Conceptos de

Networking para
Aplicaciones 61850

Arnau Vásquez
Regional Manager – South Cone

© 2013 Belden Inc. | belden.com | @BeldenInc

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL. COPYING RESTRICTED. FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY.
 Standardization Bodies

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A
2. ISO/OSI Reference Model

7 Processing Application

HTTP, FTP, TFTP

6 Presentation Presentation
SNMP, SNTP, …

5 Comms. control Session

4 Transport Transport TCP / UDP

3 Mediation Network IP

2 Frame&Protection Data Link

Ethernet
1 Bit transfer Physical

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 3
2. ISO/OSI Reference Model

7 Processing Application

HTTP, FTP, TFTP

6 Presentation Presentation
SNMP, SNTP, …

5 Comms. control Session

4 Transport Transport TCP / UDP

3 Mediation Network IP

2 Frame&Protection Data Link

Ethernet
1 Bit transfer Physical

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 4
2. Peer to Peer Communications

http://192.168.0.15

7 Application Application

HTTP
6 Presentation Presentation

5 Session Session

TCP
4 Transport Transport

IP
3 Network Network

2 Data Link Data Link

Ethernet

1 Physical Physical

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 5
2. Protocol Encapsulation

http://192.168.0.15

Data

7 Application Application

6 Presentation Data Presentation

5 Session Session

4 Transport Data Transport

3 Network Data Network

2 Data Link Data Link

Data
1 Physical Physical

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 6
2. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 7
2. IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)
 IEC 62439
 Industrial communication networks -
High availability automation networks
 For example:
 Media Redundancy Protocol (MRP)
 High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR)
 Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP)

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 8
2. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 RFC 3935 - A Mission Statement for the IETF
 RFC 1700 - Assigned Numbers
 For example: Port numbers
 RFC 791 - Internet Protocol
 RFC 792 - ICMP
 RFC 761 - TCP
 RFC 768 - UDP

 www.ietf.org

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 9
 Physical Items of Ethernet

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A
2. Application Classes for Balanced Copper Cables

Application Class Category Frequency Application

ETHERNET,
Class C Cat 3 up to 16 MHz Telephony, Token
Ring
Fast and Gigabit
Class D Cat 5 up to 100
Ethernet
10 Gbit Ethernet
Class E Cat 6 up to 250 MHz
(min 55 m)
10 Gbit Ethernet
Class F Cat 7 up to 600 MHz
(min 100 m)

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 11
2. Twisted Pair

RJ45

M12

2 wires twisted as a pair

1 foil screen around each pair

= PIMF (Pair In Metal Foil)

1 cable screen of wire mesh

Halogen free and flame retardant cable outer sheath

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 12
2. Fiber-Optic Cable

Cladding (125 µm)

Core

Singlemode fiber 9/125µm (Core / Cladding)

Multimode fiber 62,5/125µm Multimode fiber 50/125µm

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 13
2. F/O Connectors
 BFOC (ST™)

 DSC

 LC

 Industry connectors for IP 67

 M12 for F/O
 DSC or LC with sleeve nut

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 14
2. Cable Lengths for 10/100/1000 Mbit/s-ETHERNET

Medium Cable Cable Length

Ethernet 10BASE-T Twisted Pair 100 m
10BASE-FL 62,5 / 50 µm MM 2 000 m
Fast Ethernet 100BASE-TX Twisted Pair 100 m
100 BASE-FX 62,5 / 50 µm MM 2 000 m
Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T Twisted Pair 100 m
1000BASE-SX 62,5 µm MM 275 m
850 nm 50 µm MM 550 m
1000BASE-LX 62,5 µm MM 550 m
1310 nm 50 µm MM 550 m
10 µm SM 5 000 m

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 15
2. Half-duplex and Full-duplex

Half duplex
Tx Rx

or
Rx Tx

Full duplex
Tx Rx

and
Rx Tx

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 16
2. Ethernet Frame

Ethernet-V2.0 Frame Type field: Value > 1.536

Preamble SFD
Destination Source
Type PDU FCS IFG Preamble
address address

IEEE-802.3 Frame Length field: Value < 1.536

Destination Source
Preamble SFD
address address
Length LLC PDU FCS IFG Preamble

Length: 64 bytes - 1518 bytes

7 bytes 1 byte 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes min. 46 bytes / max. 1500 bytes 4 bytes

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 17
2. Address Types

Unicast
B
A Data from A to B
C

Broadcast
B
Data from A to all
A
C

Multicast
B
Data from A to group
A
C

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 18
2. MAC Address

Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3 Byte 4 Byte 5 Byte 6

x x x x x x U/L I/G "0" Individual address

"1" Multicast address

“0” Globally administered address

“1” Locally administered address

Manufacturer ID: 00 : 80 : 63 : xx : xx : xx

Multicast: 01 : 00 : 5e : xx : xx : xx

Broadcast: FF : FF : FF : FF : FF : FF

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 19
 Switching on Ethernet

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A
2. Switches

A
B

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 21
2. Forwarding Database and Aging Timer

Port: MAC address

1 00:08:74:E9:C8:4E

3 00:08:74:D3:04:5D

old

tAging

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 22
2. Ethernet Communication – Frame Sequence

D
B

E
C

Sequence Sequence
Ingress Egress

1. from A to D from B to D 3. from A to D 1.

2. from B to D

3. from C to E from C to E 2.

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 23
2. Packet Delays in switched Networks

1. Cable

2. Processing Frames in the switch (Latency)

3. Switching Methods

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 24
2. Switching: Store and Forward / Cut-Through

PA Ethernet Frame
Store and Forward

Frame is completely
read-in and
is checked

72-1526 byte

Cut-Through
Immediately after the
destination address the
frame is transported

14 byte

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 25
 Network Availability

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A
2. Network Topologies

Bus Ring

Star

Double line

Mesh

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 27
2. Spanning Tree

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 28
2. MRP - Media Redundancy Protocol (IEC 62439-2)

Redundancy Manager

MRP_Test Frames

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 29
2. PRP – Parallel Redundancy Protocol (IEC 62439-3)

DANP

LAN A LAN B

RedBox

Destination Source
address address
Type PDU RCT FCS

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 30
2. PRP - Topologies

DANP DANP
SAN

LAN A LAN B

SAN
RedBox RedBox

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 31
2. HSR – High-availability Seamless Redundancy (IEC 62439-3)

DANH DANH

RedBox RedBox

Destination Source HSR

Type PDU FCS
address address Tag

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 32
2. HSR – High-availability Seamless Redundancy (IEC 62439-3)

DANH DANH

RedBox RedBox

Destination Source HSR

Type PDU FCS
address address Tag

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 33
2. HSR and PRP Network Connections

DANP
RedBox

PRP
LAN A LAN B

DANH DANH
HSR

VDANH
RedBox
CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 34
 Traffic Control
at Layer 2

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A
2. Port Memory Usage

B D

Discarded
C

Discarded
From C to D

From B to D Port Memory in Direction to D

From A to D

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 36
2. Ethernet Frame With Tag

Destination Source Typ/ Type/

Preamble SFD
Addresse Addresse
TAG
Länge Length
PDU FCS

TPID TCI
Tag Protocol ID User CFI VLAN ID
Priority
16 bit 3 bit 1 bit 12 bit

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 37
2. Quality of Service (IEEE 802.1Q)

Traffic Type user_prio

Background 1
Best-Effort 0
Excellent-Effort 2
Critical Applications 3

Video 4
Voice 5
Internetwork Control 6
high
Network control 7

Attention: Priority 0 is higher than priority 1!

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 38
2. QoS: Assigning Priority to Queue (Mapping)

Avail. queues

user_prio 2 4 8

1 0
0
0 1
0
2 2
1
3 3

4 4
2
5 5
1
6 6
3
7 7 high

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 39
2. QoS: Concepts to arbitrate Queues
 Priority Scheduling (Starve or Strict)
 Round Robin Scheduling
 Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)

Mainte-
nance
Voice
Super-
vision
Con-
trol

Control Priority
6
Supervision 5
Voice 3
Maintenance 1

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 40
2. Physical LAN

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 41
2. Virtual LANs

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 42
2. Multiple VLANs per Switch

HIRSCHMANN HIRSCHMANN

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 43
2. Management VLAN

HIRSCHMANN HIRSCHMANN

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 44
 Internet Protocol

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A
2. TCP/IP Protocol Stack

7 Application

TFTP,
HTTP, FTP,
SNTP,
6 Presentation Telnet,
SNMP,
…
…
5 Session

4 Transport TCP UDP

ICMP
3 Network IP ARP

2 Data Link
Ethernet
1 Physical

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 46
2. IPv4 – Protocol Header

0 8 16 24 Bit

Version IHL Type of Service Total Length

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum

Source Address

Destination Address

Payload

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 47
2. IPv4 – Protocol Header

0 8 16 24 Bit

Version IHL Type of Service Total Length

Identification Flags Fragment Offset

Time to Live Protcol Header Checksum

Source Address

Destination Address

Nutzdaten

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 48
2. Network Layer: IP Address and Network Mask

Network-ID Host-ID

IP address 192.168.0. 136

Network mask 255.255.255. 0

Net ID 192.168.0. 0

Broadcast 192.168.0. 255

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 49
2. IP Address Classes

Class A 0 Net-ID – 8 bit Host-ID – 24 bit

Netmaske: 255.0.0.0

Class B I 0 Net-ID – 16 bit Host-ID – 16 bit

Netmaske: 255.255.0.0

Class C I I 0 Net-ID – 24 bit Host-ID – 8 bit

Netmaske: 255.255.255.0

Class D I I I 0 Multicast group ID – 28-bit

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 50
 2. Stations in the same IP-Network?

192.168.0.5/28 A B 192.168.0.10/28

Is B part of the same logical network as A?

Netmask 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
A 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000101 Yes!
B 11000000.10101000.00000000.00001010

192.168.0.5/28 A C 192.168.0.27/28

Is C part of the same logical network as A?

Netmask 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
A 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000101 No!
C 11000000.10101000.00000000.00011011
CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 51
 UDP & TCP

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A
2. TCP/IP – Protocol Stack

7 Application
DHCP,
HTTP, FTP, TFTP,
6 Presentation Telnet, SNTP,
… SNMP,
…
5 Session

4 Transport TCP UDP

ICMP
3 Network IP ARP

2 Data Link
Ethernet
1 Physical

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 53
2. Data transmission with TCP/IP and Ethernet

Data

FTP
Data
Header

TCP
Header Data

IP
Header Data

Ethernet
Header Data

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 54
2. TCP/IP – Ports and Services

PC
www.google.com
To Google, to Port 80
Google from PC from Port: 1357
Port: 1357
ebay
Port: 2464

www.ebay.com

To ebay, to Port 80
from PC from Port: 2464

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 55
2. UDP – User Datagram Protocol

Destination
Source Port Length Cheksum
Port Data
2 byte 2 byte 2 byte
2 byte

to Switch from NMS SNMP-Request

to Port 161 from Port 1 574
„Are you available?“ to NMS from Switch
SNMP-Response
to Port 1574 from Port 161
„Yes, I‘m available!“

NMS

to NMS from Switch

to Port 162 from Port 2497
SNMP-Trap „I have a problem!“

(„Hopefully this message arrives.“)

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 56
2. TCP – Transmission Control Protocol (RFC 793)

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 57
2. TCP - Set-up Connection

Client Server

SYN
1.
Seq.Nr.: 0 ACK.Nr.: -

SYN / ACK
2.
Seq.Nr.: 0 ACK.Nr.: 1

ACK
3.
Seq.Nr.: 1 ACK.Nr.: 1

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 58
2. TCP – Sliding Windows (Flow Control)

ACK / Window = 3600

7.
Seq.Nr.: 1 ACK.Nr.: 1331

Client Data: 1200 Bytes / ACK Server

8.
Seq.Nr.: 1331 ACK.Nr.: 1

Data: 1200 Bytes / ACK

9.
Seq.Nr.: 2531 ACK.Nr.: 1

Data: 1200 Bytes / ACK

10.
Seq.Nr.: 3731 ACK.Nr.: 1

ACK / Window = 2200

11.
Seq.Nr.: 1 ACK.Nr.: 4931
CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 59
 2. TCP - Retransmissions

Data: 1200 Bytes

8.
Seq.Nr.: 1331 ACK.Nr.: 1
Data: 1200 Bytes / ACK
Client 9.
Seq.Nr.: 2531 ACK.Nr.: 1 Server
Data: 1200 Bytes
10.
Seq.Nr.: 3731 ACK.Nr.: 1
ACK
11.
Seq.Nr.: 1 ACK.Nr.: 2531
…
…

Data: 1200 Bytes

Retransmission 16.
Seq.Nr.: 2531 ACK.Nr.: 1
ACK
17.
Seq.Nr.: 1 ACK.Nr.: 4931

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 60
2. TCP - Closing a Connection

FIN / ACK
18.
Seq.Nr.: 4931 ACK.Nr.: 1
Client Server

ACK
19.
Seq.Nr.: 1 ACK.Nr.: 4932

FIN / ACK
20.
Seq.Nr.: 1 ACK.Nr.: 4932

ACK
21.
Seq.Nr.: 4932 ACK.Nr.: 2

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 61
2.
Muchas Gracias!

CT1e_02_Standardization_Bodies_08.0.A 62