ABSTRACT

Cell phones are widely used in the world. While people have to be connected to one
another, there are situations or places where there usage is to be prohibited either due to
security reasons or it may cause health hazards.
Cell phone detection has been on investigation for a long time. There are techniques
which have been formulated or proposed on how cell phones can be detected. Most of
them use the features such as audio system, RF system and common materials of the
phones and try to look into how they can be used as basis to detect mobile phones.
This project utilizes the RF system of the cell phone as the feature to be used to detect its
presence. A circuit that detects signals of the range 0.9GHz to 3GHz is used to detect a
cell phone when in use. When the signal is detected, an LED blinks to indicate the usage
of a cell phone within a radius of 10 centimetres.

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

The illegal use of cell phones is a growing and dangerous problem in correctional institutions worldwide.
These devices are a significant threat to prison security and circumvent the monitoring processes in
prisons, while helping inmates commit new crimes both inside and outside the facility.
Previously, there was no technology to detect the cell phones in the examination hall
and in cell phone restricted areas. There is manual checking and there is still a chance of
having the cell phone with the person if he is not checked properly. So to avoid this
problem, an automatic call detection of cell phone is introduced.This detect the incoming and outgoing
calls only.

REQUIREMENTS:

1. CA3130 IC
2. BC548 Transistor
3. 2.2M Ω Resistor (x2)
4. 100K Ω Resistor
5. 1K Ω Resistor
6. 100μF Capacitor (50V)
7. 0.22μF Capacitor
8. 47pF Capacitor
9. LED (Light Emitting Diode)
10. 9V Battery
11. 9V Battery Clip
12. Breadboard

PROPOSED SOLUTION:

We will inserted the IC in breadboard then connected positive rail of breadboard with pin seven of
IC.After that we inserted transistor in breadboard then connected pin seven of IC to base of transistor. We
connected collector of transistor to positive rail of bread board using ik ohm resistor. We then inserted led
on breadboard by connecting anode to the emitter of transistor and cathode to negative rail of of
breadboard. Furthermore we connected pin two of IC to the base of transistor using 2.2m ohm resistor.
Moreover we connected pin 3 of IC to the negative rail of breadboard using 100k ohm resistor. After that
we inserted 100microF capacitor to breadboardand one of its pin was connected to the pin three of IC and
other was connected to negative rail of breadboard. We then connected 0.22microfarad capacitor on
breadboard at one of its pin connected to pin two IC and other pin connected to pin 3 of IC . We inserted
47pF capacitor in breadboard but of the terminal was connected to pin 1 of IC and other terminal
connected to pin 8 of IC At the end we connected 9V battery to the breadboard.

MAIN OBJECTIVES:

The main objectives of this project are to:

(i). Design a circuit that can detect signals in the range of 0.9GHz to 3GHz within a
radius of one and a half metres.
(ii).Produce a notification when the signals in the range of 0.9 GHz to 3 GHz are detected

SCOPE OF WORK:

This project is limited to the detection of a cell phone that is in use; on call, communication
via short messaging service and internet access. The detection of cell phones that are on
standby mode, switched off or on airplane mode will not be included in this project.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:
The first stage is the Antenna stage. The transmission frequency of mobile phone ranges
from 0.9 to 3 GHz with a wavelength of 3.3 to 10 cm. These frequencies send by an active
mobile phone need to be received. This function is carried out by the receiving antenna. An
ordinary RF detector using tuned circuit is not suitable for detecting signals in the GHz
frequency band used in mobile phones. So a circuit detecting GHz signal is required for a
mobile detector.

Here the circuit uses 0.22µF disk capacitor to capture RF signals from the mobile
phones. The lead length of the capacitor is fixed as 18mm with a spacing of 08mm betweeN

the leads to get the desired frequency. The disk capacitor along with the leads acts as a small
gigahertz loop antenna to collect the RF signals from the mobile phones. This capacitor along
with the lead inductance act as a transmission lines to intercept the signals from the mobile.
The capacitor creates a field, stores energy and transfers the stored energy in the form of
minute current to the input of a current to voltage converter circuit. This forms the second
stage which is LC Tuner stage.

The current coming to the input of the converter IC, upset its balanced input and then
convert the current into corresponding output voltage. When the mobile phone signals are
detected by the input capacitor, the output of the converter IC, becomes high and low as
indicated by the LED. This triggers the monostable circuit also. The low value timing
components R and C produce very short time delay to avoid audio nuisance. A buzzer is
triggered by using the output of the monoshot timer. The buzzer along with the LEDF forms
the output stage that provide us the indication as sound and light respectively.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WORKING:

The Op-amp part of the circuit acts as the RF Signal Detector while Transistor part of the circuit act as the
indicator. The capacitors collection along with the antenna are used to detect RF Signals when a cell
phone makes (or receives) a phone call The moment the bug detects RF transmission signal from an
activated mobile phone, it starts sounding a beep alarm and the LED blinks.Hence in the circuit, a
capacitor is used to detect RF from mobile phone considering
that, a capacitor can store energy even from an outside source and oscillate.
Use of a capacitor:

A capacitor has two electrodes separated by a ‘dielectric’ like paper, mica

etc. The non polarized disc capacitor is used to pass AC and not DC. Capacitor can store energy and pass
AC signals during discharge. 0.22µF capacitor is selected because it is a low value one and has large
surface area to accept energy from the mobile radiation. To detect the signal, the sensor part should be
like an aerial. So the capacitor is arranged as a mini loop aerial (similar to
the dipole antenna used in TV).In short with this arrangement, the capacitor
works like an air core coil with ability to oscillate and discharge current.

How the capacitor senses RF?

One lead of the capacitor gets DC from the positive rail and the other
lead goes to the negative input of IC1. So the capacitor gets energy for storage.
This energy is applied to the inputs of IC1 so that the inputs of IC are almost
balanced with 1.4 volts. In this state output is zero. But at any time IC can give
a high output if a small current is induced to its inputs. There a natural
electromagnetic field around the capacitor caused by the 50Hz from electrical
wiring. When the mobile phone radiates high energy pulsations, capacitor
oscillates and release energy in the inputs of IC. This oscillation is indicated by
the flashing of the LED and beeping of Buzzer. In short, capacitor carries
energy and is in an electromagnetic field. So a slight change in field caused by
the RF from phone will disturb the field and forces the capacitor to release
energy.

COMPONENTS DETAIL:
RESISTORS:

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its

terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's
law:
V = IR
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such
as nickel/chrome).The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance,
maximum working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature
coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below
which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the
limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials constituting the
resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by design. Resistors can be
integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size and position of
leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically large
enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.

CAPACITORS:

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of

conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the
conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and
produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat,
parallel, narrowly separated conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is
measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small
amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series
resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown
voltage.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current
while allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of
power supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio
frequency equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.

TRANSISTOR:

A transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch

electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at
least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to
one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of
terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling
(input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. Some transistors are
packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.
The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and
its presence is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE:

A light-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic light source. LEDs are used as

indicator lamps in many kinds of electronics and increasingly for lighting. LEDs work by
the effect of electroluminescence, discovered by accident in 1907. The LED was introduced
as a practical electronic component in 1962. All early devices emitted low-intensity red
light, but modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infra red
wavelengths, with very high brightness.
LEDs are based on the semiconductor diode. When the diode is forward biased
(switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form
of light. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by
the energy gap of the semiconductor.
with integrated optical components to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection.
LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching.
However, they are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat
management than traditional light sources.
Applications of LEDs are diverse. They are used as low-energy indicators but also
for replacements for traditional light sources in general lighting, automotive lighting and
traffic signals. The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and
sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in communications
technology.

PIEZO BUZZER:

Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably crystals and certain

ceramics, including bone) to generate an electric field or electric potential in response to
applied mechanical stress. The effect is closely related to a change of polarization density
within the material's volume. If the material is not short-circuited, the applied stress induces
a voltage across the material. The word is derived from the Greek piezo or piezein, which
means to squeeze or press.

CA3130 IC:

This IC is a 15 MHz BiMOS Operational amplifier with MOSFET inputs and

Bipolar output. The inputs contain MOSFET transistors to provide very high input
impedance and very low input current as low as 10pA. It has high speed of performance and
suitable for low input current applications.
CA3130A and CA3130 are op amps that combine the advantage of both CMOS and
bipolar transistors. Gate-protected P-Channel MOSFET (PMOS) transistors are used in the
input circuit to provide very-high-input impedance, very-low-input current and exceptional
speed performance. The use of PMOS transistors in the input stage results in commonmode input-voltage
capability down to0.5V below the negative-supply terminal, an
important attribute in single-supply applications.
It is normally used for amplification purposes. It can be used as a comparator, voltage followers and
voltage regulators by adding external components. You can use this IC in applications requiring low input
current, high input impedance, and high bandwidth.

Pin Description
Pin# 01, 05: OFFSET NULL
When the input pins of the op-amp are connected with each other, the voltage at the output should be
zero. But no operational amplifier is perfect. Therefore, there is a small offset when the two inputs are
shorted together. The offset null pin is used to null these offsets by applying the voltage between the two
input terminals of an operational amplifier to null the output voltage.

Pin#2: INV. INPUT

It is the inverting/negative input terminal of the operational amplifier integrated inside the IC.

Pin#3: NON-INV. INPUT

It is the non-inverting/positive input terminal of the operational amplifier integrated inside the IC.

Pin#4: V-
It is the connection for ground or negative power supply.

Pin#6: OUTPUT
It gives an amplified output signal.

Pin#7: V+
It is connected to a positive power supply.

Pin#8: STROBE
This pin is used to shut down the output stage. When it is connected to the negative supply, the output
value at pin 6 will rise to the potential of the positive supply. It can also be used for phase compensation
in comparators.

BREADBOARD:
A breadboard is a widely used tool to design and test circuit. You do not need to solder wires and
components to make a circuit while using a bread board. It is easier to mount components & reuse them.
Since, components are not soldered you can change your circuit design at any point without any hassle. It
consist of an array of conductive metal clips encased in a box made of white ABS plastic, where each clip
is insulated with another clips. There are a number of holes on the plastic box, arranged in a particular
fashion. A typical bread board layout consists of two types of region also called strips. Bus strips and
socket strips. Bus strips are usually used to provide power supply to the circuit. It consists of two
columns, one for power voltage and other for ground.

BATTERY:

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy contained within its active materials directly into
electric energy by means of an electrochemical oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction. This type of reaction
involves the transfer of electrons from one material to another via an electric circuit.

RESULTS:

IMPROVEMENTS:
The following are recommended to improve the functionality of this cell phone detector: -
(i). Increase the range of the detector.
(ii).Use of microcontroller to improve the detector.

CONCLUSION:

This pocket-size mobile CALL detector or sniffer can sense the presence of an
activated mobile cell phone from a distance of 3 to 10 cm. So it can be used to
prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful
for detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and unauthorized video transmission.

REFRENCES:
https://www.electronicshub.org/cell-phone-detector-circuit/

https://depts.washington.edu/matseed/batteries/MSE/battery.html
https://www.engineersgarage.com/what-is-breadboard/
https://microcontrollerslab.com/ca3130-mosfet-input-op-amp-ic/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor
https://www.slideshare.net/vamshivarun/mobile-phone-detector-pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/MoinAman/project-report-of-cell-phone-detector-circuit
https://www.academia.edu/7282475/A_Project_Report_at_CELL_PHONE_DETECTOR_Department_of
_Electronics_Engineering_Session_2012_2013_ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
https://www.electronicshub.org/cell-phone-detector-circuit/