Coordinates: 39°44′12″N 75°32′19″W

New Sweden
New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige; Finnish: Uusi Ruotsi;
Latin: Nova Svecia) was a Swedish colony along the lower New Sweden
reaches of the Delaware River in America from 1638 to Nya Sverige
1655,[1] established during the Thirty Years' War when
1638–1655
Sweden was a great military power. New Sweden was part of
Swedish colonization efforts in the Americas. Settlements
were established on both sides of the Delaware Valley in the
region of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, often in
places where Swedish traders had been visiting since about
1610.[2] Fort Christina in Wilmington, Delaware was the first Flag of Sweden
settlement, named after the reigning Swedish monarch. The
settlers were Swedes, Finns, and a number of Dutch. New
Sweden was conquered by the Dutch Republic in 1655 during
the Second Northern War and incorporated into the Dutch
colony of New Netherland.

Contents
History
Hoarkill, New Amstel, and Upland
Significance and legacy
Finnish influence
Forts
Permanent settlements
Rivers and creeks
See also
References Map of New Sweden ca. 1650
by Amandus Johnson
External links Status Swedish colony
Capital Fort Christina
History Common languages Swedish, Finnish,
Munsee, Unami
By the middle of the 17th century, the Realm of Sweden had Religion Church of
reached its greatest territorial extent and was one of the great Sweden
powers of Europe. Sweden then included Finland and Estonia, Native American
along with parts of modern Russia, Poland, Germany, and religion
Latvia under King Gustavus Adolphus and later Christina, Monarch of Sweden
Queen of Sweden. The Swedes sought to expand their • 1632–1654 Christina
influence by creating an agricultural (tobacco) and fur-trading • 1654–1660 Charles X Gustav
colony to circumvent French and English merchants. Governor
• 1638 Peter Minuit
• 1638–1640 Måns Nilsson
The Swedish South Company was founded in 1626 with a Kling
mandate to establish colonies between Florida and • 1640–1643 Peter Hollander
Newfoundland for the purposes of trade, particularly along the Ridder
Delaware River. Its charter included Swedish, Dutch, and • 1643–1653 Johan Björnsson
Printz
German stockholders led by directors of the New Sweden
• 1653–1654 Johan Papegoja
Company, including Samuel Blommaert.[3][4] The company • 1654–1655 Johan Risingh
sponsored 11 expeditions in 14 separate voyages to Delaware
Historical era Colonial period
between 1638 and 1655; two did not survive.
• Established 1638
The first Swedish expedition to America sailed from the port • Dutch conquest 1655
of Gothenburg in late 1637, organized and overseen by Clas • Peach Tree War 1655
Fleming, a Swedish admiral from Finland. Flemish Dutch Currency Swedish riksdaler
Samuel Blommaert assisted the fitting-out and appointed Peter
Minuit (the former Governor of New Amsterdam) to lead the Preceded by Succeeded by
expedition. The expedition sailed into Delaware Bay aboard New Netherland New
the Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel, which lay within the Susquehannock Netherland
territory claimed by the Dutch. They passed Cape May and Great
Cape Henlopen in late March 1638[5] and anchored on March Lakes
29 at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill that is known today as region
Swedes' Landing. They built a fort in Wilmington which they
Today part of United States
named Fort Christina after Queen Christina.[6]

In the following years, the area was settled by 600 Swedes and
Finns, a number of Dutchmen, a few Germans, a Dane, and at
least one Estonian,[7] and Minuit became the first governor of the
colony of New Sweden. He had been the third Director of New
Amsterdam, and he knew that the Dutch claimed the area south to
the Delaware River and its bay. The Dutch, however, had pulled
back their settlers from the area after several years in order to
concentrate on the settlement on Manhattan Island.[8]

Governor Minuit landed on the west bank of the river and gathered
the sachems of the Delawares and Susquehannocks. They held a
conclave in Minuit's cabin on the Kalmar Nyckel, and he
persuaded them to sign deeds which he had prepared to solve any
issue with the Dutch. The Swedes claimed that the purchased land
included land on the west side of the South River from just below
the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, southeastern Pennsylvania,
Delaware, and coastal Maryland. Delaware sachem Mattahoon
later claimed that the purchase only included as much land as was
contained within an area marked by "six trees", and the rest of the
land occupied by the Swedes was stolen.[9] The relative locations of New Netherland
(magenta) and New Sweden (blue) in
Willem Kieft objected to the Swedes landing, but Minuit ignored America; state boundaries and postal
him since he knew that the Dutch were militarily weak at the abbreviations are shown
moment. Minuit completed Fort Christina in 1638, then sailed for
Stockholm to bring the second group of settlers. He made a detour
to the Caribbean to pick up a shipment of tobacco to sell in Europe in order to make the voyage profitable.
However, he died on this voyage during a hurricane at St. Christopher in the Caribbean. The official duties of
the governor of New Sweden were carried out by Captain Måns Nilsson Kling, until a new governor was
selected and arrived from Sweden two years later.[10]
The company expanded along the river from Fort Christina under the leadership of Johan Björnsson Printz,
governor from 1643 to 1653. They established Fort Nya Elfsborg on the east bank of the Delaware near
Salem, New Jersey and Fort Nya Gothenborg on Tinicum Island to the immediate southwest of Philadelphia.
He also built his manor house The Printzhof at Fort Nya Gothenborg, and the Swedish colony prospered for a
time. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their war against English colonists in the
Province of Maryland.[11] In May 1654, soldiers from New Sweden led by Governor Johan Risingh captured
Fort Casimir and renamed it Fort Trinity (Trefaldigheten in Swedish).

Sweden opened the Second Northern War in the Baltic by attacking the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,
and the Dutch sent an armed squadron of ships under Director-General Peter Stuyvesant to seize New
Sweden. In the summer of 1655, the Dutch marched an army to the Delaware River, easily capturing Fort
Trinity and Fort Christina. The Swedish settlement was formally incorporated into Dutch New Netherland on
September 15, 1655, although the Swedish and Finnish settlers were allowed local autonomy. They retained
their own militia, religion, court, and lands.[12] This lasted until the English conquest of New Netherland,
launched on June 24, 1664. The Duke of York sold New Jersey to John Berkeley and George Carteret to
become a proprietary colony, separate from the projected colony of New York. The invasion began on August
29, 1664 with the capture of New Amsterdam and ended with the capture of Fort Casimir (New Castle,
Delaware) in October. This took place at the beginning of the Second Anglo-Dutch War.[13]

New Sweden continued to exist unofficially, and some immigration and expansion continued. The first
settlement at Wicaco began with a Swedish log blockhouse located on Society Hill in Philadelphia in 1669. It
was later used as a church until about 1700, when Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church of Philadelphia was built
on the site.[14] New Sweden finally came to an end when its land was included in William Penn's charter for
Pennsylvania on August 24, 1682.

Hoarkill, New Amstel, and Upland

The start of the Third Anglo-Dutch War resulted in the Dutch

recapture of New Netherland in August 1673. They restored the
status which predated the English invasion, and codified it in the
establishment of three counties: Hoarkill County,[15] New Amstel
County,[15] and Upland County, which was later partitioned between
New Castle County, Delaware, and the Colony of Pennsylvania.[15]
The three counties were created on September 12, 1673, the first two
on the west shore of the Delaware River and the third on both sides of
the river. The C. A. Nothnagle Log House in
Gibbstown, New Jersey built in 1638,
The Treaty of Westminster of 1674 ended the Dutch effort and
the oldest house in New Jersey
required them to return all of New Netherland to the English on June
29, including the three counties which they created.[16] After taking
stock, the English declared on November 11 that settlements on the west side of the Delaware River and
Delaware Bay were to be dependent on the Colony of New York, including the three Counties.[17] This
declaration was followed by a declaration that renamed New Amstel as New Castle. The other counties
retained their Dutch names for the duration.[17]

The next step in the assimilation of New Sweden into New York was the extension of the Duke's laws into the
region on September 22, 1676.[18] This was followed by the partition of some Upland Counties to conform to
the borders of Pennsylvania and Delaware, with most of the Delaware portion going to New Castle County on
November 12, 1678.[19] The remainder of Upland continued in place under the same name. On June 21,
1680, New Castle and Hoarkill Counties were partitioned to produce St. Jones County.[20]
On March 4, 1681, what had been the colony of New Sweden was formally partitioned into the colonies of
Delaware and Pennsylvania. The border was established 12 miles north of New Castle, and the northern limit
of Pennsylvania was set at 42 degrees north latitude. The eastern limit was the border with New Jersey at the
Delaware River, while the western limit was undefined.[21] In June 1681, Upland ceased to exist as the result
of the reorganization of the Colony of Pennsylvania, with the Upland government becoming the government
of Chester County, Pennsylvania.

On August 24, 1682, the Duke of York transferred the western Delaware River region to William Penn,
including Delaware, thus transferring Deale County and St. Jones County from New York to Delaware. St.
Jones County was renamed Kent County, Deale County was renamed Sussex County, and New Castle
County retained its name.[22]

Significance and legacy

Historian H. Arnold Barton has suggested that the greatest
significance of New Sweden was the strong and lasting interest in
America that the colony generated in Sweden,[23] although major
Swedish immigration did not occur until the late 19th century. From
1870 to 1910, more than one million Swedes arrived in America,
settling particularly in Minnesota and other states of the Upper
Midwest. Traces of New Sweden persist in the lower Delaware
Valley, including Holy Trinity Church in Wilmington, Delaware,
Gloria Dei Church and St. James Kingsessing Church in Philadelphia,
Trinity Episcopal Church in Swedesboro, New Jersey, and Christ
Church in Swedesburg, Pennsylvania. All of those churches are
commonly known as "Old Swedes' Church".[24] Christiana,
Delaware is one of the few settlements in the area with a Swedish US Postage stamp commemorating
name, and Upland survives as Upland, Pennsylvania. Swedesford the founding of Wilmington, Delaware
Road is still found in Chester and Montgomery Counties, (1938)
Pennsylvania, although Swedesford has long since become
Norristown. The American Swedish Historical Museum in South
Philadelphia houses many exhibits, documents, and artifacts from the New Sweden colony.[25]

Perhaps the greatest contribution of New Sweden to the development of the New World is the traditional
Finnish forest house building technique. The colonists of New Sweden brought with them the log cabin,
which became such an icon of the American frontier that it is thought of as an American structure.[26][27] The
C. A. Nothnagle Log House on Swedesboro-Paulsboro Road in Gibbstown, New Jersey is one of the oldest
surviving log houses in the United States.[28][29]

Finnish influence
The settlers came from all over the Swedish realm. The percentage of Finns in New Sweden grew especially
towards the end of the colonization;[30] they composed 22-percent of the population during Swedish rule but
rose to about 50-percent after the colony came under Dutch rule.[31] A contingent of 140 Finns arrived in
1664. The ship Mercurius sailed to the colony in 1665, and 92 of the 106 passengers were listed as Finns.
Memory of the early Finnish settlement lived on in place names near the Delaware River such as Finland
(Marcus Hook), Torne, Lapland, Finns Point, Mullica Hill, and Mullica River.[32]

A portion of these Finns were known as Forest Finns, people of Finnish descent who had been living in the
forest areas of Central Sweden. The Forest Finns had moved from Savonia in Eastern Finland to Dalarna,
Bergslagen and other provinces in central Sweden during the late-16th to mid-17th century. Their relocation
had started as part of an effort by Swedish King Gustav Vasa to expand agriculture to these uninhabited parts
of the country. The Finns in Savonia traditionally farmed with a slash-and-burn method which was better
suited to pioneering agriculture in vast forest areas. This was also the farming method used by the American
Indians of Delaware.[33]

Forts
Fort Christina (1638) – at the Brandywine Creek and
Christina River in Wilmington, Delaware, later renamed
Fort Altena (1655)[34]
Fort Mecoponacka (1641) – in Chester, near Finlandia or
Upland in Delaware County, Pennsylvania[35]
Fort Nya Elfsborg (1643) – between present-day Salem
Creek and Alloway Creek near Bridgeport, New Jersey[36]
Fort Nya Gothenborg (1643) – on Tinicum Island near the
site of The Printzhof in Essington, Delaware County,
Pennsylvania[37]
Fort Nya Vasa (1646) – at Kingsessing, on the eastern-side
of Cobbs Creek in Philadelphia[38]
Fort Nya Korsholm (1647) – on the Schuylkill River near
the South River in Philadelphia[39]
Fort Casimir (1654) – also known as Fort Trinity (in
Swedish, Trefaldigheten), located at the end of Chestnut
Street near Harmony & 2nd streets in New Castle,
Delaware.[40]

Permanent settlements
Christina (1638 and 1641; modern Wilmington, Delaware)[41]
Finland, Finlandia, or Chamassungh (1641 and 1643; modern Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania)[41]
Upland or Uppland (1641 and 1643; modern Chester, Pennsylvania)[41]
Varkens Kill (1641; modern Salem County, New Jersey)[42][43][44]
Printztorp (1643; modern Chester, Pa.)[41]
Tequirassy (1643; modern Eddystone, Pennsylvania)[41]
Tenakonk or Tinicum (1643; modern Tinicum Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania)[41]
Provins, Druweeÿland, or Manaiping[41] (1643; modern southwest Philadelphia, on Province
Island on the Schuylkill River)
Minquas or Minqua's Island (1644; modern southwest Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)[41]
Kingsessing (1644; modern southwest Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)[41]
Mölndal (1645; modern Yeadon, Pennsylvania)[41]
Torne (1647; modern West Philadelphia)[41]
Sveaborg[45][46] (c. 1649; modern Swedesboro, New Jersey)
Nya Stockholm (c. 1649; modern Bridgeport, New Jersey)
Sidoland (1654; modern Wilmington, Del.)[41]
Översidolandet (1654; modern Wilmington, Del.)[41]
Timmerön or Timber Island (1654; modern Wilmington)[41]
 Strandviken (1654; modern Wilmington)[41]
Ammansland (1654; modern Darby, Pennsylvania)[41]

Rivers and creeks

Delaware River: "South River" (Södre Rivier; as opposed to the Hudson), "Swedish River"
(Swenskes Rivier), "New Sweden River" (Nya Sweriges Rivier)[41]
Schuylkill River: "Schuyl Creek" (Schuylen Kÿl)[41] meaning hidden river
Brandywine Creek: "Fish Creek" (Fiske Kÿl)
Christina River: "Susquehanna" (Minquas) or "Christina Creek" (Christina Kÿl)
Raccoon Creek: "Narraticon" (Lenape) meaning Raccoon[47][48]
Salem River: Varkens Kill (Hogg Creek)
Mullica River, named for an early Finnish settler, Eric Pålsson Mullica

See also
C. A. Nothnagle Log House
Swedish emigration to North America
European colonization of the Americas
Possessions of Sweden
Swedish American
Upland Court
Finnish American
American Swedish Historical Museum
Rambo apple
Kalmar Nyckel
Laurentius Carels, Swedish American Lutheran pastor
Olof Persson Stille, first chief justice of the Upland Court
Wedge (border)
New Sweden Farmstead Museum
Old Swedes' Church
Lower Swedish Cabin
Flag of Philadelphia

References
Notes

1. "Delaware" (http://www.worldstatesmen.org/US_states_A-D.html#Delaware). World

Statesmen. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
2. Copy the cite data from the New American Heritage book of Indians on Susquehannock.
3. "A Brief History of New Sweden in America" (http://www.colonialswedes.org/History/History.ht
ml). The Swedish Colonial Society.
4. Mark L. Thompson (2013). The Contest for the Delaware Valley: Allegiance, Identity, and
Empire in the Seventeenth Century (https://books.google.com/books?id=gCvndqXYhJEC).
Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-5060-3.
 5. McCormick, p. 12; Munroe, Colonial Delaware, p. 16.
6. Thorne, Kathryn; Ford, Compiler; Long, John H., eds. (1993). New York Atlas of Historical
County Boundaries. The Newbury Library. p. 5.
7. "Estonians in North America, 1627–1896" (http://www.oocities.org/vienna/8921/colonial.html).
www.oocities.org.
8. Shorto, Russell (2004) The Island at the Center of the World New York: Vintage Press. pp.
43,58. ISBN 978-1-4000-7867-7
9. Jennings, p.117
10. Shorto, Russell, The Island at the Center of the World, Part II; Chapter 6; Pages 115–117.
11. Jennings, p. 120
12. "Upland Court" (http://www.westjerseyhistory.org/docs/upland/). West Jersey History Project.
13. Munroe, History of Delaware, pp. 30–31
14. "Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church" (http://www.nps.gov/glde/). National Park Service.
15. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. 12. pp. 507–508.
16. Parry, Clive, ed. Consolidated Treaty Series.; Vol. 13, p. 136; Dobbs Ferry, New York; Oceana
Publications, 1969–1981.
17. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. 12. p. 515.
18. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. 12. pp. 561–563.
19. Armstrong, Edward (1860). Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania: Volume 119;
Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681. Pennsylvania: Historical Society
of Pennsylvania. p. 198.
20. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. 12. pp. 654, 664, 666–
667.
21. Armstrong, Edward (1860). Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania: Volume 119;
Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681. Pennsylvania: Historical Society
of Pennsylvania. p. 196.
22. Pennsylvania Archives, 2nd series, Vol. 5: pp. 739–744.
23. Barton, A Folk Divided, 5–7.
24. Project Canterbury. Swedish Folk within Our Church (Thomas Burgess. New York: Foreign-
Born Americans Division, Episcopal Diocese of New York. National Council, 1929)
http://anglicanhistory.org/lutherania/swedish_folk
25. "Museum Galleries | American Swedish Historical Museum" (http://www.americanswedish.org/
exhibitions/galleries). www.americanswedish.org. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
26. Henry C. Pitz, The Brandywine Tradition, Weathervane Books, 1968. pp. 4–5.
27. Mary Trotter Kion, "New Sweden: The First Colony in Delaware". July 23, 2006; accessed
2010.03.10.
28. "Nothnagle Log Cabin, Gibbstown" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110719034523/http://www.e
ttc.net/njarts/details.cfm?ID=752). Art and Archtitecture of New Jersey. Richard Stokton College
of New Jersey. Archived from the original (http://www.ettc.net/njarts/details.cfm?ID=752) on July
19, 2011. Retrieved May 24, 2011.
29. Oldest – Log House in North America – Superlatives on (http://www.waymarking.com/waymark
s/WM4CDW_OLDEST_Log_House_in_North_America). Waymarking.com. Retrieved on July
23, 2013.
30. "genealogia.org" (http://www.genealogia.org/emi/art/article393e.htm). www.genealogia.org.
31. Wedin, Maud (October 2012). "Highlights of Research in Scandinavia on Forest Finns" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20140810072220/http://www.americanswedish.org/Highlights%20of%20
Research%20on%20Forest%20Finns.pdf) (PDF). American-Swedish Organization. Archived
from the original (http://www.americanswedish.org/Highlights%20of%20Research%20on%20F
orest%20Finns.pdf) (PDF) on August 10, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
32. Spiegel, Taru. "The Finns in America"
(https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/FinnsAmer/finchro.html). European Reading Room. Library of
Congress. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
33. "Finland monument at Concord Avenue in Chester, Pennsylvania" (http://explorepahistory.com/
hmarker.php?markerId=33). Historical Markers. ExplorePAhistory.com. Retrieved August 26,
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34. The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638–1664 Volume I (Amandus Johnson Reprint
Services Corp. 1911)
35. Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware 1630–1707 (ed. Albert
Cook Myers. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1912) [1] (https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a
=o&d=6006508)
36. The Swedes and Finns in New Jersey (Federal Writers' Project of WPA. Bayonne, New Jersey:
Jersey Printing Company, Inc. 1938)
37. History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, by Henry Graham Ashmead. Philadelphia: L. H.
Everts & Co. 1884 [2] (http://www.delcohistory.org/ashmead/ashmead_pg277.htm)
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Records Center. University of Pennsylvania, October 10, 2005) [3] (http://www.archives.upenn.
edu/histy/features/upwphil/day_kingsessing.pdf)
39. History of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, Henry Graham Ashmead. Philadelphia: L. H. Everts
& Co. 1884 [4] (http://www.delcohistory.org/ashmead/ashmead_pg278.htm)
40. "Site of Fort Casimir" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100821215815/http://archives.delaware.g
ov/markers/ncc/SITE%20OF%20FORT%20CASIMER%20NC-23.shtml). Delaware Public
Archives. State of Delaware. Archived from the original (http://archives.delaware.gov/markers/n
cc/SITE%20OF%20FORT%20CASIMER%20NC-23.shtml) on August 21, 2010. Retrieved
September 14, 2010.
41. Johnson, Amandus. The Swedish settlements on the Delaware, 1638–1664. (https://archive.or
g/stream/swedishsettlem02john#page/496/mode/2up/). Swedish Colonial Society, 1911.
42. Chandler, Alfred N. (2000) [1945], Land Title Origins: A Tale of Force and Fraud (https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=tzk0kzg9LioC&pg=PA242&lpg=PA242&dq=Land+Title+Origins:+A+Tale+
of+Force+and+Fraud+New+Englanders+on+the+Delaware&source=bl&ots=_P5o7V-kQQ&sig
=IUBWcgCCSV6VQsDOjXaiTgVxPBI&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=mXXxUYCAL4aK0AWMmIGoAw&ved
=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Land%20Title%20Origins%3A%20A%20Tale%20of%20For
ce%20and%20Fraud%20New%20Englanders%20on%20the%20Delaware&f=false), Beard
Books, p. 242, ISBN 1-893122-89-1
43. Sheridan, Janet L. (2007). " "Their houses are some Built of timber": The colonial timber frame
houses of Fenwick's Colony, New Jersey" (https://books.google.com/books?id=X5Ugae1GbM
wC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=New+Haven+Varkenskill&source=bl&ots=ON_iYxdL4V&sig=w
y5J7ozT2BXzhSUaQzqe7wQb448&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=Qf7wUY-xDoe47AaUj4GQBQ&ved=0CD
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AAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false), New York: S. Tuttle, "In
1641, some English families, (probably emigrants from New Haven, Conn.,) embracing about
60 persons, settled on Ferken's creek (now Salem.) About this period, the Swedes bought of
the Indians the whole district from Cape May to Raccoon creek; and, in order to unite these
English with the Swedes, the Swedish governor, Printz, who arrived from Sweden the year
after, (1642,) was to "act kindly and faithfully toward them; and as these English expected soon,
by further arrivals, to increase their numbers to several hundreds, and seemed also willing to
be subjects of the Swedish government, he was to receive them under allegiance, though not
without endeavoring to effect their removal.""
45. Williams, Rev. Dr. Kim-Eric. "Trinity Episcopal Church" (https://web.archive.org/web/200801150
62246/http://www.colonialswedes.org/Churches/TriEpi.html). The Swedish Colonial Society.
Archived from the original (http://www.colonialswedes.org/Churches/TriEpi.html) on January
15, 2008.
46. "History: Early Settlement" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080905160333/http://trinityswedesb
oro.org/History/History1.htm). Trinity Episcopal "Old Swedes" Church. Trinity Episcopal "Old
Swedes" Church. Archived from the original (http://trinityswedesboro.org/History/History1.htm)
on September 5, 2008.
47. Roncace, Kelly (May 14, 2012). "What's in a Name? Raccoon Creek" (http://www.nj.com/glouc
ester-county/towns/index.ssf/2012/05/whats_in_a_name_raccoon_creek.html). South Jersey
Times. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
48. "The Kepharts: Cohawkin, Raccoon Creek, Narraticon all names left by Lenni-Lenape in
Gloucester County" (http://www.nj.com/gloucester/voices/index.ssf/2010/11/the_kepharts_coha
wkin_raccoon.html).

Bibliography

Barton, H. Arnold (1994). A Folk Divided: Homeland Swedes and Swedish Americans, 1840–
1940. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
Benson, Adolph B. and Naboth Hedin, eds. (1938) Swedes in America, 1638–1938. The
Swedish American Tercentenary Association. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press
ISBN 978-0-8383-0326-9
Jennings, Francis, (1984) The Ambiguous Iroquois. New York: Norton ISBN 0-393-01719-2
Johnson, Amandus (1927) The Swedes on the Delaware. Philadelphia: International Printing
Company
Munroe, John A. (1977) Colonial Delaware. Wilmington, Delaware: Delaware Heritage Press
Shorto, Russell (2004) The Island at the Center of the World. New York: Doubleday ISBN 0-
385-50349-0
Weslager, C. A. (1990) A Man and his Ship, Peter Minuet and the Kalmar Nyckel. Wilmington,
Delaware: Kalmar Nyckel Foundation ISBN 0-9625563-1-9
Weslager, C. A. (1988) New Sweden on the Delaware 1638–1655. Wilmington, Delaware:
Middle Atlantic Press ISBN 0-912608-65-X
Weslager, C. A. (1987) The Swedes and Dutch at New Castle. Wilmington, Delaware: Middle
Atlantic Press ISBN 0-912608-50-1

Further reading

Jameson, J. Franklin (1887) Willem Usselinx: Founder of the Dutch and Swedish West India
Companies. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
Mickley, Joseph J. (1881) Some Account of William Usselinx and Peter Minuit: Two individuals
who were instrumental in establishing the first permanent colony in Delaware. The Historical
Society of Delaware.
Myers, Albert Cook, ed. (1912) Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey, and
Delaware, 1630–1707. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
Ward, Christopher (1930) Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware, 1609–1664. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press

External links
The Finns in American Colonial History (https://web.archive.org/web/20080409063523/http://w
ww.komitea.com/The%20Finns%20in%20American%20Colonial%20History.pdf)
 The American Swedish Historical Museum (http://www.americanswedish.org/)
A Brief History of New Sweden in America
(http://www.colonialswedes.org/History/History.html), at The Swedish Colonial Society (http://w
ww.colonialswedes.org/)
The New Sweden Centre – museum, tours and reenactors (http://www.colonialnewsweden.org)
New Sweden (http://wiki.familysearch.org/en/New_Sweden) at the FamilySearch Research
Wiki
Johnson's detailed map of New Sweden (http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nycoloni/nswama
p.html)
350th Anniversary of the Landing of the Swedes and Finns in Delaware (http://www.lib.udel.ed
u/ud/spec/exhibits/sweden.htm)

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This page was last edited on 10 September 2020, at 04:42 (UTC).

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