ Rail and building supports as required by elevator contractor.
➢ All work normally related to building construction.
➢ All necessary electrical power required for elevator operation, delivered to elevator
controller room and hoist way.
➢ The installation of conduit between the elevator pit and the terminating point for the
emergency bell, intercom, fire-panel, etc.
➢Temporary power for installation and final testing.
➢ Code-compliant barricades, work lighting and acceptable electrical power during
installation and testing.
➢ The provision of a suitable, locked storage space for elevator equipment and tools during
elevator installation.
➢* Work responsibilities during installation and construction shall be determined according
to local codes and building practices.
Escalators:
Escalators- History of escalators:

Around 1900,Charles Seeberger

came up with the name “Escalator”
is a combination of “elevator” and
“Scala” (steps).

The Seeberger-otis produced the

first step-type escalator and it was
installed at the Paris Exhibition of
Escalator or Moving Stairway at Sixth Avenue and 1900.
Thirty-third Street Station of Elevated Railway,
New York City.
An escalator is just a simple
variation on the conveyer belt.A
Early escalators were known as : pair of rotating chain loops pull a
➢Travelling Elevators series of stairs in a constant cycle.
➢ Inclined elevators
➢Magic stairway
A Duplex Escalator of the Cleat Type in a Department Store This type of escalator
makes use of hard wood cleats in place of steps..

➢ In the original type of escalator the steps

flatten out into a level platform at top and
bottom, easy to step on and off, and divide
into regular steps as they climb upward.

➢ The Cleat Escalator: In the Cleat Escalator

there are no steps, it is composed of
hardwood cleats moving in longitudinal
ridges and grooves, with a handrail on
either side moving at the same speed. The
platform glides through the prongs of a
comb at a moderate speed..
Estimated stepping on or off at the bottom or top,
more than 10,000 people an hour.
A Cleat Type Escalator, Showing the
Hardwood Cleats Used in Place of
Steps.

A Gravity Conveyor - Single Spiral Open Type

For the quick and safe conveyance of heavy
goods from upper to lower levels….
How Escalators work:

➢ An escalator is a power-driven, continuous moving stairway designed to transport

passengers up and down short vertical distances

➢ Escalators and moving walkways, are powered by constant speed alternating current
motors and move at approximately 1-2 ft (0.3-0.6 m) per second.

➢ The maximum angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal is 30 degrees with a

standard rise up to about 60 ft (18 m). On the top of each balustrade, a handrail should be
provided at a height of 0.85 to 1.10 m.

➢ The handrail at each extremity of the escalator, where the steps move horizontally, should
extend at least 0.30 m beyond the landing plate and the newel including the handrail at
least 0.60 m beyond.

➢ The incline of an escalator should not exceed 30°, though it may be increased to 35° if the
vertical rise is 6 m or less and the speed along the incline is limited to 0.50 m/s. The clear
height above the steps at all points should be not less than 2.30 m.
How Escalators work:
How Escalators work:
➢ The core of an escalator is a pair of chains,
looped around two pair of gears. An
Electric motor turns the drive gears at the
top, which rotate the chain loops. The
motor and the chain system are housed
inside the truss, a metal structure
extending between two floors.

➢ Instead of moving a flat belt as in a

conveyer belt,the chain loops move a
series of steps.At the top and bottom of
the escalator, the steps collapse on each
other creating a flat platform.
Escalators:
lower landing
Platform located at the foot of the escalator.
upper landing
Platform located at the head of the
escalator.
comb
Part with teeth that mesh with the grooves
in the step, preventing objects from entering
the escalator’s internal mechanism.
step
Articulated horizontal part for standing on
when going up or down.
balustrade skirt
Chest-high part on each side of the Section projecting from each side of the
escalator. escalator; its function is to secure the
balustrade.
handrail newel
Moving part along the balustrade for Rounded section of the balustrade, located
holding onto. on the landing.
Escalators:

Escalators have three typical configuration options: parallel, crisscross

and multiple parallel

parallel (up and down escalators

"side by side or separated by a
distance",
Escalators:

crisscross (minimizes structural space requirements by "stacking"

escalators that go in one direction, frequently used in department stores
or shopping centers)
Escalators:

multiple parallel (two or more

escalators together that travel in
one direction next to one or two
escalators in the same bank that
travel in the other direction)
Escalators are required to have
moving handrails that keep pace
with the movement of the steps.
The direction of movement (up or
down) can be permanently
Components of an Escalator:

➢ Top and bottom landing platforms

➢ The truss

➢ The tracks

➢ The steps

➢ The railing
 Landing platforms:

➢ These two platforms house the curved

sections of the tracks, as well as the
gears and motors that drive the stairs.
The top platform contains the motor
assembly and the main drive gear

➢ the platforms contain a floor plate and a

comb plate.

➢The floor plate provides a place for the passengers to stand before they step onto the
moving stairs. This plate is flush with the finished floor and is either hinged or removable
to allow easy access to the machinery below.
The truss:
The truss is a hollow metal
structure that bridges the lower
and upper landings.
It is composed of two side sections
joined together with cross braces
across the bottom and just below the
top.
The ends of the truss are attached to
the top and bottom landing platforms
via steel or concrete supports.

The truss carries all the straight track

sections connecting the upper and lower
sections.
 Tracks:

➢ The track system is built into the

truss to guide the step chain, which
continuously pulls the steps from
the bottom platform and back to
the top in an endless loop.

➢ There are actually two tracks:

one for the front wheels of the
steps (called the step-wheel
track) and one for the back
wheels of the steps (called the
trailer-wheel track).

The relative positions of these tracks cause the steps to form a staircase as they
move out from under the comb plate.
Tracks:
The tracks are spaced apart
in such a way that each step
will always remain level.

At the top and bottom of the

escalator, the tracks level off to a
horizontal position, flattening
the stairway.

This causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheet-like arrangement, one after another, so
they can easily travel around the bend in the curved section of track.
STEPS:

The steps themselves are solid, one piece, die-cast aluminum or

steel.Yellow demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate their
edges.

In most escalator models , both the

riser and the tread of each step is
cleated (given a ribbed appearance)
with comb like protrusions that
mesh with the comb plates on the
top and bottom platforms and the
succeeding steps in the chain.
STEPS:

The steps are linked by a

continuous metal chain that
forms a closed loop.
The front and back edges of the
steps are each connected to two
wheels.
The rear wheels are set further
apart to fit into the back track
and the front wheels have
shorter axles to fit into the
narrower front track.
HAND RAIL:
➢ A handrail is simply a rubber conveyer belt that is looped around a series of wheels,
provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are riding the escalator.

➢ In an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a chain that is connected to the
main drive gear by a series of pulleys.

➢ This belt is precisely configured so that it moves at exactly the same speed as the steps, to
give riders some stability.
Safety considerations:
➢ Fire protection automatic sprinklers or fireproof shutters to the opening, or by installing
the escalator in an enclosed fire-protected hall.
➢ overheating, adequate ventilation for the spaces that contain the motors and gears must
be provided.
➢ It is preferred that a traditional staircase be located adjacent to the escalator if the
escalator is the primary means of transport between floors.
➢ It may also be necessary to provide an elevator lift adjacent to an escalator for
wheelchairs and disabled persons.

LINEAR HEAT DETECTION

Safety measures-Escalator:
Conveyor system:
➢ Conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves
materials from one location to another.

➢ Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or

bulky materials.

➢ Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials,
which make them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries.

Many kinds of conveying systems are available, and are used according to the various needs of different industries
Horizontal moving
Walkways:

Moving walkways, also known as moving sidewalks, travelators, walkalators, are built in one
of two basic styles:

➢ Pallet type -- a continuous series of flat metal plates mesh together to form a walkway.
Most have a metal surface, though some models have a rubber surface for extra traction.

➢ Moving belt -- these are generally built with mesh metal belts or rubber walking surfaces
over metal rollers. The walking surface may have a solid feel or a "bouncy" feel.

➢ Both types of moving walkway have a grooved surface to mesh with combplates at the
ends. Also, all moving walkways are built with moving handrails similar to those on
escalators.

➢ Moving walkways are often used in airports where there is a long distance to walk
between terminals, and in metro stations.
 ASSIGNMENT NO-01

SERVICES IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

LIFTS AND ESCALATERS
-DESIGN PARAMETERS-
sankar

SECOND SEM-
M.ARCH
SVSSOA
ARASAMPALAYAM
COIMBATORE
 LIFT

➢ An appliance designed to transport persons

or materials between two or more levels in
a vertical or substantially vertical direction
by means of a guided car or platform.

➢ The word ‘elevator’ is also synonymously

used for ‘lift’.

LIFT CAR

➢ The load carrying unit with its floor or

platform, car frame and enclosing
bodywork.

LIFT LANDING

➢ The portion of a building or structure used

for discharge of passengers or goods or
both into or from a lift car.
 LIFT MACHINE

The part of the lift equipment

comprising the motor and the
control gear therewith, reduction
gear (if any), brake(s) and winding
drum or sheave, by which the lift car
is raised or lowered.

LIFT WELL

The unobstructed space within an

enclosure provided for the vertical
movement of the lift car.

LIFT PIT

The space in the lift well below the

level of the lowest lift landing
served.
 STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS

MACHINE ROOM

➢ Floors shall be designed to carry a load of not less than 350 kg/m2 over the
whole area and also any load which may be imposed thereon by the
equipment used in the machine room or by any reaction from any such
equipment both during periods of normal operation and repair.

HOISTING BEAMS

➢ The total load on overhead beams shall be assumed as equal to all equipment
resting on the beams plus twice the maximum load suspended from the
beams.

➢ The factor of safety for all overhead beams and supports based on ultimate
strength of the material and load shall be not less than the following:
▪ For Steel is 5
▪ For Reinforced Concrete is 7
 LIFT WELL

➢ The side wall of the lift well may be made of reinforced cement concrete at
least 150 mm thick so as to provide satisfactory anchoring arrangement for
fixing.

LIFT PIT

➢ Pits shall be of sound construction and maintained in a dry and clean

condition.

➢ Where necessary, provision shall be made for permanent drainage and where
the pit depth exceeds 1.5 m suitable descending arrangement shall be
provided to reach the lift pit.

➢ A suitable fixed ladder or other descending facility in the form of permanent

brackets grouted in the wall extending to a height of 0.75 m above the lowest
floor level shall be provided.

➢ A light point with a switch shall also be provided for facility of maintenance
and repair work.
 PLANNING REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTHORITY APPROVAL

➢ The architect/engineer should advise the lift manufacturer, if the Authority

has any special requirements regarding lifts in buildings in the administrative
area concerned.

➢ The architect/engineer should inform the lift/escalator manufacturer about

the dates when the erection of the lift/escalator may be commenced and is
to be completed so that sufficient time is allowed for the manufacture and
erection of the lift/escalator.

➢ When submitting application for a building permit to the local Authority, the
building plans shall include the details of lifts (number of lifts duly
numbered, location, type, type of doors, passenger capacity and speed).
 WORKING DRAWINGS TO BE PREPARED BY THE LIFT/ ESCALATOR
MANUFACTURER

➢ The lift/escalator manufacturer requires sufficient information for the

preparation of working drawings and is usually obtained from architect’s
drawings supplemented by any information obtained from the site and by
collaboration with tie other contractors.

➢ Working drawings showing the layout of lift/escalator duly numbered, details

of builders work, for example, holes in walls for guide fixing, holes in
machine room floor for ropes and conduits, recesses for landing sills,
supports for lift/escalator machine and loads imposed on the building.

➢ This should be submitted by the lift/escalator manufacturer to the

architect/engineer for written approval.
 ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENT

➢ For information of the electrical engineer, the lift/ escalator manufacturer

should advise the architect engineer of his requirements.

➢ This information should be available early in the planning stage so that the
electrical supply requirements of the lift(s)/ escalator(s) may be included in
the electrical provisions of the building and that suitable cables and
switchgear may be provided.

➢ Power supply mains

▪ The lift sub-circuit from the intake room should be separate from other
building service. Each lift should be capable of being isolated from the
mains supply. This means of isolation should be lockable.
▪ For banks of interconnected lifts, a separate sub-circuit is required for the
common supervisory system, in order that any car may be shut down
without isolating the supervisory control of the remainder.

➢ Lighting - Machine rooms and all other rooms containing lift equipment
should be provided with adequate illumination and with a switch fixed
adjacent to the entrance. At least one socket outlet, suitable for lamps or
tools, should be provided in each room.
 NUMBER OF LIFTS AND CAPACITY

➢ Two basic considerations, namely, the quantity of service required

and the quality of service desired, determine the type of lifts to be
provided in a particular building.

➢ Quantity of service gives the passenger handling capacity of the

lifts during the peak periods and

➢ the quality of service is measured in terms of waiting time of

passengers at various floors.

➢ The number of passenger lifts and their capacities, that is load

and speed, required for a given building depend on the
characteristics of the building.
➢ The most important of these are:

▪ Number of floors to be served by the lift;

▪ Floor to floor distance;
▪ Population of each floor to be served and
▪ Maximum peak demand; this demand maybe unidirectional, as
in up and down peak periods, or a two-way traffic movement.

➢ A lift installation for building is normally designed to populate the

building at a given rate and the three main factors to be considered
are:
▪ population or the number of people who require lift service.
▪ handling capacity of the maximum flow rate required by these
people.
▪ interval or the quality of service required.
 POPULATION

➢ The first point to be ascertained from the eventual occupier is the total
building population and whether this is likely to increase in the future.

➢ Average population density can vary from about one person per 4 m2 to
one person per 20 m2.

➢ It is essential, therefore, that some indication of the probable population

density should be obtained from the building owner.

➢ If no indication is possible (a speculative development for example)

population in the region of 5 m2 per person for general office buildings is
usually assumed.
 QUANTITY OF SERVICE

➢ The quantity of service is a measure of the passenger handling capacity of

a vertical transportation system.

➢ It is measured in terms of the total number of passengers handled during

each five-minute peak period of the day.

➢ A five-minute base period is used as this is the most practical time over
which the traffic can be averaged.

➢ The recommended passenger handling capacity for various buildings is as

follows:

Type of Building Handling Capacity

Office Diversified tenants 10 to 15 percent
Office Single tenant 15 to 25 percent
Residential 7.5 percent
 QUALITY OF SERVICE

1. The quality of service is generally measured by the passenger waiting time

at the various floors.

2. For residential buildings longer intervals should be permissible.

3. The following shall be the guiding factor for determining this aspect.

Quality of Service or Acceptable Interval

20 to 25 seconds Excellent
30 to 35 seconds Good
34 to 40 seconds Fair
45 seconds Poor
Over 45 seconds Unsatisfactory
 CAPACITY

➢ The minimum size of car recommended for a single purpose buildings is one
suitable for a duty load of 884 kg. [68k/person]

➢ Generally, for large office buildings cars with capacities up to 2040 kg are
recommended according to the requirements.

SPEED

➢ It is dependent upon the quantity of service required and the quality of

service desired .

➢ Therefore, no set formulae for indicating the speed can be given.

➢ However, the following general recommendations are made:

No. of Floors Speed
4 t0 5 0.5 to 0.75 m/s
6 t012 0.75 to 1.5 m/s
12 t0 20 1.5 to 2.5 m/s
Above 20 2.5 m/s and above
 LAYOUT

➢ The shape and size of the passenger lift car

bears a distinct relation to its efficiency as a
medium of traffic handling.

➢ study of the most suitable proportions for

these lifts reveal that the width of the lift
well entrance is in reality, the basic element
in the determination of the best
proportions.

➢ In other words, the width of the car is

determined by the width of the entrance
and the depth of the car is regulated by the
loading per square meter permissible under
National Building Code.

➢ Centre opening doors are more practicable

and efficient entrance units for passenger
lifts.
 DETERMINATION OF TRANSPORTATION OR HANDLING CAPACITY

The handling capacity is calculated by the following formula:

H = Handling capacity as the percentage of the peak population handled

during 5 min period,
Q = Average number of passengers carried in a car,
T = Waiting interval in seconds, and
P = Total population to be handled during peak morning period. (It is related
to the area served by a particular bank of lifts.)

➢ The value of Q depends on the dimensions of the car.

➢ It maybe noted that the car is not loaded always to its maximum capacity
during each trip and, therefore, for calculating H the value of Q is taken as 80
percent of the maximum carrying capacity of the car.
The waiting interval
is calculated by the following formula:

where
T = Waiting interval in seconds,
N = Number of lifts, and
RTT = Round trip time,

RTT is, the average time required by each lift in taking one full load of
passengers from ground floor, discharging them in various upper floors and
coming back to ground floor for taking fresh passengers for the next trip.

➢ Reducing the RTT of a lift from 120 to 100 increases its handling capacity by
20 percent.

➢ The round trip time can be decreased not only by increasing the speed of
the lift but also by improving the design of the equipment.
➢ These factors are discussed below:

▪ The most important factor in shortening the time consumed between

the entry and the exit of the passengers to the lift car is the correct
design of the doors and the proper car width.

▪ The utilization of centre opening doors has been a definite factor in

improving passenger transfer time, since when using this type of door
the passengers, as a general rule, begin to move before the doors have
been completely opened.

QUIET OPERATION OF LIFTS

➢ Every precaution should be taken with passenger lifts to ensure quiet

operation of the lift doors and machinery.

➢ The insulating of the lift machine and any motor generator from the floor by
robber cushions or by a precast concrete slab with rubber cushions,
prevents transmission of most of the noise.
 LIFT LOBBY SIZE

➢ The lift lobby should be designed appropriately since this has bearing on
the traffic handling especially when more number of lifts are involved.

➢ In a dual line arrangement (lifts opposite to each other) the lobby can be
between 1.5 times to 2.5 times the depth of one car.

➢ Typically, the more the number of lifts the bigger the multiple to be used. As
an example a quadruplex may use 1.5 to 2 times where as an octoplex will
need 2 to 2.5 times.

➢ For in-line (single line) arrangements, the lobby can be typically half of the
above recommendations.

➢ It is preferable that the lift lobby is not used as a thoroughfare but in such
cases the lift corridor shall take into account space for people who are
moving.
 ARRANGEMENT OF LIFTS
➢ The lifts should be easily accessible from all
entrances to the building. For maximum efficiency,
they should be grouped near the centre of the
building.
➢ It is preferably not to have all the lifts out in straight
line and, if possible, not more than three lifts should
be arranged in this manner.
➢ It has to be kept in mind that the corridor should be
wide enough to allow sufficient space for waiting
passengers as well as for through passengers.
➢ When two lifts are installed side by side, the machine room shall be
suitably planned with sufficient space for housing the machine equipment.

➢ The positioning of lifts side by side gives the following advantages:

a) all machines and switch gear may be housed in one machine room,

b) the lifts can be inter-connected more conveniently from an

installation point of view, and

c) greater convenience in service owing to the landing openings and

each floor being adjacent.
ESCALATORS AND TRAVELATORS
 HISTORY OF ESCALATORS

Escalator = Elevator + Scala (Steps)

❑ Nathan Ames, of Saugus, Massachusetts, in the

US, invented the first escalator in 1859.He
called his invention as a revolving stairs but in
the patent he does not mentioned the type of
material he would be using.

❑ Jesse Reno patented the first endless conveyor

or elevator in 1892. He produced the first
working escalator, which he called the inclined
elevator. This escalator was installed next to
the Old Iron Pier on Coney Island, New York, in
1896.

❑ The escalator was later redesigned by Charles

Seeberger in 1897 who created the name
‘escalator’ from the word ‘scala’, which in latin
means steps and the word ‘elevator’ which
had been already invented.
 INTRODUCTION

❑ An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying

people between floors of a building.

❑ The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that

move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.

❑ Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places
where elevators would be impractical.

❑ Principal areas of usage include department stores, shopping malls, airports,

transit systems, convention centers, hotels, arenas, stadiums and public
buildings.
 DESIGN AND LAYOUT CONSIDERATION

❑ Escalators, like moving walkways, are often powered by constant-speed

alternating current motors and move at approximately 1–2 feet (0.3–0.6 m)
per second.
❑ The typical angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is
30 degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet (18 m).
❑ Modern escalators have single-piece aluminum or stainless steel steps that
move on a system of tracks in a continuous loop.
❑ A number of factors affect escalator design, including physical requirements,
location, traffic patterns, safety considerations, and aesthetic preferences.
❑ Foremost, physical factors like the vertical and horizontal distance to be
spanned must be considered.
 COMPONENTS OF ESCALATORS

❑ Landing platform: These two platforms house the

curved sections of the tracks, as well as the gears
and motors that drive the stairs. The top platform
contains the motor assembly and the main drive
gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler
sprockets.

❑ Floor plate: It provides a place for the passengers to

stand before they step onto the moving stairs. This
plate is flush with the finished floor and is either
hinged or removable to allow easy access to the
machinery below.

❑ Truss: The truss is a hollow metal structure that

bridges the lower and upper landings. It is
composed of two side sections joined together with
cross braces across the bottom and just below the
top. The ends of the truss are attached to the top
and bottom landing platforms via steel or concrete
supports. The truss carries all the straight track .
 COMPONENTS OF ESCALATORS

❑ Steps: The steps themselves are solid, one

piece, die-cast aluminum or steel. The steps are
linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a
closed loop. The front and back edges of the
steps are each connected to two wheels. The
rear wheels are set further apart to fit into the
back track and the front wheels have shorter
axles to fit into the narrower front track. These
are basically moving platform on which
escalator passengers ride.

❑ Handrail: The handrail provides a convenient

handhold for passengers while they are riding
the escalator. In an escalator, the handrail is
pulled along its track by a chain that is
connected to the main drive gear by a series of
pulleys. It is constructed of four distinct
sections. At the center of the handrail is a
"slider", also known as a "glider ply", which is a
layer of a cotton or synthetic textile.
❑ Deck board: These are used for preventing
clothing from getting caught and other such
problems.

❑ Balustrade: The side of an escalator

extending above the Steps, which includes
Skirt Guard, Interior Panel, Deck Board and
Moving Handrails.

❑ Tracks: The track system is built into the

truss to guide the step chain, which
continuously pulls the steps from the
bottom platform and back to the top in an
endless loop. There are actually two tracks:
one for the front wheels of the steps
(called the step-wheel track) and one for
the back wheels of the steps (called the
trailer-wheel track). The relative positions
of these tracks cause the steps to form a
staircase as they move out from under the
comb plate. This right angle bends the steps
into a shape resembling a staircase.
 WORKING OF ESCALATORS

❑ The escalator machinery is hidden beneath

its steps in what is known as the truss and at
the top of the escalator, housed in the truss,
is an electric motor which runs the four
gears that all escalators have two drive
gears on either side at the top and two
return gears on either side at the bottom
and the gears have chains that loop around
the gears and run down each side of the
escalator then they are connected to each
step, these chains help the steps make their
way up, or down, the escalator where the
handrails that riders use for balance and
safety on their ride up or down escalators
are powered by the same system that
powers the steps and finally at the handrails
are essentially long rubber loops connected
to the two drive gears at the top of the
escalator and powered by the same electric
motor that powers the steps.
 TYPES OF ESCALATORS

❑ PARALLEL:

These type of escalator go up and

down simultaneously.

1. Speed: 0.5m/s
2. Inclination: 30, 35
3. Step width: 800 / 1000
4. Power: 50 Hz / 3p
5. Handrails: Rubber /Stainless steel
6. Step: stainless steel
7. Landing plate: anti skid stainless
steel.
8. Operation: Emergency stop
button/ Key switch / Inspection
operation.
9. Illumination: lighting under upper
and lower landing steps.
10. Indicator: Failure indicator on
control cabinet.
 ❑ MULTI PARALLEL:

1. Speed: 0.5m/s
2. Inclinations: 30, 35
3. Step widths: 800 / 1000
4. Power: 50 Hz / 3p
5. Handrails: Rubber /Stainless
steel
6. Step: stainless steel
7. Landing plate: anti skid
stainless steel
8. Operation: Emergency stop
button/ Key switch /
Inspection operation.
9. Illumination: lighting under
upper and lower landing
steps.
10. Indicator: Failure indicator
on control cabinet.
 ❑ SPIRAL TYPE ESCALATORS:

These are used to enhance

the architectural beauty and
to save the space.

1. Inclined Angle : 30"

2. Rated Speed [m/sec] : .25

3. Number of Persons : 6300 per

hour

4. Rated Speed :25 m/ min.

5. Vertical Rise ( m ) : 3500 ~

6600
 ❑ CRISS-CROSS:

They stacks the escalators that go

in single direction and reduces
structural space requirement.

1. Step width: 600 / 800 / 1000

2. Power: 300V / 50 Hz / 3p
3. Handrails: Rubber /Stainless
steel.
4. Step: stainless steel.
5. Landing plate: anti skid
stainless steel.
6. Operation: Emergency stop
button / Key switch / Inspection
operation.
7. Illumination: lighting under
upper and lower landing steps.
8. Indicator: Failure indicator on
control cabinet.
 ADVANTAGES OF ESCALATORS

❑ It helps a large no. of people in moving from one place to another at the same
time and they reduce the need of elevator because people would not have to
wait for elevator and escalator can carry a large no. of people at the same time.

❑ It is helpful for the people that have pain in their legs and joints i.e it provide
comfort to the people

❑ Their speed can be adjusted which is helpful in managing the crowd.

❑ When turned off they can be used a staircase.

DISADVANTAGES OF ESCALATORS

❑ Waste of energy when not in use.

❑ Possible Injuries when stopped suddenly

❑ Source of fear for small children