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Parenting Styles of Millenials in Luzon
Parenting Styles of Millenials in Luzon
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to examine the dominant parenting style exhibited by the Millenials which
ranges from age 24 to 39 using Diana Baumrind’s theory which is the permissive, authoritative,
authoritarian and neglectful parenting style. The researchers hypothesized that as time passes by, there is a
big shift of parenting style from authoritarian to permissive and to authoritative by the past and current
successive generations. In addition to that, a total of 102 subjects, both males, and females participated and
data were collected using an online survey through google forms in Luzon. The scale that was used was
developed by Robinson, Mandelco, Olsen & Hart in 1995 which was titled “Parenting Style Questionnaire”.
The results of this study revealed that Most Millennial parents were exhibiting authoritativeness than
authoritarian and permissive parenting style. It shows that Millennial parents are maintaining its authority
but does not dismiss the child’s autonomy as a person. The researchers concluded that millennial parents
utilized reason and conversation when interacting with their children which is one of the characteristics of
an authoritative parent. Thus this contributed to the good and well mannered character of a child.
Keywords:
Parenting styles are as diverse as parents themselves. It is one of the most challenging and difficult
responsibilities a person can face. Parenting style is a way a family is structured. It is a stage of life that
comes about when one gets children to bring up. Parenting styles are collections of parental attitudes,
practices and non-verbal expressions that characterize the nature of parent-child relationships. It is natural
and there are no manuals or rules to parenting as people just learn as they go.
Parenting styles matter to the becoming a child and how he/she will face the world after the honing of the
parent. The tradition and social norms have shifted through ages. We can also conclude and assume that
there is also a shift in parenting styles over the past few generations. According to Garip (2009), There are
several studies conducted on the parenting style of previous successive generations wherein some of the
parents from successive generations specifically baby boomers and generation X exhibits Diana’s
Baumrind parenting style theory which are permissive parenting style, authoritarian parenting style,
authoritative parenting style and neglectful or uninvolved parenting style. According to Hedstorm, (2016),
Baby boomers usually exhibit authoritarian parenting styles while Generation X parents as stated by Taylor
(2014), are exhibiting permissive parenting style. This makes sense that the parenting styles have changed
over time. In this study, the researchers will focus on showing the parenting style of the millennials or
known as the Generation Y, who are the people who are born from 1981 to 1994. These people are at the
age of 24-39 years old today. Also, there is not much research on the different parenting style exhibits by
the Millennials. By using Diana’s Baumrind theories about Parenting styles. This research attempts to
This research attempts to determine the dominant parenting style exhibited by the Millennials or
Generation Y in relation to Diana’s Baumrind Parenting style theory. Specifically, we tried to answer the
following question: Is there a significant difference between the parenting styles of authoritative,
Hypothesis:
There is a significant difference between the parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian and
permissive scores.
Millennials
For more than a decade, Pew Research Center (2014) has been studying the Millennial generation
in terms of their characteristics in distinction with other successive generations. It shows that millennials
are relatively unattached to organized politics and religion, linked by social media, burdened by debt,
distrust of people, in no rush to marry and optimistic about the future. The ranging age from 24 to 39 is the
bracket to be considered as millennials. By year 2018, it was stated that the oldest Millennials are forging
One of the major roles that parents play in a child’s life is to socialize them to the values and
expectations of their culture. In Baumrind’s theory, there is a close relationship between the type of
parenting style and children’s behavior. Different parenting styles can lead to different child development
and child outcomes. Based on extensive observation, interviews and analyses, Baumrind initially identified
three different types of parenting styles: authoritative parenting, authoritarian parenting and permissive
parenting. Although Diana Baumrind is known for her work on categorizing parenting styles, Maccoby and
Martin (1983) were the ones who expanded this 3-parenting-styles model using a two-dimensional
framework. They expanded Baumrind’s permissive parenting style into two different types: permissive
parenting (also known as indulgent parenting style) and neglectful parenting (also known as uninvolved
parenting style). These four parenting styles are sometimes called the Baumrind parenting styles or
• Authoritarian (or Disciplinarian) Parenting. According to Cherry (2020), This parenting style is
characterized by high demands and low responsiveness. In this style, parents are most likely to
have very high expectations of their children and have very strict rules that they expect to be
followed unconditionally, yet provide very little in the way of feedback and nurturing. Also, when
it comes to mistakes, they tend to punish harshly. When feedback does occur, it is often negative.
Corporal punishment such as slapping, pinching, pulling, twisting, spanking, hitting and slapping
and yelling are usually common in the authoritarian style. According to Baumrind (1966) , these
parents “are obedience and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without an
explanation”. Baumrind also believes that through an authoritarian approach portray the most
controlling style rather than valuing self-control and teaching children to manage their own
behaviors. The authoritarian parent focuses on the adherence to authority. Instead of rewarding
positive behavior, authoritarian parents only provide feedback in the form of punishment for
misbehavior. They are not willing or able to explain the reasoning behind their rules. Parents with
this style don't trust their children to make good choices. In fact, they do not give their children
much freedom to demonstrate that they can display good behavior. They hover over their kids in
order to ensure that they don't make mistakes rather than letting the kids make their own decisions
and face the consequences for those choices. According to Frey (2018), This parenting style has
been associated with a variety of child outcomes including social skills and academic performance.
Order and tradition are important to authoritarian parents and in this parenting style, the parent has
the final word in behavior. For a period of time, experts believed that this style of parenting which
relies on high demands and a lack of independence would be associated with hostility and rebellion
among children. However, there are some studies which revealed results supporting the idea that
parents who are more demanding have children who are hostile and rebellious than those parents
• Authoritative Style. This parenting style approach is characterized by reasonable demands and
high responsiveness. Authoritative parents use positive reinforcement and reasoning to guide their
children. They avoid resorting to threats or punishments. Authoritative parents might have high
expectations for their children, they also give their kids the resources and support they need to
succeed. Parents who exhibit this style listen to their kids and provide love and warmth in addition
to limits and fair discipline. According to Baumrind (1966) , authoritative parents exhibits
characteristics such as administering fair and consistent discipline when rules are broken; allowing
their children to express opinions; encouraging their children to discuss options; expressing warmth
and nurturing; fostering independence and reasoning, listening to their children; placing limits,
authoritative parents are high, these kinds of parents also tend to be flexible. If there are extenuating
According to child development experts influenced by Baumrind’s work generally identified the
authoritative parenting style as the best approach to parenting style. Several research has repeatedly
shown that children raised by authoritative parents tend to be more capable, happy and successful.
Its effects on children by this approach are self-confidence about their abilities to learn new things,
develop good social skills, have emotional control and regulation and tend to have happier
dispositions. These parents tend to exhibit good emotional understanding and control. Their
children also learn to manage their emotions and learn to understand others.
• Permissive (or Indulgent). Permissive Parenting is a type of parenting style characterized by low
demand with high responsiveness. Permissive parents tend to be very loving., yet they provide few
guidelines and rules. These parents do not expect mature behavior from their children and often
see them as a friend rather than a parental figure. Based on Baumrind’s research, Permissive
parenting is sometimes known as indulgent parenting. This style exhibits relatively few demands
on their children because these parents have low expectations for self-control and maturity and
discipline Cherry K. (2015). The characteristics of permissive parents are usually very nurturing
and loving towards their kids; ask their children’s opinions on major decisions, emphasize their
children freedom rather than responsibility; have few rules or standards of behavior, any rules they
do have are inconsistent; may use bribery as a means to get a child to behave; often seem more like
a friend, rather than a parent; provide little in the way of a schedule or structure and rarely enforce
any type of consequences. Also, several research have found that the overly relaxed approach to
parenting, specifically permissive parenting can lead to negative outcomes such as lack of
discipline, possess poor social skills, may be self-involved and demanding and may feel insecure
due to the lack of boundaries and guidance. (Cunningham, 1993). Due to lack of demands and
expectations, children raised by parents with this style tend to grow up without a strong sense of
self-discipline. They may be more unruly in school due to the lack of boundaries in the home and
may be less academically motivated. Children may lack skills in social settings. The main
characteristics of this parenting style are acceptance and affirmation of the child often in a manner
of unconditional positive regard rather than the desire for the child to follow guidelines and obey
authority. This style is not focused on discipline, and instead, encourages a child’s autonomy
without the guidance of the parent. In this technique, the parent is not an active participant in a
child’s life, but rather “a resource for him to us as he wishes” (Baumrind, 1966, p. 889).
• Neglectful (or Uninvolved). This style of parenting approach obviously carries more negative
connotations, it is a style of parenting where parents don’t respond to their child’s need or desires
beyond the basics of food, clothing, and shelter. This style exhibits children with little guidance,
discipline and nurturing from their parents. According to Healthlineparenthood (2019), Neglectful
parenting styles have little emotional involvement with their kids. While they provide the basic
needs, for the most part, they are uninvolved in their children’s lives. They do not respond well to
the needs of their children and provide little affection, support or love. They also make very few
demands of their children. They rarely set rules and do not offer guidance or expectations for
behavior. Researchers associate this parenting style with a range of outcomes in areas such as social
skills and academic performance. The children of uninvolved parents generally perform poorly in
nearly every area of life. Cognition, attachment, emotional skills and social skills tend to display
Conceptual Framework
Methodology
Research Design
This research will be a quantitative study which made use of statistics to gather relevant data from
Millennial parents who answered the survey through google forms. This research method was chosen due
to the fact that quantitative research utilises the data and results collected using empirically and statistically
based observations. The researchers used simple random sampling in choosing 102 sample respondents in
this research. In addition to that, the researchers use non-experimental under quantitative research; this
study is non-manipulated. This research is a type of correlational research on which it compares the
Participants
This study consists of selected 102 respondents particularly Millennial parents ranging from age 24 to
Research Instruments
In relation to Diana’s Baumrind Theory, the dominant parenting style exhibited by selected
Millennials was measured through Parenting Style Questionnaire developed by Robinson, Mandelco, Olsen
& Hart in 1995. This questionnaire is a self report instrument designed to measure authoritarian,
authoritative, and permissive parenting style. In this questionnaire, it is an ordinal scale particularly a likert
scale wherein there were three subscales with thirty items answered on a one-to-six Likert scale with one
signifying “never” and six signifying “always”. The results of the survey were stored in Google Forms
question was the range of years in which a person was born. The age to be considered as a Millennial parent
ranges from 24-39 years old or those who are born from 1881 to 1996. The next demographic question
concerned gender, and the subjects chose from male, female and other. The next demographic question is
the marital status of the Millennial parent. Lastly, the final demographic question would be the place where
they live to ensure they are from the Luzon island. Other than these demographic questions, there was no
Procedure
The observation took place at home online. The researchers used Robinson, Mandelco, Olsen &
Hart in 1995 parenting style questionnaires. It was conducted through google forms with informed consent
from all potential subjects. Informed consent form was attached to google forms and was sent through each
Data analysis
In order to analyze the data, this research paper used ANOVA or analysis of variance single factor as a
statistical treatment. The analysis of data will be done through microsoft excel.
1. SOP: Is there a significant difference between the parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, and
permissive scores?
2.
Ho: There is no significant difference between the parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, and
permissive scores.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, and
permissive scores.
3.
α = 0.05
Anova: Single
Factor
SUMMARY
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
4. Decision:
5. Conclusion:
authoritarian, and permissive scores. The mean scores of the parenting styles are 5.10, 3.07, and 2.78, the
differences between the mean scores are statistically significant. The parenting styles of the millennial
89 7 2 4
Table 3. Authoritarian vs Permissive Parenting Styles
62 34 6
Conclusion
Out of 102 respondents 78 were married, 14 are single-parent, 5 were separated, and 6 were
divorced. 56 were male respondents and 48 were female respondents. The researchers conclude that most
millennial parents in the Luzon area appear to be an authoritative type of parent based on the Table 1
findings. Referring to Table 2 almost 90% of the respondents appear to be an authoritative parent. This
conveys that most of the parents want to discipline their children with a reasonable expectation and have
high responsiveness to their achievements. On Table 3, it showed the second highest choice of parenting
style which is the authoritarian style over permissive style. It is known to the culture of the Philippines that
parent’s discipline using physical punishments still does not degrade up to the generation Y or the
millenials. Out of 102 respondents 34 chose to be permissive which means that they want to give a lot of
freedom to their children with low demand and high responsiveness to their achievements. This is the lowest
chosen of the three choices. The researchers conclude that Filipino parents do not give a lot of liberty to
Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child development, 37(4),
is-authoritarian-parenting-
2794955#:~:text=Authoritarian%20parenting%20is%20a%20parenting,tend%20to%20be%20pun
ished%20harshly.
Cherry, K. (2015). Parenting styles: What they are and why they matter. Retrieved from
http://psychology.about.com/ od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style.htm
Frey. W. (2018). The Millennial Generation: A demographic bridge to America’s diverse future.
Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2018-jan_brookings-
metro_millennials-a-demographic-bridge-to-americas-diverse-future.pdf
Garip, E. (2009). A study of Parents’ child raising and marital harmony. Retrieved from:
https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/277811/1-s2.0-S1877042810X00039/1-s2.0-
S1877042810002922/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-
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https://www.healthline.com/health/parenting/uninvolved-parenting
Hedstorm, E. (2016) Parenting style as a predictor of Internal and External Behavioural Symptoms in
portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1040922/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Pew Research Center. (2014), Millennials in Adulthood. Retrieved from:
https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/03/07/millennials-in-adulthood/
APPENDICES:
APPENDIX A: Parenting Style Questionnaire: Robinson, Mandelco, Olsen & Hart in 1995
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritative Parenting Style 2. I take my child's wishes into consideration before I ask him/her
to do something:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritative Parenting Style 3. I explain to my child how I feel about his/her good/bad
behaviour:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritative Parenting Style 4. I encourage my child to talk about his/her feelings and
problems:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritative Parenting Style 5. I encourage my child to freely "speak his/her mind", even if
he/she disagrees with me:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritative Parenting Style 7. I provide comfort and understanding when my child is upset:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritative Parenting Style 9. I consider my child's preferences when I make plans for the
family ( e.g., weekends and holidays):
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritative Parenting Style 10. I respect my child's opinion and encourage him/her to express
them:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritative Parenting Style 11. I treat my child as an equal member of the family:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritative Parenting Style 12. I provide my child reasons for the expectations I have for
him/her:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritative Parenting Style 13. I have warm and intimate times together with my child:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritarian Parenting Style: 1. When my child asks me why he/she has to do something I tell
him/her it is because I said so, I am your parent, or because that is what I want:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritarian Parenting Style: 2. I punish my child by taking privileges away from him/her (e.g.,
TV, games, visiting friends):
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritarian Parenting Style: 5. I spank my child when I don't like what he/she does or says:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritarian Parenting Style: 6. I use criticism to make my child improve his/her behaviour.
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritarian Parenting Style: 9. I openly criticise my child when his/her behaviour does not
meet my expectations:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritarian Parenting Style: 10. I find myself struggling to try change how my child thinks or
feels about things:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritarian Parenting Style: 11. I feel the need to point out my child's past behavioural
problems to make sure he/she will not do them again.
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Authoritarian Parenting Style: 13. I remind my child of all the things I am doing and i have done
for him/her:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Permissive Parenting style: 2. I give into my child when he/she causes a commotion about
something:
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Never 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alwa
ys
Dear Respondents,
The researchers are conducting a study entitled “ A study about the Parenting Styles of selected
Millennials in Luzon”. The researchers assumed that the information gathered will be kept confidential