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7/1/2021 Radiant energy - Wikipedia
Radiant energy
In physics, and in particular as measured by radiometry,
radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic and
gravitational radiation.[1] As energy, its SI unit is the joule
(J). The quantity of radiant energy may be calculated by
integrating radiant flux (or power) with respect to time.
The symbol Qe is often used throughout literature to
denote radiant energy ("e" for "energetic", to avoid
confusion with photometric quantities). In branches of
physics other than radiometry, electromagnetic energy is
referred to using E or W. The term is used particularly
when electromagnetic radiation is emitted by a source into
the surrounding environment. This radiation may be
visible or invisible to the human eye.[2][3]
Visible light such as sunlight carries radiant

Contents energy, which is used in solar power generation.
Terminology use and history

Analysis
Open systems
Applications
SI radiometry units
See also
Notes and references
Further reading
Terminology use and history

The term "radiant energy" is most commonly used in the fields of radiometry, solar energy, heating and
lighting, but is also sometimes used in other fields (such as telecommunications). In modern
applications involving transmission of power from one location to another, "radiant energy" is
sometimes used to refer to the electromagnetic waves themselves, rather than their energy (a property of
the waves). In the past, the term "electro-radiant energy" has also been used.[4]
The term "radiant energy" also applies to gravitational radiation.[5][6] For example, the first gravitational
waves ever observed were produced by a black hole collision that emitted about 5.3 × 1047 joules of
gravitational-wave energy.[7]
Analysis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_energy 1/9
Because electromagnetic (EM) radiation can be conceptualized

as a stream of photons, radiant energy can be viewed as photon
energy – the energy carried by these photons. Alternatively,
EM radiation can be viewed as an electromagnetic wave, which
carries energy in its oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
These two views are completely equivalent and are reconciled
to one another in quantum field theory (see wave-particle
duality).
EM radiation can have various frequencies. The bands of

frequency present in a given EM signal may be sharply defined,
as is seen in atomic spectra, or may be broad, as in blackbody Cherenkov radiation glowing in the core of
radiation. In the particle picture, the energy carried by each a TRIGA reactor.
photon is proportional to its frequency. In the wave picture,
the energy of a monochromatic wave is proportional to its
intensity. This implies that if two EM waves have the same intensity, but different frequencies, the one
with the higher frequency "contains" fewer photons, since each photon is more energetic.
When EM waves are absorbed by an object, the energy of the waves is converted to heat (or converted to
electricity in case of a photoelectric material). This is a very familiar effect, since sunlight warms surfaces
that it irradiates. Often this phenomenon is associated particularly with infrared radiation, but any kind
of electromagnetic radiation will warm an object that absorbs it. EM waves can also be reflected or
scattered, in which case their energy is redirected or redistributed as well.
Open systems
Radiant energy is one of the mechanisms by which energy can enter or leave an open system.[8][9][10]
Such a system can be man-made, such as a solar energy collector, or natural, such as the Earth's
atmosphere. In geophysics, most atmospheric gases, including the greenhouse gases, allow the Sun's
short-wavelength radiant energy to pass through to the Earth's surface, heating the ground and oceans.
The absorbed solar energy is partly re-emitted as longer wavelength radiation (chiefly infrared
radiation), some of which is absorbed by the atmospheric greenhouse gases. Radiant energy is produced
in the sun as a result of nuclear fusion.[11]
Applications
Radiant energy is used for radiant heating.[12] It can be generated electrically by infrared lamps, or can
be absorbed from sunlight and used to heat water. The heat energy is emitted from a warm element
(floor, wall, overhead panel) and warms people and other objects in rooms rather than directly heating
the air. Because of this, the air temperature may be lower than in a conventionally heated building, even
though the room appears just as comfortable.
Various other applications of radiant energy have been devised.[13] These include treatment and
inspection, separating and sorting, medium of control, and medium of communication. Many of these
applications involve a source of radiant energy and a detector that responds to that radiation and
provides a signal representing some characteristic of the radiation. Radiant energy detectors produce
responses to incident radiant energy either as an increase or decrease in electric potential or current flow
or some other perceivable change, such as exposure of photographic film.
SI radiometry units
SI radiometry units
Quantity Unit Dimension
Notes
Name Symbol[nb 1] Name Symbol Symbol
Energy of
Radiant energy Qe[nb 2] joule J M⋅L2⋅T−2 electromagnetic
radiation.
Radiant energy per
Radiant energy density we joule per cubic metre J/m3 M⋅L−1⋅T−2
unit volume.
Radiant energy
emitted, reflected,
transmitted or
received, per unit
Radiant flux Φe[nb 2] watt W = J/s M⋅L2⋅T−3
time. This is
sometimes also
called "radiant
power".
Radiant flux per unit
Φe,ν[nb 3] watt per hertz W/Hz M⋅L2⋅T−2 frequency or
Spectral flux wavelength. The
latter is commonly
Φe,λ[nb 4] watt per metre W/m M⋅L⋅T−3
measured in W⋅nm−1.
Radiant flux emitted,

reflected, transmitted
Radiant intensity Ie,Ω[nb 5] watt per steradian W/sr M⋅L2⋅T−3 or received, per unit
solid angle. This is a
directional quantity.
Radiant intensity per
watt per steradian per
Ie,Ω,ν[nb 3] W⋅sr−1⋅Hz−1 M⋅L2⋅T−2 unit frequency or
hertz wavelength. The
Spectral intensity latter is commonly
measured in
Ie,Ω,λ[nb 4] W⋅sr−1⋅m−1 M⋅L⋅T−3 W⋅sr−1⋅nm−1. This is
metre
a directional quantity.
Radiant flux emitted,
reflected, transmitted
or received by a
surface, per unit solid
angle per unit
Radiance Le,Ω[nb 5] W⋅sr−1⋅m−2 M⋅T−3 projected area. This
square metre
is a directional
quantity. This is
sometimes also
confusingly called
"intensity".
Radiance of a surface
watt per steradian per per unit frequency or
Le,Ω,ν[nb 3] square metre per W⋅sr−1⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 M⋅T−2 wavelength. The
hertz latter is commonly
measured in
Spectral radiance W⋅sr−1⋅m−2⋅nm−1.
This is a directional
watt per steradian per quantity. This is
Le,Ω,λ[nb 4] square metre, per W⋅sr−1⋅m−3 M⋅L−1⋅T−3 sometimes also
metre confusingly called
"spectral intensity".
Irradiance
Ee[nb 2] watt per square metre W/m2 M⋅T−3 Radiant flux received
Flux density by a surface per unit
area. This is
sometimes also
confusingly called
"intensity".
watt per square metre Irradiance of a
Ee,ν[nb 3] W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 M⋅T−2
per hertz surface per unit
frequency or
wavelength. This is
sometimes also
confusingly called
Spectral irradiance
Non-SI units of
Spectral flux density watt per square spectral flux density
Ee,λ[nb 4] W/m3 M⋅L−1⋅T−3 include jansky (1 Jy =
metre, per metre
10−26 W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1)
and solar flux unit
(1 sfu =
10−22 W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 =
104 Jy).
Radiant flux leaving
(emitted, reflected
and transmitted by) a
Radiosity Je[nb 2] watt per square metre W/m2 M⋅T−3 surface per unit area.
This is sometimes
also confusingly
called "intensity".
Radiosity of a surface
watt per square metre per unit frequency or
Je,ν[nb 3] W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 M⋅T−2 wavelength. The
per hertz
latter is commonly
Spectral radiosity measured in
W⋅m−2⋅nm−1. This is
watt per square sometimes also
Je,λ[nb 4] W/m3 M⋅L−1⋅T−3
metre, per metre confusingly called
Radiant flux emitted
by a surface per unit
area. This is the
emitted component of
radiosity. "Radiant
Radiant exitance Me[nb 2] watt per square metre W/m2 M⋅T−3
emittance" is an old
term for this quantity.
This is sometimes
also confusingly
called "intensity".
Radiant exitance of a
surface per unit
watt per square metre frequency or
Me,ν[nb 3] W⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 M⋅T−2 wavelength. The
per hertz
latter is commonly
measured in
Spectral exitance W⋅m−2⋅nm−1.
"Spectral emittance"
is an old term for this
watt per square quantity. This is
Me,λ[nb 4] W/m3 M⋅L−1⋅T−3
metre, per metre sometimes also
confusingly called
Radiant exposure He joule per square J/m2 M⋅T−2 Radiant energy
metre received by a surface
per unit area, or
equivalently
irradiance of a
surface integrated
over time of
irradiation. This is
sometimes also
called "radiant
fluence".
joule per square Radiant exposure of
He,ν[nb 3] J⋅m−2⋅Hz−1 M⋅T−1
metre per hertz a surface per unit
frequency or
wavelength. The
latter is commonly
Spectral exposure measured in
joule per square
He,λ[nb 4] J/m3 M⋅L−1⋅T−2 J⋅m−2⋅nm−1. This is
metre, per metre
sometimes also
called "spectral
fluence".
Radiant exitance of a
surface, divided by
Hemispherical that of a black body
ε N/A 1
emissivity at the same
temperature as that
surface.
Spectral exitance of a
εν
surface, divided by
Spectral hemispherical that of a black body
or
N/A 1
emissivity at the same
ελ
temperature as that
surface.
Radiance emitted by
a surface, divided by
that emitted by a
Directional emissivity εΩ N/A 1
black body at the
same temperature as
that surface.
Spectral radiance
εΩ,ν
emitted by a surface,
Spectral directional divided by that of a
or
N/A 1
emissivity black body at the
εΩ,λ
same temperature as
that surface.
Radiant flux absorbed
by a surface, divided
by that received by
Hemispherical
A N/A 1 that surface. This
absorptance
should not be
confused with
"absorbance".
Spectral hemispherical Aν
N/A 1 Spectral flux
absorptance or
absorbed by a
Aλ surface, divided by
that received by that
surface. This should
not be confused with
"spectral
absorbance".
Radiance absorbed
by a surface, divided
by the radiance
Directional
AΩ N/A 1 incident onto that
absorptance
surface. This should
"absorbance".
Spectral radiance
absorbed by a
surface, divided by
AΩ,ν
the spectral radiance
Spectral directional
or
N/A 1 incident onto that
absorptance
AΩ,λ surface. This should
"spectral
absorbance".
Radiant flux reflected
Hemispherical by a surface, divided
R N/A 1
reflectance by that received by
that surface.
Rν
Spectral flux reflected
Spectral hemispherical by a surface, divided
or
N/A 1
reflectance by that received by
Rλ
that surface.
Radiance reflected by
a surface, divided by
Directional reflectance RΩ N/A 1
surface.
Spectral radiance
RΩ,ν
reflected by a
or
N/A 1 surface, divided by
reflectance
RΩ,λ that received by that
surface.
Radiant flux
transmitted by a
Hemispherical
T N/A 1 surface, divided by
transmittance
surface.
Spectral flux
Tν
transmitted by a
Spectral hemispherical
or
transmittance
Tλ that received by that
surface.
Radiance transmitted
Directional by a surface, divided
TΩ N/A 1
transmittance by that received by
that surface.
Spectral radiance
TΩ,ν
transmitted by a
or
transmittance
TΩ,λ that received by that
surface.
Hemispherical μ reciprocal metre m−1 L−1 Radiant flux absorbed
attenuation coefficient and scattered by a
volume per unit
length, divided by that
received by that
volume.
Spectral radiant flux
absorbed and
μν
scattered by a
Spectral hemispherical
attenuation coefficient
or
reciprocal metre m−1 L−1 volume per unit
μλ length, divided by that
received by that
volume.
Radiance absorbed
and scattered by a
Directional attenuation volume per unit
μΩ reciprocal metre m−1 L−1
coefficient length, divided by that
received by that
volume.
Spectral radiance
absorbed and
μΩ,ν
scattered by a
attenuation coefficient
or
reciprocal metre m−1 L−1 volume per unit
μΩ,λ length, divided by that
received by that
volume.
See also: SI · Radiometry · Photometry
1. Standards organizations recommend that radiometric quantities should be denoted with suffix "e" (for
"energetic") to avoid confusion with photometric or photon quantities.
2. Alternative symbols sometimes seen: W or E for radiant energy, P or F for radiant flux, I for
irradiance, W for radiant exitance.
3. Spectral quantities given per unit frequency are denoted with suffix "ν" (Greek)—not to be confused
with suffix "v" (for "visual") indicating a photometric quantity.
4. Spectral quantities given per unit wavelength are denoted with suffix "λ" (Greek).
5. Directional quantities are denoted with suffix "Ω" (Greek).
See also
Luminous energy Photoelectric effect
Luminescence Photodetector
Power Photocell
Radiometry Photoelectric cell
Federal Standard 1037C
Transmission
Open system
Notes and references

1. "Radiant energy (http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-029/_4341.htm)". Federal standard 1037C
2. George Frederick Barker, Physics: Advanced Course, page 367
3. Hardis, Jonathan E., "Visibility of Radiant Energy (http://nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/sp958-lide/025-02
7.pdf)". PDF.
4. Examples: US 1005338 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1005338)

"Transmitting apparatus", US 1018555 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&ID
X=US1018555) "Signaling by electroradiant energy", and US 1597901 (https://worldwide.espacenet.
com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1597901) "Radio apparatus".
5. Kennefick, Daniel (2007-04-15). Traveling at the Speed of Thought: Einstein and the Quest for
Gravitational Waves (https://books.google.com/books?id=UgggNsJhCp8C&q=gravitational+waves+r
adiant+energy&pg=PA97). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11727-0. Retrieved 9 March
2016.
6. Sciama, Dennis (17 February 1972). "Cutting the Galaxy's losses" (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=_BnfnEMifSoC&q=radiant+energy&pg=PA373). New Scientist: 373. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
7. Abbott, B.P. (11 February 2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole
Merger" (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.061102). Physical Review Letters. 116 (6):
061102. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102 (https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.061102).
PMID 26918975 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26918975).
8. Moran, M.J. and Shapiro, H.N., Fundamentals of Engineering
Thermodynamics, Chapter 4. "Mass
Conservation for an Open System", 5th Edition, John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0-471-27471-2.
9. Robert W. Christopherson, Elemental Geosystems, Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall, 2003. Pages 608.
ISBN 0-13-101553-2
10. James Grier Miller and Jessie L. Miller, The Earth as a System (http://www.newciv.org/ISSS_Primer/
asem22jm.html).
11. Energy transformation (http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/91656/excerpt/9780521791656_excer
pt.pdf). assets.cambridge.org. (excerpt)
12. US 1317883 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1317883) "Method
of generating radiant energy and projecting same through free air for producing heat"
13. Class 250, Radiant Energy (http://www.uspto.gov/go/classification/uspc250/defs250.htm), USPTO.
March 2006.
Lang, Kenneth R. (1999). Astrophysical Formulae (https://books.google.com/books?id=HlGIXqzVEA

gC). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-29692-8.
Mischler, Georg (2003). "Radiant energy" (http://www.schorsch.com/kbase/glossary/radiant_energy.h
tml). Lighting Design Knowledgebase. Retrieved 29 Oct 2008.
Elion, Glenn R. (1979). Electro-Optics Handbook (https://books.google.com/books?id=c1jqBKKKDkw
C). CRC Press Technology & Industrial Arts. ISBN 0-8247-6879-5.
Further reading
Caverly, Donald Philip, Primer of Electronics and Radiant Energy. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1952.
Whittaker, E. T. (Apr 1929). "What is energy?". The Mathematical Gazette. The Mathematical
Association. 14 (200): 401–406. doi:10.2307/3606954 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3606954).
JSTOR 3606954 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3606954).
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7/1/2021 Radiant energy - Wikipedia

Visible light such as sunlight carries radiant

Terminology use and history

Terminology use and history

Because electromagnetic (EM) radiation can be conceptualized

EM radiation can have various frequencies. The bands of

Radiant flux emitted,

Notes and references

4. Examples: US 1005338 (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1005338)

Lang, Kenneth R. (1999). Astrophysical Formulae (https://books.google.com/books?id=HlGIXqzVEA

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiant_energy&oldid=1006898909"

This page was last edited on 15 February 2021, at 11:59 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

You might also like