L-4

Rank of a matrix:

The rank of a matrix is said to be r if

1. There is at least one non-zero minor of order r.

2. Every minor of A of higher order (i.e., r+1) than r is zero (vanish).

Rank of a matrix A is denoted by ρ(A).

 If |𝐀𝐀| = 0, ρ(A) < size(order of the matrix)

 If|𝐀𝐀| ≠ 𝟎𝟎, ρ(A) = size(order of matrix)

Example:

𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒
Let, A = �−𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑�(it is a square matrix of order 3, so its rank will be like; ρ(A)≤ 𝟑𝟑)
𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟐
1 3 4
det A or |𝐀𝐀| = �−1 −2 − 3 � = 1( -4-0)-3(-2+6)+4(0+4) = -4 -12+16 = 0
2 0 2
∴ ρ(A) ≠ 3, so, ρ(A) < 3

1 3
Now, m 11 =� �
−1 −2
1 3
So,|𝐦𝐦𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 | = � � = -2+3 = 1≠ 0.
−1 −2
∴ ρ(A) = 2.(as m 11 is of order 2)

−1 − 2 4
Let, A = � −2 5 6 �, (here the rank of A will be like, ρ(A) ≤ 3). det A = -67 ≠ 0.
−3 4 7
∴ ρ(A) = 3.

NOTE: If there is a m× 𝒏𝒏 matrix (not square) then ρ(A) ≤ 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎(m,n)

Row column

1 3 3 2
Problem: Find the rank of A = � 7 1 3 6�
−3 − 1 − 2 4
 1 3 3 2
Solution: Given, A = � 7 1 3 6�
−3 − 1 − 2 4
It is a 3× 4 matrix. So, the rank will be 𝜌𝜌(A) ≤min(3,4). i.e., 𝜌𝜌(A) ≤3(min value is row)

3 3 2
Let, B = � 1 3 6 �(Here, we don’t consider the first matrix because we have to consider
−1 − 2 4
the minimum no. of row or column. For this reason we take sub matrix B)

det B or |B|= 64 ≠ 0

∴ 𝜌𝜌(A) = 3

 Rank of matrix by echelon form:

Rank of the matrix = No. of non -zero rows

Example:

𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏
Find the rank of A = �𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 𝟔𝟔 𝟐𝟐� by echelon form.
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
Solution:

1 2 3 1
Given, A = �2 4 6 2�
1 2 2 2
R 2→ R 2 – 2R 1, R 3→ R 3 − R 1
R R

1 2 3 1
A ~ �0 0 0 0�
0 0 −1 1
R 2↔ R 3 R

1 2 3 1
A~�0 0 −1 1�
0 0 0 0
R 2→ R 2 (-1)
R

1 2 3 1
A ~ �0 0 1 −1�
0 0 0 0
∴ 𝜌𝜌(A) = 2
Example:

𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒
Find the rank A = � 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 𝟑𝟑 𝟓𝟓 �
−𝟏𝟏 − 𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 − 𝟕𝟕
Solution:

1 2 −1 4
Given, A = � 2 4 3 5 �
−1 − 2 6 −7
R 2→ R 2 − 2R 1
R

1 2 −1 4
A ~ �0 0 5 − 3�
−1 −2 6 −7
R 3→ R 3 + R 1
R

1 2 −1 4
A~�0 0 5 −3�
0 0 5 −3
R 3→ R 3 − R 2
R

1 2 −1 4
A~�0 0 5 −3�
0 0 0 0
𝑅𝑅2
R 2→
5

1 2 −1 4
3
A~�0 0 1 −5 �
0 0 0 0

∴ 𝜌𝜌(A) = 2

1 2 3 0
2 4 3 2
HW: � �
3 2 1 3
6 8 7 5
Problem:

𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
Find the rank of A = �𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑�
𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
Solution:

0 1 2
Given, A = �1 2 3�
3 1 1
R 1↔ R 2 R

1 2 3
A ~ �0 1 2 �
3 1 1

R 3→ R 3 – 3R 1
R

1 2 3
A ~ �0 1 2�
0 −5 −8
R 3→ R 3 + 5R 2
R

1 2 3
A ~ �0 1 2 �
0 0 2
R 3→ R 3 /2
R

1 2 3
A ~ �0 1 2�
0 0 1
∴ 𝜌𝜌 (A) = 3

 Rank of matrix by using normal form:

Rank of matrix = order of unit (identity) matrix

Example:

1 2 3 4
Find the rank of A = � 2 1 4 3 � by reducing it to normal form.
3 0 5 − 10
Solution:

1 2 3 4
Given, A = � 2 1 4 3�
3 0 5 − 10
R 2→ R 2− 2R 1 , R 3→ R 3 −3R 1
R R R
 1 2 3 4
A ~ �0 −3 −2 − 5�
0 −6 − 4 − 22
C 2→ C 2− 2C 1 , C 3→ C 3− 3C 1 , C 4→ C 4− 4C 1
R R R R R R

1 0 0 0
A~�0 −3 −2 −5 �
0 − 6 − 4 − 22
1 1
(− 3 ) C 2 , (− 2 ) C 3 , (-1) C 4

1 0 0 0
A ~ �0 1 1 5�
0 2 2 22
R 3→ R 3 −2R 2
R

1 0 0 0
A ~ �0 1 1 5�
0 0 0 12
C 3 →C 3 – C 2

1 0 0 0
A ~ �0 1 0 5�
0 0 0 12
1
(12 ) R 3

1 0 0 0
A ~ �0 1 0 5�
0 0 0 1
C 4→ C 4 – 5C 2

1 0 0 0
A ~ �0 1 0 0�
0 0 0 1
C 3↔ C 4 R

1 0 0 ⋮ 0
A~�0 1 0 ⋮ 0�
0 0 1 ⋮ 0
A ~ [I3 O] which is the required normal form and its rank is 3.

Problem:
 2 3 4 5
3 4 5 6
Find the rank of A = � �
4 5 6 7
9 10 11 12

Solution:

2 3 4 5
3 4 5 6
Given, A = � �
4 5 6 7
9 10 11 12
R 1→ R 1 /2
R

1 3/2 2 5/2
3 4 5 6
A~� �
4 5 6 7
9 10 11 12
R 2→ R 2 -3R 1 , R 3→ R 3 - 4R 1 , R 4→ R 4 - 9R 1
R R R

3 5
⎡ 1 2
2 2 ⎤
⎢0 −2
3
−1 −2
3⎥

A~⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
0 −1 −2 −3
⎢ 7 21 ⎥
⎣0 −2 −7 − 2⎦

C 2→ C 2 - 3/2 C 1 , C 3→ C 3 - 2C1, C 4→ C 4 - 5/2 C 1

R R R

1 0 0 0
⎡ 1 3⎤
⎢0 −2 −1 − 2⎥
A~⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −1 −2 − 3⎥
⎢ 7 21 ⎥
⎣0 −2 −7 − 2 ⎦

R 4→ R 4 -7R 2
R

1 0 0 0
⎡ 1 3⎤
⎢0 −2 −1 −2⎥
A~⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −1 −2 −3 ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 ⎦
R 3→ R 3 -2R 2
R
 1 0 0 0
⎡ 1 3 ⎤
⎢ 0 −2 −1 −2 ⎥
A~⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 ⎦
C 3→ C 3 - 2C 2 , C 4→ C 4 - 3C 2
R R

1 0 0 0
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 0 −2 0 0 ⎥
A~⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 ⎦
R 2→ (−2)R 2

10⋮ 00
⎡0 1 ⋮ 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
A~ ⎢⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯⎥
⎢0 0 ⋮ 0 0⎥
⎣00⋮00⎦

I2 O
A~ � �
O O
∴ 𝜌𝜌(𝐴𝐴) = 2

112
HW: �4 2 6�
245