KINSHIP TERMS IN ENGLISH AND SIAU

LANGUAGE: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS

Research Design

Present As a Requirement for Seminar Examination

By

Tesya Sasaghapu

16091102095

English Department

SAM RATULANGI UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

2021
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to God, The Most Gracious and

The Most Merciful, for love, guidance, and strength. So I can finish this research

design with the title “ Kinship terms in English and Siau language” which will be

presented at the seminar examination at the Faculty of Humanities, Sam Ratulangi

University. The researcher would like to give deep appreciation and thank you to

Dr.Jultje A.J. Rattu, S.S, M.Mktg, as a supervisor for the research material someone

who gives the researcher the best guidance, suggestion, and patience which was very

helpful in finishing this research design. And also researcher would like to give deep

appreciation to Donald R. Lotulong S.S, M.Hum., as a technical supervisor someone

who has to guide the writer properly and correct any mistake that the writer did to prove

the quality and complete the research design.

Finally, I would like to thank everybody who was taken part to help finish this

research. The writer knows This undergraduate Research is far from perfect, but it is

expected that it will be useful not only for the researcher but also for the readers. For

this reason, constructive thoughts, suggestions, and critics are welcomed.

Manado, 2021

Tesya Sasaghapu

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………….i

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………..…….ii

I. RATIONALE.........................................................................................1

II. STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS...................................................................4

III. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH...................................................................5

IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH...............................................................5

V. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE....................................................5

VI. THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK.................................................................9

VII. METHODOLOGY......................................................................................15

VIII. WORKING SCHEDULE………………………………………...……….16

IX. THE OUTLINE OF DISCUSSION……………………..……………….16

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………...18

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TITLE : Kinship Terms In English And Siau Language: A Contrastive Analysis

I. RATIONALE

Culture is a perspective that a group of people has that is reflected in their actions

and social relationships. Condon in Ming Mu Kuo (1973: 2), states that culture can be

defined as a way of life. Wherever people live, their behavior and thoughts follow and

are generally based on their own culture. Culture has many different elements, which

include ideas, habits, skills, arts, and tools that characterize a group of people over a

certain period of time. One of the elements most often used in everyday life is language.

Language is an important thing that cannot be separated from human life. We

can convey our feelings or something that we are thinking about through language.

(Trudgill 1974: 14) defines language as a very important tool for building and

maintaining relationships with other people. Both aspects of language behavior are very

important from a social point of view whose main function in the language is to build

social relations, both roles played by language convey information about the speaker.

Linguistics is the science of language which is divided into two branches, namely:

microlinguistics and macro linguistics. Micro linguistics directs its study of the internal

structure of a particular language or language internals in general. What is studied in

microlinguistics is phonology (the branch of linguistics that studies language about the

sounds of language) morphology (the branch of linguistics that studies the structure of

words), syntax (the branch of linguistics that studies word formation), and Semantics

(the branch of linguistics that studies meaning). Meanwhile, studies of macro linguistics

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include Sociolinguistics (a branch of linguistics that studies the application of language

in social communication), Psycholinguistics is a branch of linguistics that studies the

mental aspects of language and speech), Anthropolinguistics (a branch of linguistics that

studies the combination of language and cultural elements), Stylistics (a branch of

linguistics that studies language style), and dialectology (a branch of linguistics that

studies language variations (https://www.linguistikid.com/2016/12/cabang-cabang-

ilmu-linguistik.html?m=1)

Researchers are interested in researching one of the branches of linguistics

above, namely sociolinguistics, Sociolinguistics is an interdisciplinary field of science

that studies language in relation to the use of that language in society.

(https://www.coursehero.com/file/74023481/SOSIOLINGUISTIKpptx/), there are

several fields in sociolinguistics, namely, kinship terms, taboo words, bilingualism,

smoothing expressions, and so on. In this study, researchers conducted research on the

term kinship.

The term kinship is part of the language associated with culture. The kinship

system is generally reflected in the kinship vocabulary. This is the reason that cultural

experts tend to be interested in some aspects of language. We can assume that kinship

relationships in English-speaking societies are characterized by vocabulary: son,

daughter, grandson, grandfather, grandmother, uncle, aunt, and cousin (Trudgiil, 1983:

27).

The term kinship is not only found in English but also Siau language, here are

some of the kinship terms used by people on the island of Siau, especially in Hiung

village.

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 Example :

1. Yamang (+1) ‘father’

2. Inang (+1) ‘mother’

3. Tuhang (0) ‘older brother/ sister ego’

4. Tuari (0) ‘little brother/ sister ego’

5. Pa akang (+1) ‘oldest uncle ego’

6. Pa ara (+1) ‘second uncle ego’

7. Pa ari (+1) ‘third uncle ego’

8. Pa hembo (+1) ‘youngest uncle ego’

The term kinship in English and Siau language has a semantic meaning about

generation, gender, and a certain type of relationship. In English, for example 'mother'

(mother) and in Siau language 'inang' (Mother) and so on. English and Siau language

are two different languages. Genetically, English is classified into Indo-European

languages and belongs to the West German group, (Baugh 1968: 36), while Siau

language is classified into Polynesian Malay as a subgroup of Austronesian languages,

(http: //id.m.wikipedia. org/wiki / Rumpun_bahasa_Sangirik)

Siau language is the regional language used by the Siau ethnic in North Sulawesi,

which spreads across the islands of Siau, Tagulandang, and Biaro. Siau language is one

of the native languages in the province of North Sulawesi and is also the mother tongue

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of people living in the Siau Islands district, TagulandangBiaro. The Siau language

consists of four dialects, namely the Siau dialect, the Tagulandang dialect, Biaro, and

Makalehi. Siau Island is located in Siau Tagulandang Biaro district or known as

SITARO district, North Sulawesi Province. SITARO Islands Regency is divided into

three major islands, namely Siau Island, Tagulandang Island, Biaro Island, and several

small islands around it, namely, Makalehi Island, Buhias Island, Talise Island, Mohoro

Island, Pahepa Island, Pasige Island, Ruang Island.

In this study, the researchers chose Siau Island as the research site which was

divided into six sub-districts, namely South West Siau District, South East Siau District,

West Siau District, Central Siau District, East Siau District, and North West Siau

District.

Researchers chose North West Siau sub-district which is further divided into

seven villages, namely Batubulan, Niambangeng, Kawahang, Kiawang, Hiung, Kinali

and Mini. Hiung Village is used as a research site for the Siau language. The researcher

focuses this research on the term kinship in English and Siau language because

researchers have not found the same research regarding kinship terms in English and

Siau language, especially at the Faculty of Humanities, Sam Ratulangi University.

II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Based on the explanation above, the research problems are as follows :

1. What are the terms of kinship in English and Siau language?

2. What are the similarities and differences between kinship terms in English

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 and Siau language?

III. THE OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH

The objective of this research are :

1. To identify and classify kinship terms in English and Siau language.

2. To compare kinship terms in English and Siau language and to find out the

similarities and differences between the two languages.

IV. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

The significance of this research are :

Theoretically, this research can help the development of linguistics, especially

studies sociolinguistics about kinship terms in English and Siau language and can

provide information for any reader who wants to learn and know more about kinship

terms in English and Siau language.

Practically, this research provides information to students in English majors or

other readers in learning sociolinguistics specifically about kinship terms the similarities

and differences of Kinship terms in English and Siau language, and can also be used as

reference material for future research.

V. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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They are some researches about kinship terms that have been done before, they are:

1. Baransano (2014), the skripsi entitled is "Kinship terms in English and Kayupulo:

A Contrastive Analysis" the purpose of this study was designed to describe and

analyze the terms of kinship in English and Kayupulo, both languages are different

groups of languages that have specific patterns in terminology, both English and

Kayupulo. They have a unique and special set of kinship terminology. The research

objective is to compare the two The language uses the Lado concept with the

descriptive method from Burling (1971) where the term kinship is marked with

dimensions called "consanguineal and affinal", while concepts related to Burling

and Lounsbury's methods are quoted in Leech. The results of this study indicate

that English and Kayupulo have similarities in terms of gender, lineage, and age.

The difference is: in English, the term kinship does not separate between ages

which in Kayupulo distinguishes it. Within the scope of generations, English and

Kayupulo have the same generation, namely four generations above and below the

ego.

2. Amina Naciri-Azzouz (2018), “Arabic kinship terms revisited: The rural and

urban context of North-Western Morocco” the purpose of this article aims to look

for differences in kinship terms between urban and rural areas in northwestern

Morocco, using an of interviews conducted with several informants aged between 8

and 80 years, the data analyzed includes terms from the urban concept of the city of

Tetouan, most of them were gathered in rural locations: the small village of Bni Hlu

(Fash-Anjra province) and different places throughout the coastal and inland region

of Ghomara (Chefchaouen province) the results of the article this the author found

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 that kinship terms in north-western Morocco, their hypocoristic forms and other

affection terms are used differently depending on family context. Kinship terms are

being affected by leveling and linguistic change in processes due to socio-economic

changes that are having an impact on family structures as a result of rural exodus,

the preference of nuclear family households, etc. Thus, many of the uses linked to

tensions and affections resulting from cohabitation are disappearing as well as local

variants. Furthermore, it can be established that despite the variation shown in

kinship terms forms, those that remain are stable.

3. Sagdieva, Ramly D Husnutdinov, and others (2019), “Kinship terms as Proof of

Genetic Relationship” the purpose of this article to carry out a comparative study

of specific non-kinship terms in the Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkish, Uzbek, and Uyghur

languages that carry out statistical comparisons of the genetic, nominal, and

semantic genetic features of the kinship terms that have been created. In the results

of this article, the authors found that each language has different features and

peculiarities, even though they belong to the Turkish language group.

4. Jangolo D. Salam (2019), the skripsi entitled is "Kinship Terms in English and

Tobelo (A Contrastive Analysis)" the purpose of the study to describe and analyze

the term kinship in English and Tobelo, in this study the writer uses the theory of

Lounsbury in Leech (1974: 237) and classifies it using the theory of Burling (1970:

30) then to contrast the two languages the writer uses the theory of Lado (1979:

133-140) The results of this study indicate that the term kinship in English based on

age is not very important, while in Tobelo it is very important, for example, the

difference between old and young.

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5. E.wati (2017), the skripsi entitled is "Kinship terms in English and Korean

languages: An analysis Contrastive” the purpose of this study is to identify and

describe kinship terms in English and Korean from gender, generation, and lineage.

Using the theory of Murdock (1949: 101). Meanwhile, to identify lineal, collateral,

and affinal lineages using the theory of Wardhaugh (1986). Then to contrast the two

languages to find similarities and differences, the author uses the theory of Lado

(1957: 114) The results of this study indicate that the terms of kinship in English

and Korean have similarities in terms of gender, generation, and morals, while the

differences in kinship terms in the two languages are seen from the generation

level, namely, in English, it has four levels of the generation above ego and four

levels generation below ego, whereas in Korean it has two generations above ego

and two generations below ego.

In this study, the researcher also researching the term kinship but there are

differences between the research above and the one I studied, namely the theory and the

object of research, previous research used the theory of Lounsbury in Leech, Burling.

Wardhaugh, Ervin-Trip, and the last used Lado’s theory to find out the similarities and

differences of the language.

Meanwhile, researchers in this study used the theory from Burling (1970) and

Lado (1979: 133-140) to contrast the similarities and differences between the two

languages. The object of research is also different from the research above, which

focuses on English and Siau language.

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VI. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This research uses the theory of Burling (1970) which defines the term kinship

based on gender, age. generation, blood relations, and marriage. Whereas for lineal

lineages and collateral lineages using the definition from Wardhaugh (1986).to identify

and classify kinship terms in English and Siau language. Research on the term kinship is

still general and has not directly examined two types of language systems, including the

term kinship in Siau language, which is the term used by ego when it is dealing with

other people.

Burling (1970) defines the term kinship based on gender, age. generation, blood

relations, and marriage. Gender is indicated by the terms male and female.

Different gender between male and female relatives.

Example:

(male) (female)

Father Mother

Uncle Aunt

Brother Sister

Son Daughter

The term kinship according to generations is differentiated based on generation

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above ego, bellow ego, and generation equal to the ego.

Example:

a. The generation above the ego, such as:

Father

Mother

b. The generation bellows the ego, such as:

Son

Daughter

c. The generation equal to ego, such as:

Brother

Sister

Lineage

The terms of kinship based on lineage are divided into two groups, namely lineal

and collateral lineages.

a. Lineal Lineage

This lineage refers to kinship relationships based on one direct line or a straight

line from the ego. The term includes relatives who are above the ego and below

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the ego (Wardhaugh, 1986).

Relatives who are above the ego

Example:

Father

Mother

Grandfather

Grandmother

Relatives who are below the ego

Example:

Son

Daughter

Grandson

Granddaughter

b. Collateral Lineage

This lineage refers to a relationship that comes from a common ancestor

but not from one direct lineage or refers to a relationship that includes a

horizontal line between two siblings in the lineage with the ego. This term

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 includes relatives who are above the ego, below the ego, as well as relatives

who are equal to the ego or in the zero generation (Wardhaugh, 1986).

Relatives who are above the ego

Example:

Uncle

Aunt

Relatives who are below the ego

Example:

Nephew

Niece

Relatives who are equal to the ego (0)

Example:

Cousin

According to Burling (1970: 27-31), there are four categories for classifying the

term kinship terms, namely:

1. Kinship terms combined with in-law and step modifiers.

Example:

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 In-law Step

Father in law Step father

Mother in law Step mother

Sister in law Step sister

Brother in law Step brother

Daughter in law Step daughter

2. Kinship terms combined with the grand and great modifier.

Example:

Grand Great

Grandfather Great-grandfather

Grandmother Great-grandmother

Grandson Great-grandson

Granddaughter Great-granddaughter

3. The term concanguinal

The term consanguineal refers to kinship terms that indicate a blood relationship

between the ego and its relatives (Burling 1970:27).

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 Example:

Grandfather

Father

Mother

Biological children

Siblings

4. The term affinal

The term affinal kinship refers to kinship terms that indicate kinship that occurs

because of marriage (Burling 1970:30)

Example:

Mother in-law

Father in-law

Husband

Wife

In the next stage, the researcher uses the theory from Lado (1979: 133-140) that

contrastive analysis is a way to compare two elements of language and distribution

between languages to find similarities and differences between the two languages.

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VII. METHODOLOGY

This research uses a descriptive method. Whitney (1960: 160) states that the

descriptive method is a method of finding facts with the correct application. The

descriptive method refers to problems that exist in society, including relationships,

activities, behavior, descriptions of processes that occur, ongoing events, and effects of

a phenomenon. The research process was carried out in the following stages:

1. Preparation

At this stage, the researcher visits the library to read several theses that have been

previously researched about the term kinship and also searches for several sources of

books and articles on the internet related to the kinship terms that support this research.

2. Data collection

At this stage, the researcher collected data about kinship terms in English from

sociolinguistics books, theses regarding kinship terms which has been researched

previously and from several sources from the internet, data on the term kinship in Siau

language is obtained through research, which was conducted by oral interviews with

informants as native speakers. The informants are some indigenous people of Hiung

village, North West Siau sub-district who actively use the Siau language in their daily

interactions, with an age level between 40-70 years. Researchers chose these informants

because they have a lot of knowledge about the Siaulanguage, and also have sufficient

educational background.

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 1. Data Analysis

After data on kinship terms were collected in both English and Siau language, the

researcher used the theory of Burling (1970) and Wardhaugh (1986) namely, by

identifying and classified in a consanguineal and affinal form, the data were then

divided into small groups based on gender, generation level, lineage, age after

identifying and classifying kinship terms in the two languages, the data were then

contrasted with used the theory of Lado (1979:133-140) to find similarities and

differences between the two languages.

VIII. WORKING SCHEDULE

The working schedule is divided into some steps. Those are :

1. Preparation takes about two weeks

2. Data collection takes about two weeks

3. Data Analysis takes about three weeks

4. Writing the final draft takes about two weeks.

IX. THE OUTLINE OF INTENDED SKRIPSI

The outline of the discussion will be divided into four chapters, they are :

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Title

1.2 Rationale

1.3 Statement of Problems

1.4 Objectives of Research

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1.5 Significance of Research

1.6 Review of Related

1.7 Theoretical Framework

1.8 Methodology

Chapter 2 To identify and classify forms and meanings of Kinship

Terms in English And Siau language

Chapter 3

The differences between Kinship terms in English and Siau language

Chapter 4

Conclusion and Suggestion

Bibliography

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m=1 (June22,2021)
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