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AC 7 Jntuk
AC 7 Jntuk
Analog Communication
26-05-2020 to 06-07-2020
Presentation Outline
Noise:
• Noise and its types
• Thermal Noise
• Parameters of Noise
• Noise in Baseband Communication systems
• Gaussian process and NB Noise
• Problems
External Internal
Noise Noise
Internal Noise:
• It is due to random movement of electrons in electronic
circuits
• Major sources are resistors, diodes, transistors etc.
• Thermal noise or Johnson noise and shot noise are examples.
Atmospheric Noise Or Static Noise:
• Caused by lighting discharges in thunderstorms
• The electrical impulses are random in nature and spread over most of
the RF spectrum used in broadcasting
• Atmospheric Noise consists of false radio signals and distributed over
wide range of frequencies
• Atmospheric noise is less severe about above 30 MHz
Industrial Noise: The noise is effective in industrial and densely populated area
• Automobile and aircraft ignition
• Leakage from high voltage line
• Heavy electric machine
• Fluorescent light etc.
• The noises are observable at frequencies in range of 1MHz to 600 MHz
Extraterrestrial Noise or Space Noise: Caused by radiation of RF noise by
sun and distant stars
• Solar Noise: Sun is large body at a very high temperature over 6000 0C
on the surface and radiates over a very broad frequency spectrum
which includes the frequencies we use for communication.
• Cosmic Noise: Distant stars are also suns and have high temperatures,
the radiate RF noise in the same manner as our sun.
• The noise received is called thermal (or black body) noise and is
distributed uniformly over the entire sky.
• This noise is observable at frequencies in the range of 8MHz to 1.43
GHz.
Types of noise
Shot Noise Poisson Noise is due to the random movement of electrons and holes
It exists if the time taken by the electrons to travel from emitter to collector
Transit-time noise in a transistor is more, it increases with frequency and quickly dominates
other sources of noise
Concept to be remembered:
Solution:
If Input signal x(t) is passed through some system h(t),then output spectral
density may expressed
𝑠𝑜 𝑓 = 𝑠𝑖 𝑓 |𝐻 𝑓 |2
Where 𝑠𝑜 𝑓 =output power spectral density
𝑠𝑖 𝑓 =input power spectral density
H(f)=Fourier transform of the system
Method 1:
𝑁0
Given = 4 KW/Hz
2
𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑁0 =8 KW/Hz
Bandwidth=2 Khz
power = 𝑁0 B= 8 KW/Hz x 2
Khz=16Kw
So
Output noise power 𝑁0 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆0 𝑓
= 4KHz x 4 KW/Hz =16𝑊
𝑁0
A white noise of having 2 sided PSD of 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠/ℎ𝑧 is passed through a Low
2
pass filter whose cut frequency (𝑓𝑐 ) is W Hz. Find output white noise power ?
Solution:
So
Output noise power 𝑁0 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆0 𝑓
𝑁
= 2W x 0 = 𝑊 𝑁0
2
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR or S/N)
SNR is the ratio of the signal power to noise power. The higher the value of SNR the
greater will be the quality of the received output.
Signal P𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 Ps V
SNR = = = 20 log10( s )
Noise Power Pn Vn
• The higher the value of the figure of merit, the better will the noise performance of the
receiver be.
• The figure of merit may equal one, be less than one, or be greater than one, depending
on the type of modulation used.
(SNR)o
Figure of Merit =
(SNR)I
Noise Temperature
It calculates an equivalent temperature (Te) that would yield the same noise power at the
output via additional thermal noise.
Noise temperature is an equivalent temperature that produces that amount of noise power
𝑇𝑒=𝑇(𝐹−1)
Noise Factor
𝐹1,𝐹2,−− & 𝐺1,𝐺2, 𝑒𝑡𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 Noise figure and gains of different stages in cascade.
Note that noise figure is mainly dominated by first two stages.
GATE 2007, 1 Mark
The transfer function of RC low pass filter with a 3-dB bandwidth of 8 kHz is
given by
1
H(w)= 𝑤
1+𝑗𝑤
0
Where 𝑤0 =2𝜋(8000)
𝑁
Given 20 = 10−9
The output noise power is
𝑠𝑜 𝑓 = 𝑠𝑖 𝑓 |𝐻 𝑓 |2
Solution:
Rayleigh Distribution:
Uniform Distribution:
References
❑Communication Systems by Simon Haykin, Wiley, 2nd Edition.
❑Principle of Communication System by Taub ,Schilling & Saha,
TMH.
❑Modern digital and Analog Communications system by BP Lathi,
Ding and Gupta, Oxford.
❑Electronic Communication Systems by Kennedy and Davis, TMH.
❑Communication Systems Analog and Digital by Singh and Sapre,
TMH