Manish Mba FM

Techno Economic Feasibility study of
Disinfection for air, surfaces and water using

PROJECT PLAN ON
UVC Lamp (Ultra-Violet germicidal
TECHNO-ECONOMIC irradiation) & Presenting an Investment
Proposal to the Potential Investors.
FEASIBILITY STUDY Manish Kumar
MBA, 2019 - 2021
DECLARATION
I Manish Kumar, student of BHU, Varanasi, hereby declare that the project work
entitled “Techno Economic Feasibility study of Disinfection for air, surfaces and
water using UVC Lamp (Ultra-Violet germicidal irradiation) & Presenting an
Investment Proposal to the Potential Investors.”
This Summer Internship report has been submitted to “FEDCO” is a record of an

original work done under the guidance of Prof. Twinkle Prusty, Faculty Member,
MBA as a requisite standard for the partial fulfillment of the Master of Business
Administration (MBA). To the best of our knowledge no part of this report has
been reproduced from any other report and the contents are based on original
research.
Manish Kumar
MBA, 2019 - 2021
Manish Kumar, Pg. 1

INDEX
1. Project Scope
2. Phase 1
1) Market Study and Marketing Model
a. Demand projections (Demand and Supply Gap)
b. Competition and name of the peers in the Industry
c. Marketing Model - Go -To- Market strategy for new projects
d. Storage and warehousing, Logistics
e. Market segmentation
f. Export Potentials if any- Forex earning
g. Advertising and Promotion
h. Marketing Cost estimation
i. Pricing Strategy
2) Raw materials/Inputs
a. Description of detailed Raw materials/ BOQ/BOM/ Composition

b. Sources of Raw material/ Suppliers
c. Import components if any
d. Import Substitution potential- saving of Forex outflow
e. Cost of Raw material
3) Plant and Machineries
a. Description of detailed Plant and machinery

b. Sources of Plant & Machineries
c. Cost of Plant and Machineries and quotations of major plant and Machinery
d. Installation Drawing- High-level/ snapshot
e. Material handling and Storage equipment
f. Any special temperature control / environment/ climate
4) Estimated life of each Machine and equipment
3. Phase 2
1) Factory set up &Capex Cost
a. Choice of factory location

b. Land requirement & Cost
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c. Choice of Technology
2) Project Implementation – Phase wise / Activity wise/ Milestones / Timelines
a. Timeline for Commercial Production

b. CAPEX Cost Estimation- Phase wise / Milestones
3) Production
a. Production Process- Flow chart

b. Product Mix – Which Products to be produced & how much?
c. Scrap, By products
d. Production Cost Estimation
4) Environment, Health & Safety requirements & Standards
a. Pollution control Measures – Air, Water, Earth, Noise level etc.

b. Disposal of effluents, Sludge, Wastes, Scrap Mechanism
c. Power, Fuel & Electricity conservation measures
d. Cost Estimation – CAPEX & OPEX
4. PHASE III
1. OTHER UTLITIES & COST
a. Manpower cost estimation

b. Power and Fuel
c. Water requirements if any
d. Packaging cost
e. Logistics & Transportation- Distribution Channel
f. General and Administrative Overhead cost
g. Incentives and Subsidy If any from Govt
2. Finance & Commercials
a. Estimate Total Project Cost - CAPEX

b. Estimate Cost of Sale
c. Estimate source of Finance
d. Debt / Equity – Capital Structure Planning
e. Working Capital Requirement
f. Breakeven Analysis, Payback Period
g. Profitability, Scalability & Suitability
h. Risk Analysis
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5. Executive Summary
6. Annexure
7. Conclusion
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PROJECT SCOPE STATEMENT
Technological Description
Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of light and used for many purposes in water treatment, as it is
a chemical-free process that only adds UV light to water. In this process, water is flowing
through a stainless chamber to purifies water from powerful bacteria with the help of
UV- lamp. The ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is used on many industrial applications
including food and beverage, biopharmaceutical, cosmetics, centralized drinking water,
swimming pools.
It is known that Corona-viruses fall into the category of "enveloped viruses," or a Class 3.
Class 3 viruses are the easiest to kill. Products that can kill more resilient viruses like
small and large non-enveloped viruses (Class 1 & 2 viruses) should also be able to kill
enveloped viruses like corona-viruses.
Based on this information, UV lights are believed to be highly effective at killing COVID-
19. Since the virus is so new, official testing against the novel Corona-virus should be
underway soon.
UVGI is a method of disinfection that uses short wavelength ultraviolet light (UV-C) to
inactivate or kill microorganisms and pathogens. Essentially, UVGI is the use of UV light
with sufficiently short wavelengths to disinfect surfaces, air, and water.
• Sterilization
o Per the CDC, sterilization describes a process that destroys or eliminates all
forms of microbial life and is carried out by physical or chemical methods.
• Disinfection
o Per the CDC, disinfection describes a process that eliminates many or all
pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects.
• Decontamination
o To decontaminate is to make an object or area safe by removing,
neutralizing, or destroying any harmful substance.
o Basically, decontamination is the result after the processes of sterilization or
disinfection.
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Scope
The Scope of the UV-C Disinfection Equipment:

Research report categorizes the UV-C Disinfection Equipment Market based on
component, application, end user and geography (region wise). Market size by value is
estimated and forecasted with the revenues of leading companies operating in the UV-C
Disinfection Equipment Market with key developments in companies and market trends.
UV-C Disinfection Equipment Market, By Component:

• Reactor Chamber
• UV Lamp
• Quartz Sleeve
• Controller Unit
UV-C Disinfection Equipment Market, by Application:

• Air Disinfection
• Surface Disinfection
• Water and Wastewater Disinfection
UV-C Disinfection Equipment Market, By End User:

• Industrial
• Residential
• Commercial
UV-C Disinfection Equipment Market, By Geography:

• Metropolitan cities
• Major cities
• Capital
• Key Highlights:
• The market concentration rate analysis
• Consumption growth rate
• Turnover predictions
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• Key challenges
• Competitive landscape
• Latent market competitors
• Competitive ranking analysis
• Geographical segmentation
• Industry drivers
• Market concentration ratio
• Growth rate
• Recent market trends
Key Benefits for Stakeholders

• The UV-C disinfection equipment market analysis covers in-depth information of
major industry participants.
• Porter’s five forces analysis will help to analyze the potential of buyers & suppliers
and the competitive scenario of the industry for strategy building.
• Major cities have been mapped according to their individual revenue contribution
to the regional market.
• The report provides an in-depth analysis of the UV disinfection equipment market
forecast for the period 2020-2027.
• The report outlines the current UV disinfection equipment market trends and future
scenario of the global UV disinfection equipment market from 2019 to 2027 to
understand the prevailing opportunities and potential investment pockets.
• The key drivers, restraints, and UV disinfection equipment market opportunities
and their detailed impact analysis are elucidated in the study.
Initialization
Overall objective of UVC project is to meet customer needs and satisfy them by devoting
proper protection from unwanted viruses. For proper implementation of UVC project
need to follow major phases:
• Meetings for Investment Proposals

• Budgeting the whole project under the supervision of experts to survive in the
market in a long run this task enable to compete with other competitive
companies. Will do by 31st July 2020.
• Proper installation of machineries for Efficient and Effective work and to provide
customer Secure and Safe Product.
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• Employment Opportunities with good environment, Training Opportunities for
development of innovative ideas.
• Employees Satisfaction.
• Implementation of IT for efficient servicing and global advertisement.
• Social welfare / Donations.
• Environment Friendly will follow 3 R’S of environment.
Deliverables:
Planning:
• Project Statement
• Budget Sheet
• Budget review with charts
• Work break down Structure
• Disinfection for air, surfaces and water using UVC Lamp (Ultra-Violet germicidal
irradiation)
Designs:
• Product Diagram
• Manufacture Product
• Packaging Scheme
• Hosting Documents
Milestones
• Project Statement – 25 July 2020

• Budget Sheet -25 July 2020
• Budget review in Charts -25 July 2020
• Work break down Structure -25 July 2020
• Ultra-Violet germicidal irradiation – 31 July 2020
• Product Diagram - 10 August 2020
• Packaging Scheme – 2 September 2020
• Hosting Documents – 10 September 2020
`
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PHASE 1
1.
DEMAND PROJECTIONS
Fear of infections from contaminated surfaces has spawned a clutch of ultraviolet devices
designed to kill pathogens, as companies try to keep pace with customer concerns stemming
from the coronavirus pandemic. These devices use Ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation in a closed
space to disinfect items such as newspapers and delivery packages, which many people fear
carry contagious viruses and bacteria.
According to companies involved in selling such products, customers can range from regular
users to food delivery platforms and e-commerce firms.
“We were looking to create a solution for delivery and e-commerce companies. One of the
reasons people weren’t ordering from Zomato, Swiggy, etc., was the trust issue with package
handling," said Arpit Chhabra, co-founder and CEO of IoTfy, an Internet of Things firm.
There are studies indicating that UV light can be used for sterilizing surfaces.
“Theoretically, these products work by using ultraviolet lights to kill microbes like viruses and
bacteria," said Rajesh Maheshwari, chief executive officer, National Accreditation Board for
Certification Bodies (NABCB). “I don’t think they pose a threat to humans as they are
concentrated on a particular surface. It is not like a person is sitting and you have UV light
continuously exposed on the entire room," he added.
Well not only Ecommerce websites for their goods but also hospitals, commercial Buildings like
malls, complexes, hotels, schools, colleges, industries for surface and water sterilization all have
raised the demand of UV-C devices.
NABCB is the accreditation body for third-party agencies responsible for quality certification of
certain low-risk medical devices. Quality of high-risk devices are directly looked at by the Central
Drugs Standard Control Organization.
The ICMR has designated two institutes under the CSIR and three under the Department of
Science and Technology (DST) to certify UV-based products. To efficiently inactivate even the
more UVC-resistant mold fungi, it is recommended to use UVC radiation following disinfection
with low-percentage hydrogen peroxide (1% to 3%).
This combination uses two mechanisms: the UVC radiation inactivates microorganisms which
are less sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, e.g. bacillus subtilis spores, and hydrogen peroxide
Manish Kumar, Pg. 9

destroys microorganisms that require a high UVC dose, e.g. aspergillus Niger spores. This
achieves an efficient and broad germicidal effect and a reduction of the germ load by up to
99.99% to provide the required germ reduction rate of log stage 4, "Ultra-clean".
This means a longer shelf-life and less returns of spoiled food.
The Ultraviolet Germicidal Lamp Market report comes out as an intelligent and thorough
assessment tool as well as a great resource that will help you to secure a position of strength in
the global market. The regional study of the global Ultraviolet Germicidal Lamp Market included
in the report helps readers to gain a sound understanding of the development of different
geographical markets in recent years and going forth. Analysts have also provided a detailed list
of the strategic initiatives taken by the Ultraviolet Germicidal Lamp Market participants in the
past few years to remain ahead of the competition. Top-down and bottom-up proposals are used
to estimate the market size of Ultraviolet Germicidal Lamp Market, to validate the size of various
other dependent submarkets in the overall market.
PROJECTED DEMAND as per use (assumed projection).
Column1 Air Disinfection Surface Disinfection Water and Wastewater Disinfection

Andhra Pradesh 50000 75000 15000
Assam 5000 2000 500
Bihar 15000 20000 5000
Delhi 50000 75000 15000
Gujarat 60000 80000 20000
Haryana 50000 75000 15000
Jharkhand 10000 8000 5000
Karnataka 50000 75000 15000
Kerala 50000 75000 15000
Madhya Pradesh 50000 75000 15000
Maharashtra 60000 80000 20000
Meghalaya 50000 20000 5500
Odisha 10000 80000 5000
Punjab 10000 8000 5000
Rajasthan 10000 8000 5000
Tamil Nadu 10000 8000 5000
Uttar Pradesh 30000 30000 15000
West Bengal 30000 30000 15000
Total 600000 824000 196000
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On the basis of Areas

Industrial 100000 250000 120000
Commercial 350000 450000 60000
residential 150000 124000 16000
500000
400000
Demand
300000
200000
Water and Wastewater Disinfection
100000 Surface Disinfection
Air Disinfection
0
Air Disinfection Surface Disinfection Water and Wastewater Disinfection
COMPETITION AND NAME OF THE PEERS IN THE INDUSTRY

UV disinfection equipment uses short-wavelength ultraviolet C (UV-C) light to kill or inactivate
microorganisms by destroying nucleic acids and disrupting their DNA, leaving them unable to
perform vital cellular functions. It is used in a variety of applications, such as food, air, and water
purification. UV disinfection equipment finds application in drinking water, wastewater, and
process water treatment. High R&D investments by the manufacturers to enhance the
performance of UV disinfection equipment for large volume applications such as municipal
drinking water and industrial process water treatment is expected to drive the market growth.
Supporting government policies for water and wastewater treatment has accelerated the
technology growth in developing countries such as India and China. In addition, rapid
industrialization in these developing countries has resulted in air and water pollution, which in
turn affected the rain falls and purity of natural water resources. Surge in demand for clean and
safe drinking water, owing to rise in population and scarcity for freshwater resources is expected
to have a positive impact on the UVC disinfection equipment.
TOP MANUFACTURERS LISTED IN THE ULTRAVIOLET (UV) LIGHT DISINFECTION MARKET

REPORT ARE:
• Halma
• Atlantic Ultraviolet
• HYDROTEC
• Heraeus Holding
• Calgon Carbon
• Ocean power
• Xylem
• Philips Lighting
• Trojan Technologies
• American Ultraviolet
• Evoqua Water
• Severn Trent Services
• Onyx
• Newland Entech
• GElighting
MARKETING MODEL
The global UV lamps market is segmented on the basis of lamp type into UV mercury
lamp and UV LED. Of these segments, UV mercury lamp segment accounted for over
90% of the global UV lamp market share, followed by UV LED segment with over 4%
in 2014. In addition, the UV LED segment is anticipated to expand at a double -digit
CAGR from 2015 to 2025.In addition, UV mercury lamp is further sub -segmented into
low-pressure mercury lamp, medium-pressure UV lamp and amalgam mercury lamp.
Of these sub-segments, amalgam mercury lamp accounted for over 40% of the total
UV mercury lamp segment revenue and is anticipated to remain dominant during the
forecast period. In addition, this sub-segment is expected to witness fastest growth
among other sub-segments during the forecast period.
STORAGE OF UVC
During this special time of fighting against epidemic, public health safety is priority and should
be maintained continuously. We would like to introduce our new product- Sterile Touch
Sapphire LED UV-C handrail sterilization module. New escalator handrail UV sterilizer will help
you to keep your escalator handrail bacteria free and make your customers reassuring, which
have unique advantage than another UV sterilizer as below:
1) All around sterilization design- 270 Direct exposure

2) UV transmission 100%- professional ceramic LEDUVC light, with integrated quartz
glass.
3) Operation monitor/user visualization- LED indicator on the skirt of escalator
4) U groove hole movable mounting bracket- easy and safe install inside all types
escalator and moving walkway.
MARKET SEGMENTATION
The global UV lamps market is segmented based on lamp type into UV mercury lamp
and UV LED. Of these segments, UV mercury lamp segment accounted for over 90%

of the global UV lamp market share, followed by UV LED segment with over 4% in
2014. In addition, the UV LED segment is anticipated to expand at a double -digit
CAGR from 2015 to 2025.
• Disinfects the air space and surfaces above the liquid, and the liquid contents.
• Irradiates contents with germicidal ultraviolet rays, without the use of heat or chemicals.
• Germicidal UV Lamp (10,000 hours rated effective life)
• Quick Lamp Change and Fused Quartz Sleeve
• Design allows most models to be mounted vertically or horizontally into the storage tank
• Can be either mounted into the storage tank (submerged in the liquid contents) or
suspended vertically from the top of the storage tank (partially immersed in the liquid
contents).
• State-of-the-Art Electronic Ballast.
2.
RAW MATERIALS AND ITS COMPOSITION
There are a variety of UV disinfection systems on the market, however, they all contain the
same general components, from the very large systems that disinfect water for commercial or
industrial operations, right down to an under-sink system treating drinking water at the point
of use.
The four main components of a UV system are:
• The reactor chamber
• The UV lamp
• The quartz sleeve
• The controller unit (also called a ballast)
There are other optional parts such as sensors and solenoid valves that can also be a part of a
system, however, these four components are the basis of all UV systems.

The Reactor Chamber
The reactor chamber, also known as just a chamber or a reactor, is the part of the system that
physically houses the UV lamp and sleeve, as well as controlling the flow of water or the air
through the system.
They are usually constructed of stainless steel, but some manufacturers use different
materials. There are different types of reactors available, such as axial or boot shape, and
reactors come with ports in a variety of sizes depending on the model and the flow rate the
system is intended to service.
Different types of welds, end caps, and other design features can give a different look visually.
Essentially, all chambers perform the same function, no matter how they look aesthetically.
The UV Lamp
To the layperson, all UV lamps look the same. Essentially,

they all perform the same function. They produce UV-C, which is the wavelength of UV light
that is considered germicidal. However, different lamps perform this function in various ways,
depending on the application and disinfection requirements.
All UV lamps, regardless of output, contain mercury. You may think, “Isn’t that stuff dangerous
for the environment?” Mercury in high levels is dangerous. But UV lamps generally contain a
bead of mercury about the size of the head of a pin, and all lamps can be recycled, much like
the fluorescent light bulbs that you can purchase at the local retail store.
During operation of the lamp, the mercury is completely contained within the lamp structure,
and with proper recycling, these lamps are harmless and provide no risk to the environment.
Mercury is a vital part of the lamp’s ability to produce the germicidal UV-C light wavelength.
Minute liquid mercury droplets collect at the lamp’s “cold spot”, and once they reach peak
temperature, UV-C light is emitted.
All UV lamps have filaments just like a regular light bulb to produce an electrical current that
heats up the mercury and evaporates it into the air inside the lamp. This evaporated mercury
helps create electrical arcs that produce UV-C at varying intensity levels to disinfect water.
There are three main types of UV lamps that will be found in most UV systems available to the
residential and light commercial markets.
• Low-pressure standard UV lamps – These lamps are most often used in applications where the
flow rates are lower (such as in a residential home), and exposure times can be longer. These
lamps are lower cost to replace, and generally the initial equipment cost is much lower as well.
• Low-pressure high output (HO) lamps – HO lamps are used in applications where higher
dosages or flow rates are required, but still have a smaller footprint. They treat water with a
broader tolerance to temperature (temperature can affect lamp performance). These lamps
are often used in larger flow applications or light commercial systems.
• Low-pressure amalgam lamps – These lamps use mercury amalgam mix to control vapor
pressure. They use a slightly different process to yield up to three times the UV-C output of a
standard low-pressure lamp of the same length. Predominantly, these lamps are used in more
commercial-type applications or for regulations requirements, depending on the type of
microbiological contamination being treated.
There are also medium-pressure UV lamps, however these are exclusively used for larger-scale
operations and have essentially no application in the residential market. They are the types of
lamps that are used in drinking water and wastewater treatment plants.
Different lamps from various manufacturers will use different types of glass in the lamp
structure. You will either find soft glass, or harder quartz glass. Soft glass can be slightly less
costly, however due to harder nature of quartz glass, it’s much less likely to break. Soft glass
can also cloud with time, and this transmits less germicidal UV-C through to the water,
rendering it less effective as it ages. Quartz glass transmits UV more effectively and is less
likely to cloud. Both types of glass are often coated to help increase their UV-C transmission.
The Quartz Sleeve

The quartz sleeve is a long, cylindrical tube of quartz glass intended to protect the UV lamp
which is powered by electricity from the flow of water. The lamp is inserted into the tube and
transmits the light through the tube into the water. Sleeves can foul with minerals and other
contaminants over time and should be cleaned whenever the lamp is changed. It’s a relatively
simple component, but it’s very necessary to the efficient operation of a UV system.

The Controller Unit
The controller unit is the brains of the entire UV system. This is the part of the unit that
controls the electrical output of the lamp, and powers it to produce UV-C light. Some
controllers are very simple and are a simple cap that fits over the end of the lamp and a plug.
Other controllers, depending on the type of UV system, are more complicated, and have lamp-
change timers, low-UV alarms, or trouble indicator lights to show when the system is not
performing as it should. These units vary in complexity and size, but essentially, they all do the
same thing.
Each UV system manufacturer has its own “bells and whistles” when it comes to their system
performance. All UV systems are engineered for all the parts to work together as a complete
functional system. If you have a UV system and it’s time to change your lamp, be sure to use a
branded replacement lamp from the system’s manufacturer. Using cheaper, non-
manufacturer replacement lamps can end up causing more issues than the amount of money
they might save you, and for most manufacturers, will void your product warranty. These non-
manufacturer lamps were not engineered specifically to be a part of the complete system and
can compromise the performance of your UV unit.
If you are not getting the highest degree of disinfection performance, you aren’t getting the
most out of your UV system, and your water is not being properly protected. If you aren’t sure
if you are using the right lamp, don’t be afraid to call the manufacturer. They are always happy
to help you to ensure your system is working at peak capacity by using the correct lamp for the
system.

SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL/ SUPPLIERS
A wide variety of UVC Radiation Safety Sensors and Germicidal UVC Sensors in both digital and
analog configurations. These rugged units can be packaged to fit any environment, from
hospital operating rooms, to harsh locations outdoors, to 100 meters under water.
Digital Sensors Product Description

PMA2120 Digital UV Radiation safety Sensor
PMA2122 Digital Germicidal UVC Sensor
Analog Sensors Product Description
PMA1120 Analog UV Radiation Safety Sensor
PMA112 Analog Germicidal UVC Sensor
Germicidal sensors Product Description
UW254 Underwater Germicidal Sensor
PWA254 Germicidal UVC Sensor
PW254 Germicidal Lamp Sensor
GLM100 Germicidal Lamp Monitor with Remote Sensor
GLM10 Germicidal Lamp Monitor with Fixed Sensor
These are few suppliers of required equipment and parts.
• Locozo – Bangalore
• Innotek India – Pune
• UL – Delhi (UK based)

COST OF RAW MATERIALS FOR PLANT.
Cost Component Price with Variant
(in Rs)
Reactor Chamber 4000/6000/9000
UV Lamp 225/500/800/1200/2000
The Quartz Sleeve 40/100/400/800
350/800/1200/2000
The Controller Unit/Ballast
3. PLANT AND MACHINERIES
DESCRIPTION AND INSTALLATION drawing of detailed Plant and machinery

UV light consists of three primary wavelength ranges: long-wave UV-A (315nm to 400nm),
medium-wave UV-B (280nm to 315nm) and short-wave UV-C (200nm to 100nm), as defined in
ISO-21348 Standard4. In outdoor environments, UV-C is completely absorbed by the ozone
layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. This UV range is known as the germicidal range due to its
ability to deactivate viruses and bacteria (UV-A and UV-B do not have the capabilities –
because of this, the focus of the paper is the UV-C range). UV-C light can be generated by
artificial light sources, such as excimer, mercury vapor and fluorescent lamps. This
technological advancement ushered the widespread application of UV disinfection, allowing
UV-C light to be used in buildings.
During sanitation, UV-C light in large, concentrated doses causes RNA and DNA mutations in
microbes during absorption. The ideal wavelength for peak absorptivity occurs at wavelengths
of 254nm to 262nm (for traditional UV sanitation) and 222 nm. According to a 2012 study
published in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, UV-C treatment has
the following devastating effects on microbes:
“The light-induced damage to the DNA and RNA of a microorganism often results from the
dimerization of pyrimidine molecules. Thymine (which is only found only in DNA) produces
cyclobutane dimers. When thymine molecules are dimerized, it becomes very difficult for the
nucleic acids to replicate and if replication does occur it often produces a defect that prevents
the microorganism from being viable.”
It should be emphasized that when enough thymine dimers are made in the cell, DNA
replicated in cell mitosis ceases. This deactivation mechanism is also applicable to viruses that
only have RNA, i.e. “photochemical dimerization reaction takes place between two uracil
bases”. UV sanitation of an area is considered successful when the virus or bacteria is
deactivated, and reproductive capabilities are significantly reduced or stopped. Such
objectives prevent the microbe from spreading and decreases the rate of infection (for
harmful viruses or bacteria). Higher UV doses must be applied to bacteria that is capable of
actively repairing thymine dimers.

UV C Reactor Chamber used in a water industry plant to disinfect and sanitize water clear and
fine.

Setting up the UV pilot units in a water pump station.
Circuit diagram of a working UV-C lamp series.

These are the vertical(in fig A) and horizontal(fig B) UV-C lamps to sterilize water which can be
used in commercial, hospital, hotels, malls, or even in residential buildings in the water tanks
to disinfect water.
High Intensity germicidal UV lamps are manufactured with a unique structure and large
diameter quartz envelope which translates to more than twice the amount of ultraviolet
output when compared to standard germicidal UV lamps of the same length. Available in Low
Ozone and Ozone Producing versions.

Cold Cathode germicidal UV lamps are instant starting and utilize a large cylindrical cathode
instead of a tungsten filament. Due to this construction, the lamp is not adversely affected by
frequent starting and the life is considerably in excess of other lamp types. Cold cathode
germicidal UV lamps have favorable operating characteristics at reduced temperatures.
U-Shaped uv lamps are the ideal choice for applications that require more intense ultraviolet
radiation in a limited space. Instant start and cold cathode UV lamps are available in U-Shaped
configuration in Low Ozone and Ozone Producing version.
The principal application of Germicidal Ultraviolet Indirect Air Disinfection Fixtures is to purify
the upper room air in occupied spaces to reduce the risk of cross infection and exposure of
occupants to infectious airborne microbes. These fixtures are designed to project the
ultraviolet rays across the upper room air, thereby destroying bacteria and virus that are
carried into the ultraviolet field by convection currents or air circulation.

Utilize Room Air Sanitizers to protect personnel, clients, and
patients from infection due to airborne microbes — particularly in crowded or poorly
ventilated areas, and in situations where the risk of cross infection is high.
Room Air Sanitizers are germicidal ultraviolet fixtures that effectively destroy airborne
microbes including bacteria, mold and virus in enclosed occupied spaces and are available in a
number of different configurations to adapt to any setting.
Utilize Room Air Sanitizers to protect

personnel, clients, and patients from infection due to airborne microbes — particularly in
crowded or poorly ventilated areas, and in situations where the risk of cross infection is high.
Room Air Sanitizers are germicidal ultraviolet fixtures that effectively destroy airborne
microbes including bacteria, mold and virus in enclosed occupied spaces and are available in
several different configurations to adapt to any setting.

MATERIAL HANDLING AND STORAGE EQUIPMENT
The products can be used and easily but safely handled.
• Applications
• Institutional Systems
• Laboratories
• Hospitals
• Clinics
• Waiting Rooms
• Maternity Areas
• Labor & Delivery Areas
• Pathology Labs
• Kidney Dialysis Labs
• Operating Rooms
• Methadone Clinics
• Burn Centers
• TB Clinics
• Detention Centers
• Prisons & Jails
• Homeless Shelters
• Schools
• Universities
• Nursing Homes
• Veterinary Clinics
• Industry Systems
• Food Industry
• Food Processing
• Dairy Processing
• Bakeries
• Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
• Electronic Production
• Cosmetic Production
• Other
• Office Buildings
• Animal Husbandry
• Kennels
• Auditorium

• Conference Rooms
• Ballrooms
• Gymnasiums
• Clean Rooms
Safety Products was the first category, and hand cleaner was the first product. Most waterless
hand cleaners are made with mineral spirits, and that solvent used with acrylates can lead to
skin problems. We created a waterless hand cleaner that was oil based rather than solvent
based.
Next was our skin lotion, which contains aluminum hydroxide able to neutralize the acrylic
acid-based coatings. Gloves were all tested with the most popular monomers to ensure that
they would provide proper protection when used with clean up solvents. Thus, we do not
carry vinyl gloves as they do no not provide proper protection with UV Coatings and inks.
Barrier creams were a natural requirement as they present additional protection especially
around fingernails and under rings, where inks might collect unnoticed. In the area of eye
protection, all products are rated based on the ability to filter UV light. Even our splash goggles
filter UV as to always insure optimum protection.
Ink and Coating Handling is our second category and represents two features associated with
the process. First is safety related; that if you can pump the coating, there is less physical
contact with the material that can cause a problem. We learned to specify the proper pumps
for UV Curing from customer experience. They learned that if they were using a piston pump,
it would seize, when the friction of the piston would cause minute polymerization on the
interior wall of the pump.
So the pumps need to be either double diaphragm pumps or peristaltic. All wetted parts in the
pump product line has been soak tested in the popular monomers to ensure that there would
be no swelling or adverse effect on the pump’s life. Storage containers need to be able to
provide oxygen as it prevents jelling and curing in the container, black polyethylene containers
are the best way to store UV inks and coatings. Metal should not be used. To offer a full line of
UV appropriate products we have selected from each of our suppliers the best for UV Curing
products.
Keep in mind that we have access to hundreds of other products from these vendors which
may not be considered “Best for UV”, and we can provide them at competitive pricing.

Limiting UV-C Exposure
Ultraviolet light is separated into three main segments along the electromagnetic spectrum.
The most well-known wavelengths are UV-A and UV-B, which are responsible for sunburns.
UV-C is also produced by the sun but cannot penetrate the atmosphere due to its shorter
wavelength. When generated by artificial sources, however, close proximity to UV-C
irradiation is powerful enough to break down the skin’s collagen proteins, causing redness and
irritation. It can also damage the surface layer of the cornea in the eye, resulting in
photokeratitis (the same condition welders can experience with arc flashes).
Not all HVAC/R technicians receive UV-C safety training and some may not be aware that the
UV-C light in an air-handling unit (AHU) can potentially pose a safety hazard. Unlike some
dangers, exposure to ultraviolet light does not offer an avoidance response (e.g., blinking of
eyes) or a physical cue that protection is necessary (e.g., heat radiating from a hot stove).
Furthermore, the physiological effects of an adverse dosage of UV-C exposure are delayed and
can appear up to six hours later. While damage from UV-C is reversible, the HVAC/R industry
takes steps to safeguard service personnel from avoidable ultraviolet exposure and the
consequences of its short-term or chronic effects.
Many HVAC/R and UV-C equipment manufacturers have voluntarily implemented safeguards
against the risks of UV-C exposure. Instructions and signage advise service personnel that the
UV system should be turned off before performing any work in the AHU. A maintenance
worker can easily take this step before opening the AHU to service the motor, change fan
belts, replace filters, check coils, or drain pans. Some manufacturers include a door safety
switch or lockout/tagout feature to keep the AHU closed until the UV lamp power has been
disconnected.
Despite these precautions, reports from the field indicate that safeguards are not uniformly
implemented or equally effective. Even if workers had been adequately briefed about UV
radiation, UL recognized that by standardizing equipment design safeguards, the risk to
installers, service personnel, and facility managers could be greatly reduced.
By implementing safety features within the AHU, UL60335-2-40, third edition, standard seeks
to eliminate variations in equipment design that might lead to accidental exposure. The
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) favors this approach:
“engineering control measures are preferable to protective clothing, goggles and procedural
safety measures.” In other words, deliberately designing-for-safety to protect workers from
potential hazards is more important than supplemental warning systems.

A Look at the Equipment Design Requirements
The safety requirements in UL 60335-2-40 apply to UV lamps that are factory and field
installed for HVAC/R equipment manufactured after Nov. 2019. These updated requirements
will help ensure that the risk to service workers is reduced regardless of their proximity to the
UV-C source. Requirement highlights are as follows:
Permitted Irradiance Levels
The primary source of UV used for inactivation of biological growth is low pressure mercury
lamps. The lamp construction emits most of its UV at 254 nanometers (nm). Therefore, the
irradiance levels from HVAC/R equipment sources were chosen based on the threshold limit
value (TLV) of 6.0 microwatts per centimeter squared (μW/cm2) of weighted UV at 254
nm.2 The ultraviolet emissions are measured at the nearest point of accessibility.
No opening shall permit leakage of UV-C greater than 0.1 microwatts per centimeter squared
(μW/cm2).
Enclosure doors, covers, and access panels, when accessed, shall have no UV-C irradiance
greater than 1.7 μW /cm2.
The occupancy or space around the HVAC&R equipment shall not exceed 0.1 μW/cm2.
Adjoining compartments inside the unit without an interlocking switch shall be no greater than
1.7 μW /cm2.
Enclosure Doors, Covers, and Access Panels
These points of intentional access to UV sources must be equipped with an interlocking
mechanism that de-energize the source.
Access panels and components that are removable for cleaning and servicing, which also
provide access to other areas inside a unit, shall require an interlock switch if the UV-C
irradiance exceeds 1.7 μW /cm2.
Equipment Markings
Models with interlocking doors shall be marked with the words “WARNING UV LIGHT
SOURCE.”
Those without interlocking doors shall have the same wording plus “DISCONNECT POWER
BEFORE SERVICING.”
In addition, the equipment shall be plainly marked, in a permanent manner, with the
following:

Details on the UV source manufacturer’s name and model designations that can be installed in
the AHU. The details can be provided as a label that allows the AHU manufacturer to “check
off” the lamp system installed.
The ratings of the system lamps, maximum lamp rating in watts, and voltage of the unit with
the ultra workers is reduced irrespective of their proximity to the UV-C source. Highlights of
the new requirements are as follows:
Housing Materials
Polymeric cabinet, structural and current carrying parts and wiring that are subjected to
irradiance from a UV lamp system shall be shielded from the UV-C light or constructed of a
material that is capable of withstanding UV-C exposure levels expected in the product without
degrading.
The standard requirements are in line with OSHA 1910.1096 for ionizing radiation. The
government agency for workplace safety advocates for reasonable protections, including
safety briefings, caution signs, personal protective equipment (PPE) and “a control device
which shall either cause the level of radiation to be reduced or shall energize a conspicuous
visible or audible alarm signal in such a manner that the individual entering and the employer
or a supervisor of the activity are made aware of the entry.”
Moving Forward
When certifying HVAC/R equipment to UL 60335-2-40, AHU manufacturers will need to
perform the irradiance test on their equipment using a qualified Nationally Recognized Testing
Laboratory (NRTL). (UL has such laboratories.) In-house testing by the AHU manufacturer can
also be done if it is qualified to test to UL 60335-2-40 or if the test is conducted while being
witnessed by a qualified NRTL representative. The test must be done in a controlled
environment with an ambient temperature of approximately 80°F (27°C) using either a scan-
ning spectroradiometer or a narrow band range radiometer if the UV wavelength is known
(i.e., 254 nm). The test should also be conducted with all components opened to the widest
degree possible so measurements represent any point/degree of exposure within the service
area.
The standard is intended for type-certification and does not require companies to test every
unit that is shipped. Manufacturers can choose to certify a representative AHU “box.” The box
will be tested for the maximum amount of UV energy that it can safely accommodate (total of
the cumulative lamp watts printed on the lamp surface, e.g., 145 W). Should the manufacturer
use a lower cumulative UV-C lamp wattage on future production units than the representative
tested unit, testing will not be necessary.

UL 60335-2-40 distinguishes between UV-C lamps located within the AHU and duct-mounted
or non-integral field-installed systems, which are predominantly found in residential
applications. Though the requirements are substantially the same, UL 60335-2-40 offers
“Supplement SA” that requires the use of many of the same safety precautions. For the
purposes of this standard, UV-C lamps are limited to the low pressure fluorescent type
construction with a predominate output of 254 nm.
The Value of UV-C
UV-C is a low-cost solution to disinfect cooling coils, drain pans and duct surfaces that have
accumulated mold and bacteria growth. The technology disrupts a microorganism’s DNA,
triggering a chain reaction that leads to cellular death. Because the lamps operate con-
tinuously, biofilms are unable to regenerate, provided the UV-C source is properly maintained.
This technology is frequently used to address many sources of poor indoor air quality that
contribute to employee discomfort and absenteeism.
Contaminants, particularly the presence of fungi (mycotoxins), can trigger serious health
problems to building occupants. As noted in an Applied and Environmental
Microbiology study, “fungi have been found growing on air filters, insulation, and cooling coils,
as well as in ducts. This contamination often contributes to building-related diseases, including
both infectious diseases and hypersensitivity diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, and
hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Also, acute toxicosis and cancer have been attributed to respi-
ratory exposure to mycotoxins.” A building’s HVAC system can also inadvertently transmit
rhinoviruses (common cold), tuberculosis, measles, SARS, influenza, and other airborne
microorganisms.
“The effectiveness of a UV-C system to inactivate microorganisms in the air and/or on surfaces
has been sufficiently demonstrated; the best results were obtained for the long-term
irradiation of downstream coil surfaces to avoid fungal amplification on wet surfaces,” notes a
2015 ASHRAE Position Document on Filtration and Air Cleaning.
As an added value, its ability to constantly clean the interior workings of the AHU can extend
the equipment’s life for prolonged savings. Biofilms on coil fins adversely affect heat transfer
to/from the airstream. If mechanical cleanings are incomplete or ignored, up to 25% of cooling
capacity can be lost in as little as five years. Another factor is the lack of personnel or labor
hours to routinely address coil maintenance. UV-C sources help restore an AHU to its original
operating capacity.
The HVAC application of UV-C is nearly universal, including offices, schools, hospitals, airports,
prisons, laboratories and assisted living. UV-C sources represent a small investment (roughly
3%) relative to the overall cost of the AHU, or roughly $0.15 per cfm, and are easy to retrofit.

Building owners can achieve a 10% to 25% increase in HVAC efficiency by adding a UV-C
device. The safety features in UL60335-2-40 will help ensure service personnel are protected
from accidental exposure, while maintaining the effectiveness of UV-C to eradicate biological
contaminants.
ESTIMATED LIFE OF EACH MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT
Column1 Column2
Equipment Life
Chamber 10 years
UV pilot 15000 hrs.
UV lamp 17000 hrs.
Indirect air disinfection 2 - 3 years
Room air sanitizers 2 - 3 years
Quartz sleeve 2 - 3 years

PHASE 2
1.FACTORY SETUP & CAPEX COST

CHOICE OF FACTORY LOCATION
Nonetheless, regardless of the type of business/enterprise, there are host of factors but not
confined to the following only that influence the selection of the location of this company:
UV-C Disinfection Lamp Company has proposed to set up plants in different major industrial
regions
Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region

This region extends from Thane to Pune and in adjoining districts of Nashik and Solapur. In
addition, industries have grown at a rapid pace in Kolaba, Ahmednagar, Satara, Sangli and
Jalgaon districts also. This region owes its origin to the British rule in India.
The seeds of its growth were sown in 1774 when the island-site was obtained for construction
of Mumbai port. The opening of the first railway track of 34 kms between Mumbai and Thane
in 1853, opening of the Bhor and Thai Ghats respectively to Pune and Nashik and that of Suez
Canal in 1869 led to the development of Mumbai.
The growth of this industrial region is fully connected with the growth of industry in India. As
the coal was far removed, hydel Cheap labour-force came from the hinterland, the port
facilities for export-import and communication links with the peninsular hinterland made
Mumbai the ‘Cottonopolis of India’. With the development of cotton textile industry, the
chemical industry developed too.
Opening of the Mumbai High petroleum field and erection of nuclear energy plants added
additional magnetic force to this region. Now the industrial centres have developed, from
Mumbai to Kurla, Kolaba, Thane, Ghatkopar, Ville Parle, Jogeshwari, Andheri, Thane, Bhandup,
Kalyan, Pimpri, Pune, Nashik, Manmad, Solapur, Ahmednagar, Satara and Sangli.
cotton textile and chemical industries, engineering goods, leather, oil refineries;
petrochemicals, synthetic and plastic goods, chemicals, drugs, fertilizers, electricals,
electronics, software, ship-building, transport and food industries have also developed here.

The Hugli Industrial Region:
Located in West Bengal, this region extends as a narrow belt running along the river Hugli for a
distance of about 100 km from Bansbaria and Naihati in the north to Birlanagar in the south.
Industries have also developed in Midnapur district in the west. The river Hugli offered the
best site for the development of an inland river port as nucleus for the development of Hugli
industrial region.
The old trading center of late 17th century has developed into the present industrial hub of
Kolkata. Thus Kolkata-Haora forms the nucleus of this region. It is very well- connected by the
Ganga and its tributaries with the rich hinterland of Ganga-Brahmaputra plains. Besides
navigable rivers, roads and the railways provided subsequent links to the great benefit of
Kolkata port.
The discovery of coal and iron ore in Chotanagpur plateau, tea plantations in Assam and
northern parts of West Bengal and the processing of deltaic Bengal’s jute led to the industrial
development in this region. Cheap labour could be found easily from the thickly populated
states of Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, and eastern part of U.P. Kolkata, having been designated
capital city of the British India (1773-1912) attracted large scale British investment of capital.
Paper, engineering, textile machinery, electrical, chemical, pharmaceuticals, fertilizers and
petrochemical industries have also developed in this region. Factory of the Hindustan Motors
Limited at Konanagar and diesel engine factory at Chittaranjan are landmarks of this region.
Location of petroleum refinery at Haldia has facilitated the development of a variety of
industries. The major centres of this industrial region are Kolkata, Haora, Haldia, Serampur,
Rishra, Shibpur, Naihati, Kakinara, Shamnagar, Titagarh, Sodepur, Budge Budge, Birlanagar,
Bansbaria, Belgurriah, Triveni, Hugli, Belur, etc.
Bangalore-Tamil Nadu Industrial Region:
Spread in two states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, this region experienced the fastest
industrial growth in the post-independence era. Till 1960, industries were confined to
Bangalore district of Karnataka and Salem and Madurai districts of Tamil Nadu. But now they
have spread over all the districts of Tamil Nadu except Viluppuram.
This region is a cotton-growing tract and is dominated by the cotton-textile industry. In fact
cotton textile industry was the first to take roots in this region. But it has large number of silk-
manufacturing units, sugar mills, leather industry, chemicals, rail wagons, diesel engines, radio,
light engineering goods, rubber goods, medicines, aluminium, cement, glass, paper, cigarette,
match box and machine tools, etc.

This region is away from the main coal-producing areas of the country but cheap hydroelectric
power is available from Mettur, Sivasamudram, Papanasam, Pykara and Sharavati dams.
Cheap skilled labour and proximity to vast local market as well as good climate have also
favoured the concentration of industries in this region.
Coimbatore has grown rapidly mainly owing to its industrial growth based on Pykara power,
local cotton, coffee mills, tanneries, oil presses and cement works. Coimbatore is known as
Manchester of Tamilnadu because of its large-scale cotton textile industry. The establishment
of public sector units at Banglore like Hindustan Aeronautics, Hindustan Machine Tools, Indian
Telephone Industry and Bharat Electronics etc. has further pushed up the growth of industries
in the region.
Gujarat Industrial Region:

Ahmedabad is nearer the sources of raw material as well as the marketing centres of the
Ganga and Satlui plains. Availability of cheap land, cheap skilled labour and other advantages
helped the cotton textile industry to develop. This major industrial region of the country,
mainly consisting of cotton textile industry, is expanding at a much faster rate in providing a
greater factory employment.
The discovery and production of oil at a number of places in the Gulf of Khambhat area led to
the establishment of petrochemical industries around Ankleshwar, Vadodara and Jamnagar.
Petroleum refineries at Koyali and Jamnagar provide necessary raw materials for the proper
growth of petrochemical industries.
The Kandla port, which was developed immediately after independence provides the basic
infrastructure for imports and exports and helps in rapid growth of industries in this region.
The region can now boast of diversified industries. Petrochemical industries, other industries
are heavy and basic chemicals, dyes, pesticides, engineering, diesel engines, textile machinery,
pharmaceuticads, dairy products and food processing. The main industrial centres of this
region are Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Bharuch, Koyali, Anand, Khera, Surendranagar, Surat,
Jamnagar, Rajkot and Valsad. The region may become more important in the years to come.

LAND REQUIREMENT & COST
36000 Sq. Ft level land will be needed near to the existing CPP complex. The space available is
sufficient for proposed combined cycle of industry. The present site location away from the
existing 2,400 m3 capacity is LPG sphere. The new CCPP equipment is located outside 90
meters radius from existing LPG sphere to comply with the OISD Guidelines. Hence blast proof
structures for the CCPP or the control room have not been envisaged.
Infrastructure facilities Approach road to the new power plant area is connected to the
existing CCPP. Construction power and construction water is also available near to the
proposed power plant area.
Land Details & Costs

Name City Land in SqFt Price in Crores
Vasai East Mumbai 10000 2.5
Dankuni Hugli Kolkata 8000 1.4
Jigani Industrial area Bangalore 10000 2.8
Kethwada Ahmadabad 8000 2.1
36000 8.8
Requirement Details & Costs

Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5
LAND AND BUILDING
( Rs. in crores)
A LAND AND DEVELOPMENT

1 Land including development 8.80
(397 Cents)
B TECHNICAL CIVIL WORK
2
1 Factory Building (5000 M ) 10.00
2 Building for lab and administration( 200 M 2) 1.50
20.30
Total A + B = 20.30 Crores

TECHNOLOGY
Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection technology has been the star performer in water and air
treatment over the past two decades, due in part to its ability to provide treatment without
the use of harmful chemicals.
UV represents wavelengths that fall between visible light and x-ray on the electromagnetic
spectrum. The UV range can be further divided into UV-A, UV-B, UV-C, and Vacuum-UV. The
UV-C portion represents wavelengths from 200 nm - 280 nm, the wavelength used in our LED
disinfection products.
UV-C photons penetrate cells and damage the nucleic acid, rendering them incapable
of reproduction, or microbiologically inactive. This process occurs in nature; the sun emits UV
rays that perform this way.
At AquiSense, we use Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to generate high levels of UV-C photons.
The rays are directed at viruses, bacteria and other pathogens within water and air, or on
surfaces to render those pathogens harmless in seconds.
In much the same way that LEDs have revolutionized the display and lighting industries, UV-C
LED technology is set to provide new, improved, and expanded solutions in both air and water
treatment. Dual barrier, post-filtration protection is now available where mercury-based
systems could not previously have been conceivably used.

An LED produces a selected wavelength from a small amount electricity. Depending on the
composition of the LED it can produce anywhere from infrared, visible, and now UV-C
wavelengths.
The LED is then packaged to allow for electrical connection, thermal management, and
physical protection. This helps maintain efficiency for the LED output and lamp life.

UV Electrical UV UV Lamp Lifetime Output
radiation efficiency efficiency intensity surface (months) Spectrum
source (%) (%) (W/cm2) temperature
(.c)
LPM 50 38 0.01 40 18-24 Monochromatic

253.7nm
MPM 15-30 12 600 400-1,000 0.5 Polychromatic

(200-300nm)
Pulsed Polychromatic
Xenon 15-20 17 30,000 - 1
Excimer 10-35 10-40 - Ambient >6 Monochromatic

tunable
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION – Phase wise / Activity wise/ Milestones / Timelines
Planning:
• Project Statement
• Budget Sheet
• Budget review with charts
• Work break down Structure
• Disinfection for air, surfaces and water using UVC Lamp (Ultra-Violet germicidal
irradiation)
Designs
• Product Diagram
• Manufacture Product
• Packaging Scheme
• Hosting Documents
MILESTONES
• Project Statement – 25 July 2020

• Budget Sheet -25 July 2020
• Budget review in Charts -25 July 2020
• Work break down Structure -25 July 2020
• Ultra-Violet germicidal irradiation – 31 July 2020
• Product Diagram - 10 August 2020
• Packaging Scheme – 2 September 2020
Hosting Documents – 10 September 2020
CAPEX COST
PROJECT COST AND SOURCE OF FINANCE
(Rs. in crores)
COST: TOTAL
Land (Inclusive of Developments) 8.80

Technical Civil Work 11.50
Machinery and Equipments 20.00
Supporting Equipments 6.50
Contigency 5.00
Preliminary And Pre-operative Expenses 5.00
Operating Capital 1.50
Total 58.30
Total Project Cost Rs. 58.30 Crores

2. Production:
PRODUCTION PROCESS

PROJECT MANAGEMENT FLOW CHART

Process Chart Flow
PRODUCT MIX- Which Products to be produced and how much?
DEMAND IN UNITS
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
Series1
0
UV-C LAMP FOR UV-C LAMP FOR UV-C LAMP FOR
AIR SURFACE WATER

SALES IN UNITS
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
Series1
0
UV-C LAMP FOR UV-C LAMP FOR UV-C LAMP FOR
AIR SURFACE WATER
DEMAND (IN UNITS) SALES (IN UNITS)

UV-C LAMP FOR AIR 2330000 2300000
UV-C LAMP FOR SURFACE 372035 400000
UV-C LAMP FOR WATER 226027 400000
TOTAL 2928062 3100000
SCRAP, BY PRODUCTS
Nitrite
The formation of nitrite was measured with both the low and the medium-pressure UV lamp
under disinfection conditions with REF’s between 200 and 900 J/m2 (see figure 2 and table 2).
Figure 3 shows the concentrations of nitrite in the water after UV treatment in the pilot
installation.
Nitrite concentrations in UV irradiated pre-treated surface water measured in the bench-scale
UV unit.

Nitrite concentrations in UV irradiated pre-treated
surface water measured in the MP-UV pilot installation.
[NO -]=13–15mg/L. 3
Nitrite and AOC formation in the bench-scale unit and in the pilot installation.

Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC)
Organic matter as present in any kind of natural water absorbs UV radiation mainly at
wavelengths below 250 nm (see figure 4). This might result in degradation of natural organic
matter causing the formation of low-molecular or assimilable organics, in particular on
application of MP-UV. It is well known that the formation of such organics may cause regrowth
in the distribution network (9). Figure 5 presents the AOC formation in the MP-UV pilot
installation whereas figure 6 shows the AOC concentrations versus the REF in the bench-scale
unit.

UV scan of a
typical natural water.
Amount of AOC in the untreated and UV treated water in

2 the UV pilot installation at a REF of 600 J/m .

Amount of AOC in the raw (0 J/m2) and irradiated water (a) LP-UV, (b) MP-UV, and (c) MP-UV
discriminating between the P17 and Nox strain. Markers in the bars indicate the analysis error.
Mutagenicity
The number of spontaneous revertant and induced revertant after UV irradiation are
presented in table 3.
AOC-gehalte (μg AcC eq/L)
AOC (μg AcC eq/L)
AOC (μg AcC eq/L)

Number of revertants in pre-treated water before and after UV irradiation at pH 7 based on
the TA98 strain without S9.
CONCLUSIONS
During UV disinfection of pre-treated natural waters by-product formation may occur. This
research focused on the formation of nitrite, assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and
mutagenicity using a low-pressure (LP-UV) and a medium-pressure UV lamp (MP-UV) in a
bench-scale UV unit. The results have been compared with the
results of a pilot UV installation equipped with the same medium- pressure UV lamps as the
one used in the bench-scale UV unit.
On application of the LP-UV (bench-scale unit), AOC and nitrite formation and mutagenicity
was insignificant. However, with the MP-UV bench-scale set-up AOC and nitrite formation as
well as mutagenicity appeared to be significant. Concerning these by- products, the formation
level in the MP-UV pilot installation was either insignificant (nitrite, mutagenicity) or
controllable based on an additional post GAC treatment (AOC).

3. ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH & SAFETY REQUIREMENTS &
STANDARDS:
Pollution control Measures – Air, Water, Earth, Noise level etc.
While establishing a co. need buildings and factories during constructing these co. should
follow or adopt environmental measures
to save environment from pollutions (air, water, noise and soil).
Major sectors which creats pollution are:
Constructions sites
Factories
CONSTRUCTION SITES
Construction sites can be a major source of pollution if not managed and controlled properly
and can have an adverse impact on health and the local environment. Enforcement is
disruptive and expensive. It is therefore important that construction personnel follow good
environmental practice to control these emissions, comply with environmental legislation and
prevent problems.
This Guide is the second in a series intended to assist with the control of air pollution and
noise emissions from construction sites. It sets out guidance on controlling pollution emissions
associated with site preparation, demolition, earthworks, and landscaping. Although
techniques have not been validated under controlled conditions and therefore must be used
with care, recommendations are drawn from cases where they have been found to be
effective.
Health effects of pollution emissions:

Pollution emissions from construction sites can have a detrimental effect on health and the
local environment. Particles and vaporous discharges can have an adverse impact on the
health of site operators and local residents by affecting particularly the eyes, nose, mouth,
lungs and skin. Fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs, contributing to respiratory
and cardiovascular problems. Large particles can cause nuisance through soiling of surfaces
such as cars, property and washing. Excessive noise levels can be a hazard to site workers and
can annoy neighbors and disturb local wildlife. Following good environmental practice to
control these emissions, complying with environmental legislation and preventing problems
are of great importance.
Pollution is an issue that the construction industry cannot ignore. The main types of pollution
you need to be aware of are air, water and noise. If you don’t put precautionary measures in
place to manage harmful waste, it can directly affect site employees and people living nearby.
This includes causing irreversible damage to their health, with a concerning link between
pollutants and cancer.
Here, we explain the different types of pollution that may be produced as a result of
construction activities and suggest ways you can manage and reduce your contribution.
Air Pollution
Air pollution refers to man-made emissions that are released into the atmosphere. Poor air
quality is a global health hazard, responsible . Further, air pollution contributes significantly to
the warming of the planet, and therefore to climate change.
As construction activities are a large contributor to air pollution, organisations within the
sector have a shared responsibility to limit the amount they produce. Therefore, you’ll need to
have an awareness of the emissions your work activities create and take precautions to limit
the harmful impact.
Common construction activities that contribute to air pollution include:
Use of plant and vehicles on site. This depends on the site activities but can include machinery
such as breakers, bulldozers, dumpers and excavators. Plantand machinery that is used at
construction sites is not regulated by the government to the degree that other vehicles are.
Due to the scale of many construction projects, equipment is often running and polluting for a
long time. As a lot of this heavy machinery, and other vehicles on site, operate on diesel
engines, they release pollutants into the air. This includes the gases carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.
Land clearing and demolition. As land often has to be cleared and made suitable for
construction to take place, this process must be done in a way that ensures the impact on the
environment is as minimal as possible. As well as with the construction of buildings, high levels
of dust are generated when land is disrupted and existing buildings demolished.
Chemicals. It is likely that you will use hazardous chemicals on construction sites. This may
include paints, glues, oils, thinners and plastics, which all produce noxious vapours.

PM10
These large quantities of construction dust from cement, concrete, silica and wood are
collectively classified as PM10. PM10 is particle matter less than or equal to 10 micrometres in
diameter that is invisible to the naked eye. The diesel engine exhausts of plant and other
vehicles is also a large contributor to PM10 emitted at construction sites. Specifically, this is
referred to as diesel particle matter (DPM) and contains sulphates and silicates that add to the
pollutants in the atmosphere.
Consequences of Air Pollution
Employees
Research into PM10 has shown that it can penetrate deep into the lungs of those who inhale
polluted air. For employees working regularly on construction sites, there is an increased risk
of them developing health complications as a result. Poor air quality due to pollution can
cause the following health problems:
Coughs, wheezing and shortness of breath.
Cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
Lung cancer.
Strokes.
Exacerbation of asthma.
Indeed, 56% of the occupational cancers in men are within the construction industry. This
includes mesothelioma, a type of cancer that develops on the lining of the lungs and chest and
which the only known cause of is asbestos exposure. Frequent exposure to dusts and fibres,
such as silica and asbestos, as well as the fumes and gases emitted by vehicles and machinery
explains why lung cancer is particularly common amongst construction workers. Indeed, those
working in the construction industry are potentially exposed to between 15 and 20
carcinogens because of common work activities.
Local Residents
People living nearby to construction sites may also experience the effects of air pollution.
Although local residents will not be in such close proximity to the pollutants as workers, they
may experience the effects of poor air quality long after the project has been completed.
PM10 and other air pollutants are spread by wind to the surrounding area and can then settle.
Here, residents often unknowingly breathe them in and may then develop a cough or
shortness of breath as a short-term consequence.
Environmental
As well as the consequences to human health, you need to be aware of the impact air
pollution has on the environment. Construction sites are responsible for 14.5% of
PM2.5 (particle matter that is 2.5 micrometres in diameter) and 8% of PM10 emissions. The
majority of this comes from construction machinery and generators that run on diesel, with
1% representing dust from site activities such as demolition. Both plants and animals struggle
to thrive as a result of this contamination, causing a loss of biodiversity and disrupting the food
chain.
Water Pollution
Water pollution happens when toxic substances end up in water bodies such as rivers, lakes
and oceans. This pollution may be visible, either on the surface or deposited on the bed, or
invisible to the human eye, such as chemicals that dissolve in water. Construction activities

often involve the use of toxic chemicals and pollutants that can end up in the water table if not
managed well.
Common construction sources that contribute to air pollution include:
Diesel and oil.
Cement.
Glues.
Paints.
Other toxic chemicals.
All of these contaminants have the potential to end up in water as a result of runoff from
construction work. Pollutants can enter the water system in a number of ways, such as
through drains, seeping into soil, or runoff directly into rivers or lakes.
Consequences of Water Pollution
People
Pollutants from construction sites can soak into the groundwater. It is much harder to treat
groundwater than it is surface water and so, as a source of human drinking water, there is a
risk that some chemicals may end up being consumed. Chemical pollutants such as arsenic and
mercury can cause serious health issues, including cancer, if ingested through contaminated
water supplies.
Environmental
Water contaminated by pollutants produced by the construction industry poses a danger to
the environment. Once pollution has entered the water system, it can harm or kill fish and
animals living in it or drinking from it. This can disrupt the entire ecosystem of animals, plants,
bacteria, and fungi, causing many species to suffer as a result.

Noise Pollution
Noise pollution is likely to be the type of pollution that’s effects are experienced immediately.
The equipment you use may be particularly loud, meaning it is often heard by members of the
public who live nearby. As a result, this can cause local residents to experience varying levels
of stress, sleep disturbance or high blood pressure.
You must also consider the effects of noise pollution on the construction workers themselves.
Additionally, if employees use equipment that is particularly loud, they may even
experience hearing loss.
In terms of an environmental impact, noise pollution can disturb the natural cycles of animals
as well as reducing the size of the habitat they can use.
Pollution Prevention Strategies
Managing how much pollution you create as a company and as an individual is incredibly
important. As well as controlling the negative impacts on site workers, local residents and the
environment, enforcing pollution prevention strategies can have a significant positive impact
on your business. By working sustainably and considering how you can limit the impact of your
construction activities, perception of your company is going to be positive and you can
establish yourself as a forerunner in comparison to your competitors.
Under the Environmental Damage (Prevention and Remediation) (England) Regulations 2015,
businesses are made financially liable for any damage they cause to land, air, water and
biodiversity in England. The regulations reinforce what is known as the ‘polluter pays’
principle. This is in place to hold businesses responsible for the pollution they create by
encouraging them to limit their environmental impact with financial incentives. Companies
also risk being fined for breaking environmental laws. Some of these so-called ‘enforcement
undertakings’ are an alternative to prosecutions, with the money going towards projects
helping wildlife. Therefore, if your construction activities do create a lot of pollution, especially
when it is avoidable or manageable, you risk being given a significant fine.
To try and reduce your pollution contribution we have created a list of suggestions that you
could put in place
Air Pollution

Never burn waste materials. Doing so will cause smoke, releasing poisonous gases such as
carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. In the UK, you risk being fined for burning materials on
site under the Clean Air Act 1993.
Adopt hybrid technology in place of diggers and excavators with diesel engines. For example,
Volvo is currently trialing a prototype hybrid excavator that runs on electric power generated
from the down-swing of its boom arm.
Use low sulphur diesel to power equipment and vehicles.
Improve your existing equipment by using particulate filters and catalyst converters.
Use water sprays or sprinklers to control some types of dust and stop it spreading. This will be
particularly beneficial during tasks such as the filling of skips or breaking down of concrete.
Use an on-tool extraction to control some types of dust. This is a type of exhaust that fits onto
some tools and removes dust as it is being produced.
Source local materials to avoid the need for them to be transported hundreds of miles.
Use renewable or sustainable materials, such as timber from sustainably managed forests.

Wear appropriate PPE, such as the correct type of respiratory protective equipment (RPE)
depending on the task.
Water Pollution
Monitor and improve your management and disposal of site waste. Make sure all waste is
correctly dealt with to stop it from spreading.
Keep materials such as sand or cement secure. Materials must be located where there isn’t a
risk of them being washed into waterways or drains.
Cover up all drains to prevent waste from ending up in the water.
Keep the road and footpath to the site clean at all times. This will prevent silt and other
pollutants from running off into any bodies of water.
Properly collect and treat any wastewater that you produce.
Noise Pollution
Use quiet power tools and equipment to manage noise pollution. Where possible, use modern
construction equipment that has been designed specifically to produce less noise.
Schedule work during sociable hours rather than when residents are likely to be sleeping. For
example, between 8 to 6pm on weekdays. You could also notify local residents of the working
hours and keep them updated on the project.
Put acoustic (movable noise) barriers in place to manage the levels of noise pollution.
Ensure plant and equipment is properly maintained and operated.
Switch off plant when it’s not in use.
Ensure employees wear the correct PPE when required to reduce the risk of hearing loss due
to excessive noise.
The construction industry must recognise the responsibility it has to monitor and limit the
amount of pollution it collectively creates. One of the simplest measures you can take is to be
conscious of how much waste and pollutants your work activities create and the consequences
they have. Whether you are an employer or employee in the sector, there are strategies that
reduce the amount of pollution produced that you can enforce and encourage others to do
the same.
Factories:
Optimizing the factory’s operations
Greener, more energy-efficient operations tend to reduce the amount of pollution a factory
generates. Companies can optimize different parts of their operation to save energy, thus
reducing the facility’s overall emissions.
Destroying pollutants before they enter the atmosphere
Factory operators can also employ abatement mechanisms that help destroy VOCs, HAPs, and
other pollutants before they enter the environment. Different abatement techniques are
efficient for specific types of pollutants, so you need to evaluate your operation to find the
ideal technique. Four of the most commonly used abatement techniques include:
Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer

Known as RTOs, regenerative thermal oxidizers employ high temperatures to destroy
pollutants before they are released into the environment. The energy of the actual industrial
operation is used in the abatement process whenever possible, which involves a network of
high-efficiency heat exchangers.

These systems incorporate a heat exchanger with a com-bustion chamber and can handle a
wide range of process flow rates and VOC concentrations. The heat exchanger is used to
preheat the VOC laden air prior to entering the combustion chamber to reduce operating cost.
Recuperative Thermal Oxidizer during Installation
Recuperative Thermal Oxidizers are:

Ideal for Moderate VOC concentrations
Suitable for Secondary Heat Recovery
Typically, able to achieve destruction efficiency in excess of 99%
Capable of thermal efficiency up to 80%
There are several industrial processes used by companies world-wide where a Recuperative
Thermal Oxidizer makes sense. Some of those processes are utilized by the Oil,
Gas and Chemical Industries as well as Corn Processing and other manufacturing facilities, just
to name a few. Recuperative Thermal Oxidizers can be used in odor control applications as
well.
Catalytic Oxidizer
Catalytic oxidizers use a combination of chemical catalysts and high temperatures to break
down pollutants into harmless compounds.
Catalytic Oxidizers are a good control option in applications that have consistent Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs). By using a catalyst bed in the air treatment equipment, oxidation
is accomplished at much lower temperatures compared to thermal oxidation. A Catalytic
Oxidizer operating 370 to 480 °C (700 to 900 °F) range can achieve the same efficiency as a
Thermal Oxidizer operating between 700 and 820 °C (1300 and 1500 °F) which can result in
fuel savings of 40 - 60%. For even more favorable operating expenses, a Recuperative Catalytic
Oxidizer incorporates a heat exchanger that recovers the process heat for additional use
within the system. This unit is ideal for process applications where particulates and poisons are
not present. For detailed information on our Recuperative Catalytic Oxidizer, view our cut
sheet below:
• RCO-22 Cut Sheet

Likewise, facilities that have special requirements can consider using an Electric Catalytic
Oxidizer since this system is powered by electric heaters and offers an alternative to natural
gas.
A Catalytic Oxidizer may not be appropriate for treating air which contains particulates as they
may coat the surface of the catalyst in effect masking it and preventing the VOCs from
chemically reacting. Certain materials may chemically react with the components contained in
the catalyst. This reaction can consume the active sites and permanently damage the catalyst.
Some of the more common industrial applications include Painting & Printing operations as
well as Coating and Laminating. Take a look at Pollution Systems' Thermal Oxidizers if you
think that a Catalytic Oxidizer isn't what you're looking for.

DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENTS, SLUDGE, WASTES, SCRAP MECHANISM
Effluent from Electroplating Industry

The electroplating industrial effluents are both acidic and alkaline. The acidic effluent contains
heavy metals like chromium, nickel, cadmium, etc., and high TDS. Alkaline effluent is
generated from coating of paint to wheels, this effluent contains calcium chloride and heavy
metals. The sludge is rich in heavy metals especially chromium (Balaji et al., 2015; Gomes and
Asaeda, 2009). Table 14 shows physic-chemical characteristics of effluent from electroplating
industry treated with algae. Figure 14 shows algal growth in electroplating sludge. Chrome
sludge from the electroplating industry supported very good algal growth (1.5 g dry weight/L).
Using open raceway pond chrome sludge was treated with micro alga, Desmococcus olivaceus.
There was a considerable amount of sludge reduction and biomass production in open
raceway pond amended with chrome sludge. A remarkable reduction was found in TDS,
sodium, potassium, and phosphate.
Comparison of Parameters of Raw and Algae Treated Electroplating Industrial Chrome Sludge
in Open Pond

Raw Algal Treated % of
Parameters Sludge Sludge Reduction
Physical examination
Turbidity NTU 69.0 18.9 41.6
Total solids, mg/L 3022 1955 35.30
Total dissolved solids (TDS), 66 17 74.24

mg/L
Total suspended solids 2956 1938 34.43

(TSS), mg/L
Electrical conductivity, 4702 2745 41.42

μmho/cm
Chemical examination
pH 7.95 8.91
Alkalinity pH (as CaCO3), 8 16

mg/L
Alkalinity total (as CaCO3), 1393 1027 26.27

mg/L
Total hardness (as CaCO3), 680 520 23.52

mg/L
Calcium (as Ca), mg/L 176 198
Magnesium (as Mg), mg/L 58 48 17.24
Sodium (as Na), mg/L 680 340 50
Potassium (as K), mg/L 50 20 60

Raw Algal Treated % of
Parameters Sludge Sludge Reduction
Iron (as Fe), mg/L 6.48 4.70 27.46
Manganese (as Mn), mg/L Nil Nil Nil
Free ammonia (as NH3), 38.08 23.52 38.23

mg/L
Nitrite (as NO2), mg/L 0.84 0.36 41.14
Nitrate (as NO3), mg/L 45 23 48.88
Chloride (as Cl), mg/L 351 176 49.85
Flouride (as F), mg/L 1.12 0.99 11.60
Sulfate (as SO4), mg/L 186 129 30.64
Phosphate (as PO4), mg/L 43.51 6.02 86.16
Tidy’s test (as O), mg/L 67.2 58.4 13.09
Silica (as SiO2), mg/L 40.12 47.68 15.85
BOD, mg/L 643 497 22.70
COD, mg/L 210 160 23.80
Total Kjeldhal nitrogen, 51.52 59.36

mg/L
Copper (as Cu), mg/L 0.01371 0.01256 08.38
Zinc (as Zn), mg/L 0.285 0.238 16.49
Chromium (as Cr), mg/L 0.024 0.016 33.33

DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENTS, SLUDGE, WASTES, SCRAP MECHANISM
In fact, treatment processes are too often decided upon without first fully understanding
disposal pathway options and determining the water quality specifications that are required
from the treatment infrastructure.
Several effluent disposal pathways can be considered in most water projects:
Long-term beneficial reuse (preferred for reduction of external environmental impact).

Disposal to land.
Discharge to surface waters (least favorable environmentally but often unavoidable).
Trade waste discharge (typically high cost fees).
The Water and Carbon Group has the right expertise to assess disposal options for our clients.
We can develop fit for purpose treatment solutions that meet all necessary quality
requirements, without investing in superfluous infrastructure.
Long-Term Beneficial Reuse
Ability to reuse effluent for different applications, such as watering gardens and parks, is
largely influenced by the choice of final disinfection. Effluent from a low energy trickling filter
or wetland solution can therefore be easily transformed into a class A+ sewage treatment
plant with a suitable final disinfection such as sand filter, chlorination or UV, added at the end
of the process train.
Using a trickling filter or wetland solution with an added ‘disinfection’ module benefits from
the ability to achieve organic and nutrient outcomes at a substantially lower power and
operational cost than an mechanical solution such as and MBR. At the same time, it provides
the flexibility to treat some or all the effluent stream to a quality that meets reuse
requirements, for example log 6 reduction in virus.
Disposal to Land

Our team includes agronomy and horticultural experts who are capable of assessing, designing
and delivering sustainable land disposal solutions. Aspects involved in assessment can include:
Water balance characterization.
Agronomic modelling to determine fate of water, nitrogen, phosphorus and salts (e.g. MEDLI);
Wet weather management strategies.
On-site soil characterization for effluent application.
Habitat and ecosystem assessment of regional constraints that may affect effluent disposal
solutions.
Plant selection of suitable species for treated water characteristics.
Irrigation design and installation.
Development of multi-value opportunities for irrigation schemes: using effluent to rehabilitate
and restore natural ecosystems and provide safe community access areas.
Regulatory support, and.
Integration of chosen disposal solution with treatment design.
Integrated Disposal Schemes
Where opportunities exist, The Water and Carbon Group’s engineers and ecologists can work
closely with national landscape architects, to develop visionary multi-value effluent disposal
solutions. The Water and Carbon Group developed the vision, concept and detailed
construction design for an integrated disposal strategy for Unity Water’s Maleny Wastewater
treatment plant.
Wastewater production and treatment:

Maharashtra, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Gujarat are the major contributors of
wastewater (63%; CPCB, 2007a). Further, as per the UNESCO and WWAP (2006) estimates
(Van-Rooijen et al., 2008), the industrial water use productivity of India (IWP, in billion
constant 1995 US$ per m 3 ) is the lowest (i.e. just 3.42) and about 1/30th of that for Japan
and Republic of Korea. It is projected that by 2050, about 48.2 BCM (132 billion litres per day)
of wastewaters (with a potential to meet 4.5% of the total irrigation water demand) would be
generated thereby further widening this gap (Bhardwaj, 2005). Thus, overall analysis of water
resources indicates that in coming years, there will be a twin edged problem to deal with

reduced freshwater availability and increased wastewater generation due to increased
population and industrialization.
In India, there are 234-Sewage Water Treatment plants (STPs). Most of these were developed
under various river action plans (from 1978-79 onwards) and are located in (just 5% of) cities/
towns along the banks of major rivers (CPCB, 2005a). In class-I cities, oxidation pond or
Activated sludge process is the most commonly employed
technology, covering 59.5% of total installed capacity. This is followed by Up-flow Anaerobic
Sludge Blanket technology, covering 26% of total installed capacity. Series of Waste
Stabilization Ponds technology is also employed in 28% of the plants, though its combined
capacity is only 5.6%. A recent World Bank Report (Shuval et al. 1986) came out strongly in
favour of stabilization ponds as the most suitable wastewater treatment system in developing
countries, where land is often available at reasonable opportunity cost and skilled labour is in
short supply.
Wastewater use/ disposal:
Insufficient capacity of wastewater treatment and increasing sewage generation pose big
question of disposal of wastewater. As a result, at present, significant portion of waste water
being bypassed in STPs and sold to the nearby farmers on charge basis by the Water and
Sewerage Board or most of the untreated waste water end up into river basins and indirectly
used for irrigation. In areas like Vadodara, Gujarat, which lack alternative sources of water,
one of the most lucrative income-generating activities for the lower social strata is the sale of
wastewater and renting pumps to lift it (Bhamoriya, 2004). It has been reported that irrigation
with sewage or sewage mixed with industrial effluents results in saving of 25 to 50 per cent of
N and P fertilizer and leads to 15-27 % higher crop productivity, over the normal waters
(Anonymous, 2004). It is estimated that in India about 73,000 ha of (Strauss and Blumenthal,
1990) per-urban agriculture is subject to wastewater irrigation. In peri-urban areas, farmers
usually adopt year round, intensive vegetable production systems (300-400% cropping
intensity) or other perishable commodity like fodder and earn up to 4 times more from a unit
land area compared to freshwater (Minhas and Samra, 2004). Major crops being irrigated with
waste water are:
Cereals: Along 10 km stretch of the Musi River (Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) where
wastewater from Hyderabad is disposed-off, 2100 ha land is irrigated with wastewater to
cultivate paddy. Wheat is irrigated with wastewater in Ahmedabad and Kanpur. Vegetables: In
New Delhi, various vegetables are cultivated on 1700 ha land irrigated with wastewater in area
around Keshopur and Okhla STPs. Vegetables like Cucurbits, eggplant, okra, and coriander in

the summers; Spinach, mustard, cauliflower, and cabbage in the winters are grown at these
places. In Hyderabad, vegetables are grown in Musi river basin all year round which includes
spinach, amaranths, mint, coriander, etc. Flowers: Farmers in Kanpur grow roses and marigold
with wastewater. In Hyderabad, the farmers cultivating Jasmine through wastewater. Avenue
trees and parks: In Hyderabad, secondary treated wastewater is used to irrigate public parks
and avenue trees. Fodder crops: In Hyderabad, along the Musi River about 10,000 ha of land is
irrigated with wastewater to cultivate paragrass, a kind of fodder grass. Aquaculture: The East
Kolkata sewage fisheries are the largest single wastewater use system in aquaculture in the
world. Agroforestry: In the villages near Hubli-Dharwad in Karnataka, plantation trees viz.,
sapota, guava, coconut, mango, arecanut, teak, neem, banana, ramphal, curry leaf,
pomegranate, lemon, galimara, mulberry, etc. are irrigated with waste water. Wastewater-
irrigated fields generate great employment opportunity for female and male agricultural
laborers to cultivate crops, vegetables, flowers, fodders that can be sold in nearby markets or
for use by their livestock. In downstream rural areas of Vadodara in Gujarat, wastewater
supports annual agricultural production worth Rs. 266 million. It has been estimated that in
India sewage waters can annually irrigate about 1 Mha (Sengupta, 2008) to 1.5 M-ha of land
area and have a potential to contribute about one million tonnes of nutrients and 130 million
man-days of employment (Minhas and Samra, 2004). However, there are a number of
limitations w.r.t. waste water treatment and reuse in agriculture, such as the production of
waste water when the crops do not require irrigation water, the location of the plants
compared to the land requiring irrigation, the match between the waste water fertilizer
content and the crop requirements, the risk of over-application, vigorous incidence of weeds
and insect pests due to, in general, low uses of pesticides in agro-forestry systems and early
dropping and softening of fruits, etc. Intensive land application has indeed shown
accumulation of salts in the soil, odour problems, salt and colour leaching affecting
groundwater and downstream water quality, etc. (Satyawali and Balakrishnan, 2008).
POWER, FUEL & ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION MEASURES
INCANDESCENT Bulbs and COMPACT FLUORESCENT

LAMPS (CFL)
™ The consumers avoid buying CFls because incandescent bulb is cheaper than the CFL.
But use of incandescent bulb is ultimately a costly affair. Let us see how a consumer can
be benefited by CFLs and save substantial electricity.

™ A 60W incandescent bulb costs Rs.10 and lasts for about 1,000 hours, i.e. 6 months, for
usage of 6 hours/day. The energy consumption of the bulb then comes out to 10.8 units /
month (60W x 6 hours x 30 days = 10.8 kWh). The current tariff for residential consumers
is about Rs.4.28/kWh. Hence, the cost of electricity consumed by one 60W bulb is
Rs.46.22/month. Every 6 months there is an additional cost of Rs.10 for buying a new
bulb. Hence, the consumer pays Rs.56, every seventh month.
* Total bill for incandescent ( bulb for 55 months) = 60+46.22X55= 2602.
™ A CFL equivalent to 60W bulb would consume only 11W. The CFL would have a life of
about 10,000 hours (55 months) and would cost Rs.67.
™ For the consumer, the monthly electricity consumption of one CFL is 1.98 Units (11W x 6
hours x 30 days = 1.98kWh). i.e. monthly electricity bill of only Rs.8.36..!!.
Total bills for CFL = 67 + 8.36 X55 = Rs. 527
™ A saving of Rs. 2075 can be made during the lifetime of a CFL i.e. 55 months
Consumer saves Rs. 37 per month if he replaces one 60W blub
ith a CFL!
Following table shows the savings made by using an 11W CFL against a 60W
incandescent bulb :
At the At the
At the end At the end At the end
Total end end
Bill of 6 of 12 of 18 of 24 of 30
months months months months months
11 W
50.16 100.32 150.48 200.64 250.8
CFL
60 W
277.32 564.64 841.96 1119.28 1396.6
Bulb
*Total bill includes the cost of buying a new incandescent bulb every 6 month. CFL bulb need
not be repurchased for 55 months.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency India has come out with the following labeling plan to
indicate its energy efficiency for the tubular fluorescent lamps.
More energy efficient the lamp, more is the number of stars given to it.
K.W./Hours (watts) Cooling Area ):

¾ During severe summers an air cooler has a better cooling effect compared to a fan. In
comparison to air conditioner, air-cooler consumes only ¼ of electricity whereas its cost
is only 1/10th of the cost of AC.
¾ Clean the air filters of the air conditioner from time to time. Compressors consume more

electricity due to accumulation of dust on the filter.
Standards
Component
s
A. The industry shall maintain optimum and correct air ratio while burning fuel(s)
in boilers, furnaces, and TFHs (hereafter termed as ‘combustion facilities ‘). The
fuel combustion process shall be managed and maintained in accordance with the
instructions provided on air ratios, which shall be provided in the EM Manual.
B. The industry shall maintain air ratio for the boiler, as specified in Table 6.1 as
the
standard value and use Table 6.2 for industrial furnaces/TFH as the standard
value.
C. In cases where more than one combustion (of fuel) utilities are used, the
combustion load for each utility of the industry shall be managed and controlled
(1)
to
Manageme
achieve the highest-possible efficiency. The efficiency herein refers to the ratio of
nt
heat gained by the material to the total heat input to the combustion utility.
and control
D. The combustion utilities shall be suitably operated to achieve a high level of
combustion efficiency under specific operating conditions, which shall be
described
in the EM Manual. The specific operating conditions shall be finalized based on
various factors of fuels, such as the particle size of solid fuels, moisture content,
viscosity of liquid fuels, calorific value, pressure of gaseous fuels.
E. The combustion utilities shall be managed according to the instructions
provided
in the operation manual related to draft, operating temperature, and loading
conditions for optimum performance, which shall be described in the EM Manual.
A. All the key parameters of combustion utility shall be maintained and recorded
(2) regularly. The frequency of measurements shall be adhered to, which shall be
Measureme explained in the the EM Manual. The industry shall use the measured data for
nt evaluating the performance of combustion utility. Some of the parameters that
and shall be measured and recorded include the quantity of fuel fired, temperature of
recording exhaust gases, residual oxygen (O2), and carbon monoxide (CO) in flue gases and
unburnt carbon for solid fuels in bottom ash and fly ash.
B. The industry shall measure useful heat gain either through steam generation in

boilers
or through the quantity of material processed in furnaces for assessing the
performance.
(3)
Maintenanc A. The DC shall undertake periodical inspection and maintenance of combustion
e facilities to maintain good operating conditions which shall be described in the
and EM Manual.
inspection
A. The DC shall decide the compatible size and system specifications of the
combustion utility based on application, fuel type, temperature of combustion air
(4)
and heat load fluctuations.
Necessary
B. The DC shall select suitable and appropriate combustion equipment along with
measures
accessories
when
(e.g. burner, associated auxiliaries including built-in automation) for new utility.
installing
C. The DC shall select appropriate accessories for combustion air supply and
new
integrate
facilities
with combustion equipment for the automatic regulation of air flow considering
real-time plant load and other operating conditions.
¾ We can save energy by switching off the air-conditioner half an hour before leaving the
room. The atmosphere in the room will remain cool for the same time.
COMBUSTION OF FUEL
The energy sources used in industries include both thermal and electrical energy. Thermal
energy is generated from the combustion of different types of fuels, such as coal, pet coke and
biomass (solid fuels),furnace oil, diesel, naphtha and internally generated liquid fuels (liquid
fuels) and natural gas (NG), LPG, off-gases, fuel gas and internally generated gaseous fuels
(gaseous fuels). The thermal energy is either directly used in processes for heating, melting,
etc., or used for power generation. This section provides the EC guidelines covering
combustion of fuels in boilers, industrial furnaces, and thermic fluid heaters
(TFH) in a rational way.
ENERGY CONSERVATION GUIDELINES FOR INDUSTRIES: CATEGORY-A | 11 |

Target Components

A. The industry shall make consistent and regular efforts to reduce the air ratio of
combustion facilities towards the reference air ratio (table 6.1) for boilers (table
6.2) and for industrial furnaces as target values.
B. The DC shall retrofit suitable automatic air-fuel ratio control systems in each
combustion equipment, and integrate with control loop system, if not already
installed, which shall be described in the EM Manual.
C. The DC shall select and use appropriate combustion equipment (e.g. burners and
auxiliaries), based on the type of combustion equipment and the type of fuel used.
The combustion system shall be capable of regulating fuel supply automatically in
line with load fluctuations.
D. The DC shall suitably modify air train to regulate combustion air flow and furnace
pressure automatically.
E. The DC shall consider regenerative burner while installing a new burner or
replacing an existing one to recover and re-use heat from waste hot gases.
F. The DC shall consider computer-aided automatic combustion management system /
tool for a finer control of combustion equipment.
G. The management shall install suitable on-line measurement and recording
equipment to monitor and control key operating parameters in the combustion
utility. The measurements shall include fuel supply, temperature of exhaust gases,
residual oxygen, and carbon monoxide levels in flue gases.
H. The DC shall periodically collect and analyse unburnt carbon in fly ash and bottom
ash for solid fuels.
¾ Close the doors and windows when using the air conditioner so that no air enters from
the outside.
¾ Bureau of Energy Efficiency India has come out with the following labelling plan for Air
Conditioners.
¾ Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) is displayed on the label. More the EER, more energy
efficient is the air conditioner. More energy efficient the air conditioner, more is the
number of stars given to the air conditioner.
Air-conditioning Facilities and Hot Water Supply Facilities
A. The DC shall monitor and record parameters (e.g. temperature, and humidity)
Measurement to keep track
and recording of air-conditioning in different sections of the industry. The DC shall use online
monitors or
hand-hold instruments for this purpose, which shall be described in the EM
Manual.
B. Parameters necessary to improve the efficiency of the overall HVAC system
(that include
heat source equipment, heat transportation equipment and air conditioner
equipment)
shall be periodically measured and/or recorded which shall be described in the
EM Manual.
C. Parameters necessary to improve the efficiency of hot water supply shall be
measured
and recorded periodically (e.g. quantity, feed water temperature and hot water
supply
temperature), which shall be described in the EM Manual.
A. The DC shall undertake periodical inspection and maintenance of air-
conditioning
equipment to maintain good operating conditions which shall be described in the
EM
Manual. The improvement shall include both the equipment level and HVAC
system level
to achieve the overall energy efficiency.
Maintenance B. The DC shall maintain and inspect periodically hot-water supply equipment to
and keep
inspection
them in good conditions according to the instructions provided on maintenance
and
inspection, which shall be described in the EM Manual.
C. Automatic control systems or devices used in air conditioning and hot water
supply
equipment shall be maintained and inspected periodically in order to keep them
in a
good condition, which shall be described in the EM Manual.
A. Air-conditioning equipment
While installing a new air conditioning utility, the DC shall ensure the following:
a. Select a suitable utility that is capable of responding to changes in heat
demands.
Necessary
measures The DC shall consider installing a dedicated control system for each section of air
when conditioning to ensure better control.
installing new
facilities
b. The DC shall install a high efficiency system within heat source utility (e.g. heat
pumps) as well as heat transport utility of integrated air-conditioning system to
accommodate fluctuating load demands. It shall be equipped with split control,
flow
control, storage system, etc. The heat transport system shall use variable pump
head
control for efficient operation.
c. The DC shall use variable air-volume and flow-rate systems with speed control
to
respond to load variations.
d. The DC shall introduce suitable heat exchanger for reducing air cooling/ heating
loads.
For example, the DC shall consider options such as outdoor air-cooling during
winter
season and water humidification to reduce air cooling loads.
e. The DC shall avoid direct discharge of exhaust heat from production systems
close to
air-conditioning section to avoid increase in air-conditioning loads.
f. The DC shall minimize air-conditioning loads by installing a local air-conditioning
system around workers or radiant heating in case the air conditioning of the entire
workplace is not essential.
g. The DC shall avoid ingression of hot air or egression of conditioned air by closing
gaps and openings as much as possible to reduce the air-conditioning load.
h. The location and process of installing an outdoor unit of an air-conditioner
should be
determined based on both solar radiation and ventilation condition of the
installation
location, in case the units are installed closely together, which shall be described
in
EM Manual.
I. The air conditioning utility shall be equipped with suitable control and
measurement
devices to manage operations on its own. The controlling parameters include
temperature and humidity of the different sections of air-conditioning.
B. Hot water supply equipment
The DC shall evaluate load assessment of hot water requirements to select
suitable hot
water supply utility to achieve overall energy efficiency. It shall consider following
before
undertaking installation of a new utility.
a. Select compatible technology that responds efficiently to load variations.
b. Install a dedicated hot water supply system to cater to sections with lower
loads.
c. Explore use of ‘heat pump system’ and/or a latent heat recovery system for
heat
source equipment.
ENERGY CONSERVATION GUIDELINES FOR INDUSTRIES:
Target Components
A. Air conditioning equipment
The DC shall focus on the following aspects to ensure efficient use of energy in air
conditioning utility.
a. For only air conditioning, the DC shall use heat source equipment with high energy
efficiency, such as heat pump and storage system and gas cooling or heating system.
For simultaneous air cooling and heating loads within the plant, the DC shall consider
using a heat recovery system. Further, in case of the availability of a potential exhaust
heat, the use of a heat recovery system, e.g. heat pump and exhaust-heat-driven heat
source equipment shall also be considered.
b. The DC shall improve thermal insulation of walls and roofs for the air-conditioned
areas. It shall include higher thickness of walls and roofs, low thermal conductivity
materials, and double-layer thermal insulation. It shall further consider reducing
external heat sources through shielding solar radiation through windows using
window shades, heat reflecting glasses, heat shield window films and thermal buffer
zone with double insulation structure.
c. The air-conditioning utility shall be equipped with a carbon dioxide sensor or a similar
type of device to minimize the outdoor air-handling load. It shall consider the cooling
of air with water from cooling towers during the winter season.
d. The air-conditioning utility shall minimize air flow volume and circulation water
volume by setting a large temperature difference in the utility.
e. The DC shall insulate pipes and ducts to reduce heat losses.
B. Hot water supply equipment
The DC shall examine the following to enhance the energy efficiency in hot water-supply
systems.
a. Use of a heat pump or latent heat-recovery system to enhance the efficiency of hot
water-supply utilities.
b. Use of alternate systems to reduce power consumption in the ventilation system
in the workplace, machine rooms, and electric rooms. For example, the air volume
controller with suitable sensors.
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY

• Recover heat from flue gas, engine cooling water, engine
exhaust, low pressure waste steam, drying oven exhaust,
boiler blowdown, etc.
• Recover heat from incinerator off-gas.

• Use waste heat for fuel oil heating, boiler feedwater heating,
outside air heating, etc.
• Use chiller waste heat to preheat hot water.
• Use heat pumps.
• Use absorption refrigeration.
• Use thermal wheels, run-around systems, heat pipe systems, and air-to-air
exchangers.
Drives
• Use variable-speed drives for large variable loads.
• Use high-efficiency gear sets.
• Use precision alignment.
• Check belt tension regularly.
• Eliminate variable-pitch pulleys.
• Use flat belts as alternatives to v-belts.
• Use synthetic lubricants for large gearboxes.
• Eliminate eddy current couplings.
• Shut them off when not needed.
Fans
• Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet cones for fan air intakes.
• Avoid poor flow distribution at the fan inlet.
• Minimize fan inlet and outlet obstructions.
• Clean screens, filters, and fan blades regularly.
• Use aero foil-shaped fan blades.
• Minimize fan speed.
• Use low-slip or flat belts.
• Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.
• Use variable speed drives for large variable fan loads.
• Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation
• Eliminate leaks in ductwork.
• Minimize bends in ductwork
• Turn fans off when not needed.
Blowers
• Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet ducts or cones for air
intakes.
• Minimize blower inlet and outlet obstructions.
• Clean screens and filters regularly.
• Minimize blower speed.
• Use low-slip or no-slip belts.
• Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.
• Use variable speed drives for large variable blower loads.
• Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation.
• Eliminate ductwork leaks.
• Turn blowers off when they are not needed.
HVAC (Heating / Ventilation / Air Conditioning)

• Tune up the HVAC control system.
• Consider installing a building automation system (BAS) or energy
management system (EMS) or restoring an out-of-service one.
• Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce blower/fan/pump
power requirements.
• Eliminate or reduce reheat whenever possible.
• Use appropriate HVAC thermostat setback.
• Use morning pre-cooling in summer and pre-heating in winter (i.e. -- before electrical
peak hours).
• Use building thermal lag to minimize HVAC equipment operating time.
Source: Bureau of Energy Efficiency, New Delhi
6
• In winter during unoccupied periods, allow temperatures to fall as low as possible
without freezing water lines or damaging stored materials.
• In summer during unoccupied periods, allow temperatures to rise as high as possible
without damaging stored materials.
• Improve control and utilization of outside air.
• Use air-to-air heat exchangers to reduce energy requirements for heating and cooling
of outside air.
• Reduce HVAC system operating hours (e.g. -- night, weekend).
• Optimize ventilation.
• Ventilate only when necessary. To allow some areas to be shut down when
unoccupied, install dedicated HVAC systems on continuous loads (e.g. -- computer
rooms).
• Provide dedicated outside air supply to kitchens, cleaning rooms, combustion
equipment, etc. to avoid excessive exhausting of conditioned air.
• Use evaporative cooling in dry climates.
• Reduce humidification or dehumidification during unoccupied periods.
• Use atomization rather than steam for humidification where possible.
• Clean HVAC unit coils periodically and comb mashed fins.
• Upgrade filter banks to reduce pressure drop and thus lower fan power requirements.
• Check HVAC filters on a schedule (at least monthly) and clean/change if appropriate.
• Check pneumatic controls air compressors for proper operation, cycling, and
maintenance.
• Isolate air conditioned loading dock areas and cool storage areas using high-speed
doors or clear PVC strip curtains.
• Install ceiling fans to minimize thermal stratification in high-bay areas.
• Relocate air diffusers to optimum heights in areas with high ceilings.
• Consider reducing ceiling heights.
• Eliminate obstructions in front of radiators, baseboard heaters, etc.
• Check reflectors on infrared heaters for cleanliness and proper beam direction.
• Use professionally-designed industrial ventilation hoods for dust and vapor control.
• Use local infrared heat for personnel rather than heating the entire area.
• Use spot cooling and heating (e.g. -- use ceiling fans for personnel rather than
cooling the entire area).
• Purchase only high-efficiency models for HVAC window units.
• Put HVAC window units on timer control.
• Don't oversize cooling units. (Oversized units will "short cycle" which results in poor
humidity control.)
• Install multi-fueling capability and run with the cheapest fuel available at the time.
• Consider dedicated make-up air for exhaust hoods. (Why exhaust the air conditioning
or heat if you don't need to?)
• Minimize HVAC fan speeds.
• Consider desiccant drying of outside air to reduce cooling requirements in humid
climates.
• Consider ground source heat pumps.
• Seal leaky HVAC ductwork.
• Seal all leaks around coils.
• Repair loose or damaged flexible connections (including those under air handling
units).
• Eliminate simultaneous heating and cooling during seasonal transition periods.
• Zone HVAC air and water systems to minimize energy use.
• Inspect, clean, lubricate, and adjust damper blades and linkages.
• Establish an HVAC efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit and

follow-up, then make an HVAC efficiency-maintenance program a part of your
continuous energy management program.
Buildings
• Seal exterior cracks/openings/gaps with caulk, gasketing,
weatherstripping, etc.
• Consider new thermal doors, thermal windows, roofing insulation, etc.
• Install windbreaks near exterior doors.
• Replace single-pane glass with insulating glass.
• Consider covering some window and skylight areas with insulated wall
panels inside the building.
• If visibility is not required but light is required, consider replacing exterior windows
with insulated glass block.
• Consider tinted glass, reflective glass, coatings, awnings, overhangs, draperies,
blinds, and shades for sunlit exterior windows.
• Use landscaping to advantage.
• Add vestibules or revolving doors to primary exterior personnel doors.
• Consider automatic doors, air curtains, strip doors, etc. at high-traffic passages
between conditioned and non-conditioned spaces. Use self-closing doors if possible.
• Use intermediate doors in stairways and vertical passages to minimize building stack
effect.
• Use dock seals at shipping and receiving doors.
• Bring cleaning personnel in during the working day or as soon after as possible to
minimize lighting and HVAC costs.
Water & Wastewater

• Recycle water, particularly for uses with less-critical quality
requirements.
• Recycle water, especially if sewer costs are based on water
consumption.
• Balance closed systems to minimize flows and reduce pump
power requirements.
• Eliminate once-through cooling with water.
• Use the least expensive type of water that will satisfy the requirement.
• Fix water leaks.
• Test for underground water leaks. (It's easy to do over a holiday shutdown.)
• Check water overflow pipes for proper operating level.
• Automate blowdown to minimize it.
• Provide proper tools for wash down -- especially self-closing nozzles.
• Install efficient irrigation.
• Reduce flows at water sampling stations.
• Eliminate continuous overflow at water tanks.
• Promptly repair leaking toilets and faucets.
• Use water restrictors on faucets, showers, etc.
• Use self-closing type faucets in restrooms.
• Use the lowest possible hot water temperature.
• Do not use a central heating system hot water boiler to provide service hot water
during the cooling season -- install a smaller, more-efficient system for the cooling
season service hot water.
• Consider the installation of a thermal solar system for warm water.
• If water must be heated electrically, consider accumulation in a large insulated
storage tank to minimize heating at on-peak electric rates.
• Use multiple, distributed, small water heaters to minimize thermal losses in large
piping systems.
• Use freeze protection valves rather than manual bleeding of lines.
10
• Consider leased and mobile water treatment systems, especially for deionized water.
• Seal sumps to prevent seepage inward from necessitating extra sump pump
operation.
• Install pretreatment to reduce TOC and BOD surcharges.
• Verify the water meter readings. (You'd be amazed how long a meter reading can be
estimated after the meter breaks or the meter pit fills with water!)
• Verify the sewer flows if the sewer bills are based on them
Miscellaneous
• Meter any unmetered utilities. Know what normal efficient use is. Track down causes
of deviations.
• Shut down spare, idling, or unneeded equipment.
• Make sure that all of the utilities to redundant areas are turned off -- including utilities
like compressed air and cooling water.

• Install automatic control to efficiently coordinate multiple air compressors, chillers,
cooling tower cells, boilers, etc.
• Renegotiate utilities contracts to reflect current loads and variations.
• Consider buying utilities from neighbors, particularly to handle peaks.
• Leased space often has low-bid inefficient equipment. Consider upgrades if your
lease will continue for several more years.
• Adjust fluid temperatures within acceptable limits to minimize undesirable heat
transfer in long pipelines.
• Minimize use of flow bypasses and minimize bypass flow rates.
• Provide restriction orifices in purges (nitrogen, steam, etc.).
• Eliminate unnecessary flow measurement orifices.
• Consider alternatives to high pressure drops across valves.
• Turn off winter heat tracing that is on in summer.
According to Bureau of Energy Efficiency, New Delhi
CAPEX COST ESTIMATION
Cost Component Year

Personnel (Operations) Rs 4050000
Power Cost Rs 4485000
Lamp Replacement Cost --------
UV Quartz Sleeve Cleaning Cost --------
Sodium Hypochlorite and Sodium
Rs 1300000
Bisulfite Cost
Miscellaneous O&M Rs 1123600
Total O&M Cost Rs 19000000
Construction Cost Rs 115000000

OPEX COST ESTIMATION
Economics of different levels of treatments through conventional measures
Primary + ultra-filtration Primary + ultra-

Primary treatment system
Particulars system filtration system +
Capital cost (Rs 30 90.64 145
Annualized capital 5.79 18.06 29.69
O&M cost
15.88 7.04 12.63
(lakhs/annum)
Annual burden 11.85 27.1 42.5
Treatment cost 34.08 52.4 73.22

PHASE 3
1.OTHER UTLITIES & COST

MANPOWER COST ESTIMATION
MAN POWER REQUIRMENTS IN THREE SHIFTS OPERATION OVER FOUR CITIES
Sl. Designation Number Rate Salary

No. (Rs./Month)
A. ADMINISTRATION :
Senior Manager 4 115000.00 120000.00
Manager 4 95000.00 95000.00
Secretary 12 70000.00 70000.00
Security officer 4 80000.00 80000.00
Finance officer 4 80000.00 80000.00
P&R Officer 12 85000.00 85000.00
HRM 12 65000.00 65000.00
Office Attender 96 25000.00 25000.00
Logistics Superviser 48 40000.00 40000.00
Receptionist 48 25000.00 25000.00
Accountant 48 25000.00 25000.00
Vehicles Supervisor 48 20000.00 20000.00
B. PRODUCTION :
Mechanical Engineer
Chemist 4 18000.00 18000.00
Production Supervisor 36 25000.00 25000.00
Computer Operator 36 20000.00 20000.00
Machine Operator 24 20000.00 20000.00
Skilled Workers 120 18000.00 18000.00
Unskilled Workers 480 15000.00 15000.00
Machanic cum electrician 24 17000.00 17000.00
Maintenance 48 18000.00 18000.00
Lab Head 36 20000.00 20000.00
Total salary 901000.00

Benefits 12% 108120.00
GRAND TOTAL 1009120.00
Total Annual Salary Expenses 25,344,000.00

Estimation of costs of Production Manpower and Administration based on current rates or
salaries in India. And they are given for three shifts over four plants namely Mumbai,
Bangalore, Ahmedabad and Kolkata.
POWER AND FUEL

POWER AND FUEL
Total connected load 278.66 K.W. 348.325 K.V.A
Power consumption per month 104497.5 Units
Power consumption per month for lighting purpose 1044.975 Units
Diesel Generator Set 120 KVA 9.75 Lakhs
Total 105542.475 Units
ELECTRIC POWER CHARGE PER MONTH

Fixed Charges for K.V.A @ Rs. 270 94047.75
Energy Charges @ Rs. 10 1055424.75
Total 1149482.25
Annual Charges 13793787
Say Rs. 1.38 Crores
This is the estimation of power and fuel used by plant.
WATER REQUIREMENTS
Mode of Water Supply: Mode of water supply may be continuous of intermittent. In
continuous system water is supplied continuously for 24 hours, whereas in intermittent
system, water is supplied at peak demand hours. In morning and evening, sometimes
when sufficient storage of water is available at the source, water is also supplied around
noon hours. In both the systems, some advantage and disadvantage are there. In
continuous supply, wastage of water is there through open and cracked joints.
Factors governing industrial water requirement depends on several factors. Such, as type
of industry size of industry and number of industries for a water supply scheme. A
water supply scheme may be planned for a residential town and amount of water
requirement, may be taken care of for existing industry in the town or city likely to come up.
Sometimes, a water supply scheme is planned for an industrial area where different types of
industry of different sizes are located or likely to come. A case may be there, in which size of
the industry is of such a giant one, that water supply scheme must be planned for that
industry in addition to housing and other amenities associated with the industry. Water
requirement for a few industries located in a town may be taken around 600 litres/head/day
but the demand may go as high as 500 litres/head/day depending on type of industry.
PACKAGING COST
Design Agency Level – Packaging Design Charges – 30000-80000 INR

Creative Agency knows this truth that almost 66% of consumers always want to try a product
after noticing an attractive packaging “JO DIKHTA HAI WOH HI BIKTA HAI”.
The advantage of an intelligent Packaging Design is that it only takes about 2-3 seconds for
consumers to make an instant buying decision. And those 3 seconds are exceptionally
important when you consider that more than 70% of purchasing decisions are made at the
point of purchase which every design agency will consider while designing.
Attracting and grabbing consumer’s attention always involves in-depth research and a strategy
of bridging the emotional connection creation as well as an understanding of your product.
One should not leave this critical aspect to chance or luck!
Packaging agencies understand the three vital stages in the brand life cycle which
are ‘Research’, ‘Strategize’ and ‘Create’ which ultimately lead to a competitive advantage.
They know what is required and how to work effectively to accomplish the results at each one
of these juncture points.
We try to make this in use. Current packaging designs are beginning to incorporate recyclable and
recycled plastics but the search for reuse functions continues.

Amt- 100 boxes
Packaging Particulars Cost/box (Rs.)
(Rs.)
Direct material
Direct wages
Labours Wages (100 units x 1hr x
14,000
140)
Direct expenses
Carriage inward 15,000
Prime Cost 29,000
Workplace overhead
Service labour 11,000
Managers salary 22,500
Works cost 33,500
Office and Administration

Stationery 500
Printing 400
Staff salary 25,000
Electricity charges 18,000
Telephone charges 14,000
Packaging Details.
LOGISTICS & TRANSPORTATION- DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL

Distribution logistics (also known as transport logistics or sales logistics) is the link between
production and the market. The area comprises all processes involved in the distribution of goods -
from manufacturing companies to customers. Customers are either final customers, distributors or
processors. In concrete terms, distribution logistics includes goods handling, transport and interim
storage. This makes the subject a central component of extra logistics and closely links it with
packaging technology (after all, packaging must be adapted to transport requirements in order to be
able to deliver the product safely). Sustainably structured information, decision-making and control
processes are essential for implementing successful transport logistics.
Objectives of distribution logistics
Distribution logisticians essentially pursue three goals:
• 1. Availability: They must always ensure that a sufficient quantity of products is available to
customers. Customers should be able to receive goods promptly and without great effort.
• 2. Cost minimization: High quality demands of the manufacturers require sales logisticians to
keep shipping and delivery costs as low as possible. In concrete terms, the aim is to reduce costs
associated with transport, storage, shortage and order processing. At the same time, however,
delivery is to become faster, more energy-efficient and more environmentally friendly.
• 3. Influence: Distribution logisticians want to have the highest possible say in the marketing of
their products, for instance. It is about answering the questions of “How are my products placed on
the sales shelf?” and “How can I stand out from the competition with the presentation of my
goods?”.

Sales logisticians also have to optimize their logistics services: Delivery reliability, delivery
flexibility, delivery time and delivery condition should meet high quality demands. Only then are
customers at the end of the supply chain satisfied and will use the service again.
Tasks of sales logistics

Transport logistics comprises three fields of activity:
• 1. Operational control: Operational tasks refer to the processing of orders, shipping, returns
management, route planning and customer service.
• 2. Tactical control: Tactical tasks include fleet management, defining minimum purchase
quantities, defining a service level and deciding whether the company should manage transport
logistics on its own or resort to external providers.
• 3. Strategic control: Strategic tasks include the planning of marketing strategies, the development
of distribution networks, the choice of location and both horizontal and vertical networking.
• Horizontal networking: The creation of collaborative value adding networks between

companies. Example: Company A cooperates with company B to make distribution
logistics more cost effective for both companies.
• Vertical networking: Describes the internal combination of areas and departments -
from production to the customer. Example: At company C several departments work
closely together. In this way, the company can offer customers the opportunity to
individually design products and track the production and delivery status of the goods at
any time.

Supply Management:

For running any business need to start manufacturing process to satisfy end users for that need
raw materials to smooth manufacturing process. Manufacturing a UV-C Lamp need following
raw materials:
Raw Glasses- glasses were need to mold into a outer part of glass or basically shaping of bulbs.
Fuel – for running transportation or other business plants tones liters of fuel for smooth running
of business.
Power- for running machineries of factory or business equipment need huge electricity.
Suppliers Raw Materials Manufacturer
A supplier is a person or business that provides a product or service to another entity. The
role of a supplier in a business is to provide high-quality products from a manufacturer at
a good price to a distributor or retailer for resale. A supplier in a business is someone who
acts as an intermediary between manufacturer and retailer, ensuring that communication
is forthcoming and stock is of sufficient quality.
For raw materials company need to maintain a good relationship with suppliers/vendors so that
can benefits in discounting or maintaining good reputation in the market.
These are the suppliers will go through for raw materials according to the location of factory
setups.
Raw Glasses for manufacturing outer part of bulb need to contact or maintain relationship with
glass recycling companies to minimize production cost or reduction of industrial waste reusing
by recycling to reduce pollution/environment problems.

West
Mumbai
Bengal
Quartz Glass Asahi India Glass

Scrap Ltd. (AIS)
Hindusthan
E Waste
National Glass &
Recycling India
Industries Ltd.
Bangalore-
Gujrat
Tamil Nadu
Trashin - Bulk Dry Waste
Management, Scrap
Plastic Paper Glass e- HNG Glass
Waste Recycling Pickup in
Bangalore.
Asahi India Glass Ltd. Charbhuja Glass Scrap
Fuel
Mumbai West
Bengal
Bharat Petroleum Indian Oil
Corporation Corporation
Limited Limited
Taurus Oil & Natural Gas

Petroleums Corporation
Private Limited Limited

Bangalore-
Gujrat
Tamil Nadu
Hindustan Oil
Indian Oil
Exploration
Bhavan
Co Limited
Gujarat State
Petronet MHB
Petronet
Limited
Limited
Power:
West
Mumbai
Bengal
India Power
SMART POWER
Corporation
SOURCES INDIA
Limited - Seebpur
PVT LTD
Unit
The Tata Power

Adani Electricity
Company Ltd
Bangalore-
Gujrat
Tamil Nadu
Bangalore Electricity
Adani Power Limited
Supply Company
(Achalraj)
Limited
EcoSoch Solar,
Bangalore : Solar
Gujarat Industries
rooftop for homes,
Power Company Ltd
institutional buildings
and industries

Manufacturer Distributors/Wholesalers
Manufacturing management /process:
Molding
department
Packaging Technical
Department Department
Fitting
Analysis
&Fixing
Department
Department

Molding Department: Beginning of manufacturing process with recycling raw
glasses which required skill workers almost 10 workers under the supervision of
superior of department. Basically, here workers make outer part of bulb for better
light, giving shape according to the need.
Technical Department: in this department all the technical work will be done like
preparing of chips, sensors, cords etc. Work will be done under the supervision of
supervisor of technical department. team of 5 workers or individual bulb parts.
Fitting and Fixing Department: When parts come to thus department after all
technical department then those parts will fit & fix by same team of 5 workers for a
single lamp and work will be done under the supervision of supervisor.
Analysis Department: under this department team od specialist analyze all the
lamps before go for packaging process test all the major significant parts by same 5
specialist of their own parts.
Packaging Department: after all the procedure has been completed then team of
packaging department pack product according to the guidance given by the
department manager. Estimated workers will be 10 workers for per 100 lamps.
Distributors/Wholesalers Retailers

Warehousing Estimation Cost:
WAREHOUSING COST
Loction Size(sq ft) Price( rs sq ft) Total cost
Mumbai 1000 800 800000
Gujrat 1800 650 1170000
Delhi 1500 300 450000
West Bengol 2000 300 600000
Total 3020000
Distribution Locations By Different Modes of Transports:
Main warehousing department distribute product according to the need or demand.
Distribution location
Road Railways
---- Karnataka
Mumbai ---- Kerala
Tamil Naidu ----
---- Andhra Pradesh
Bangalore ---- Orisha
---- Haryana
---- Delhi
---- UP
Gujrat Rajasthan ----
---- Assam
---- Bihar
---- Meghalaya
West Bengal Jharkhand ----

Demand Estimation (Annually):
As Covide-19 Pandemic hits market very drastically so now demand for Ultraviolet UV-C Lamps
has also increasing. This the prediction of demand and cost.
Total Cost per

demand in units Cost per unit unit
UV-C LAMP FOR AIR 100000 2000 200000000
UV-C LAMP FOR SURFACE 92035 1500 138052500
UV-C LAMP FOR WATER 46027 1200 55232400
Total 393284900
Direct and indirect transport logistics

One of the most important tactical considerations for sales logisticians is how shipping should
take place. Companies can choose between two variants:
Direct distribution involves the direct contact between the manufacturer and the
customer. This variant is used for products with the following characteristics:
• High-priced segment
• Narrow customer base
• High complexity
• Much need for instructions
• High sensitivity
An advantage of direct distribution is the close contact with the customer. It also saves
manufacturers the cost charged by an intermediary. Nevertheless, this variant is comparatively
expensive and requires precise and far-sighted calculation.
The problem with indirect distribution is that every sales agent must be convinced again and
again of the product and its benefits. A winegrower, for example, must not only sell his goods to

the end customer, but also to all intermediaries. In this practical example, these customers include
cooperatives and restaurateurs.
Distribution channels
When it comes to choosing a suitable distribution channel, manufacturers have a wide range of
options:
• Direct sales are suitable for expensive and products with a strong need of explanation.
• Retail trade is suitable for the sale of goods requiring intensive consultancy. In addition, a
particularly broad audience can be addressed. The only drawback is: The company's own products
are launched on the market at the same time and place as those of its competitors.
• The mail order business is declining more and more and is increasingly being replaced by the
online trade. This development is the reason why many formerly important mail order companies
have recently gone out of business.
• Wholesale is ideally suited for the sale of large quantities. In this sector, manufacturers usually
generate significantly higher sales volumes than in the retail sector, but also with significantly
lower profit margins.
• In times of increasing digitalization, sales via online shops are becoming increasingly attractive.
E-commerce is growing rapidly and presents the industry with completely new challenges, such as
same-day delivery.
Key figures of transport logistics

In order to explore the potential for optimization in their processes and formulate meaningful
objectives, sales logistics experts must regularly review the following key figures:
Description: Delivery reliability
Assertion: How many products from one order did the manufacturer deliver on time?
Calculation: Delivery reliability = Quantity delivered on time / Requested quantity × 100
Description: Delivery performance

Assertion: How punctual is the product delivered by the manufacturer?
Calculation: Delivery performance = number of deliveries on time/ total quantity of orders × 100
Description: Transport damage rate

Assertion: How many goods have reached the customer undamaged?
Calculation: Transport loss ratio = number of damaged goods / number of all delivered goods ×
100
Description: Utilization rate of means of transport

Assertion: What is the capacity utilization of my means of transport (from the manufacturer's
point of view)?
Calculation: Utilization rate of means of transport = actual load / possible load × 100
Transport logisticians must keep the number of empty runs as low as possible.
While the first three indicators have a significant effect on customer satisfaction, the degree of
transport utilization is particularly important for the manufacturer. Finally, transport capacities
should be utilized as fully as possible, so that no or at least only a few empty runs are necessary.
A regular control of the benchmark values and a comparison with the market figures is
indispensable for transport logisticians. It is important to ensure that the controlling system is
aligned with supply chain management and does not pose a black box for users. If problematic
values should still exist, the following measures can be taken:
• Staff training
• Adjustment or quality improvement in packaging
• Cancellation of the shipping service provider
• Recourse to a more efficient goods management system or a comparable technology
• Improvement of internal and external communication
Advantages: As a result of technological progress, distribution logistics providers have access to

increasingly sophisticated systems to optimize their processes: RFID chips, machine to machine
communication, robotics, sensor and positioning systems, augmented reality and cloud computing.
Disadvantages: Customer demands on logistics processes are increasing: Reliable and customer-
oriented service is becoming more and more important. Companies must also pay more attention to
high quality, energy efficiency and sustainability. At the same time, growing competitive pressure
is increasing the pressure on companies to reduce the costs of distribution logistics.
Environmental protection currently plays a particularly important role. Legislative projects at

national and European level are forcing companies to reduce CO2 emissions and switch to more
sustainable models. However, depending on the means of transport, there are currently massive
emissions, not least due to the rapidly growing e-commerce market. According to estimates of the
German Federal Environment Office, this amounts to about 500 to 900 g per ton-kilometer for an
aircraft. The most environmentally friendly type of distribution logistics is transport by ship. Only 5
to 30 g of CO2 are emitted per ton-kilometer (the term ton-kilometer refers to the transport of a
mass of one ton over a distance of one kilometer).
Training and professions

If you want to start your career in distribution logistics, you should have studied logistics
management, trade management, export management or a comparable discipline. The IUBH
Frankfurt and the Euro-FH offer corresponding courses. Applicants for jobs with lower
qualifications (i.e. Bachelor's or Master's degree not a prerequisite for employment) have to cope
with tough working conditions in sales logistics: Whether truck driver or deliverer - a high
workload, physically demanding tasks and comparatively low earnings do not make
their professions any easier. According to Gehalt.de, truck drivers, for example, earn just 24,000
to 31,000 euros per year.
Possible solutions to this problem are:
• Increase in wage levels
• Stricter regulation of working hours
• Improvement of the industry’s image
• Use of modern technologies to relieve the burden on employees
• Creation of equal entry opportunities for everyone (especially women, immigrants, etc.)
Table 1 Rupees Per Vehicle Kilometer

Average Compact Electric Van or Rideshare Diesel Electric Motor-
Mode Car Car Car Pickup Passenger Bus Trolley cycle Bicycle Walk Telework Internal Fixed Market
Units Average Occupancy 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 12500.0 25000.0 80.0 80.0 80.0 80.0
Veh-Km Vehicle Ownership 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 0.000 30.000 40.000 0.000 25.000 100% 100% 100%
Veh-Km Vehicle Operation 30.000 25.000 30.000 30.000 10.000 500.000 1000.000 30.000 30.000 25.000 0.000 100% 0% 100%
Veh-Km Operating Subsidy 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 600.000 8000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0% 100% 100%
Pass-Km Travel Time 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 40.000 40.000 30.000 30.000 100.000 0.000 100% 0% 0%
Pass-Km Internal Crash 25.000 0.092 25.000 25.000 25.000 0.004 0.004 0.577 25.000 25.000 0.000 100% 0% 20%
Veh-Km External Crash 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 0.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 0.000 0% 0% 20%
Pass-Km Internal Health Ben. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 100% 0% 20%
Pass-Km External Health Ben. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.000 25.000 0.000 0% 0% 20%
Veh-Km Internal Parking 25.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 35.000 20.000 0.000 0.000 100% 100% 100%
Veh-Km External Parking 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 25.000 25.000 0.000 0.000 0% 0% 100%
Veh-Km Congestion 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 0.000 30.000 30.000 25.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 0% 0% 50%
Veh-Km Road Facilities 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 50.000 50.000 30.000 10.000 20.000 0.000 0% 0% 100%
Veh-Km Land Value 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 0% 100% 100%
Veh-Km Traffic Services 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 0% 0% 100%
Veh-Km Transport Diversity 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0% 0% 0%
Veh-Km Air Pollution 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0% 0% 0%
Veh-Km GHG 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0% 0% 0%
Veh-Km Noise 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 0.000 10.000 5.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0% 0% 0%
Veh-Km Resource Externalities 10.000 10.000 10.000 20.000 10.000 20.000 20.000 2.000 0.000 0.000 20.000 0% 0% 50%
Veh-Km Barrier Effect 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 0.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0% 0% 0%
Veh-Km Waste 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0% 0% 0%
Totals 380.000 365.092 395.000 405.000 185.000 1395.004 9290.004 367.577 340.001 325.000 65.000

Table 1 Rupees per Kilometer
Compact Electric Van or Rideshare Electric Motor-
Mode Average Car Car Car Pickup Passenger Diesel Bus Trolley cycle Bicycle Walk Telework Distribution
Average Occupancy 80 80 80 80 80 12500 25000 80 80 80 80
Vehicle Ownership 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 0.000 30.000 40.000 0.000 25.000 Internal-Fixed
Vehicle Operation 30.000 25.000 30.000 30.000 10.000 500.000 1000.000 30.000 30.000 25.000 0.000 Internal-Variable
Operating Subsidy 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 600.000 8000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 External
Travel Time 2400.000 2400.000 2400.000 2400.000 2400.000 500000.000 1000000.000 2400.000 2400.000 8000.000 0.000 Internal-Variable
Internal Crash 2000.000 7.360 2000.000 2000.000 2000.000 50.000 100.000 46.160 2000.000 2000.000 0.000 Internal-Variable
External Crash 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 0.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 0.000 External
Internal Health Ben. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 Internal-Variable
External Health Ben. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.000 25.000 0.000 External
Internal Parking 25.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 35.000 20.000 0.000 0.000 Internal-Fixed
External Parking 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 25.000 25.000 0.000 0.000 External
Congestion 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 0.000 30.000 30.000 25.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 External
Road Facilities 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 50.000 50.000 30.000 10.000 20.000 0.000 External
Land Value 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 External
Traffic Services 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 External
Transport Diversity 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 External
Air Pollution 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 External
GHG 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 External
Noise 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 0.000 10.000 5.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 External
Resource Externalities 10.000 10.000 10.000 20.000 10.000 20.000 20.000 2.000 0.000 0.000 20.000 External
Barrier Effect 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 0.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 External
Waste 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 External
Internal Fixed 55.000 70.000 70.000 70.000 30.000 0.000 0.000 65.000 60.000 0.000 25.000
Internal Variable 4430.000 2432.360 4430.000 4430.000 4410.000 500550.000 1001100.000 2476.160 4430.000 10025.000 0.000
External 240.000 240.000 240.000 250.000 90.000 855.000 8250.000 242.000 135.001 120.000 40.000
Totals 4725.000 2742.360 4740.000 4750.000 4530.000 501405.000 1009350.000 2783.160 4685.001 10200.000 65.000

GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE OVERHEAD COST
Administrative overhead is those costs not involved in the development or production of
goods or services. This is essentially all overhead that is not included in manufacturing
overhead. Examples of administrative overhead costs are the costs of:
• Front office and sales salaries, wages, and commissions

• Office supplies
• Outside legal and audit fees
• Administration and sales office lease
• Administration and sales utilities
• Administration and sales telephones
• Administration and sales travel and entertainment
Administrative overhead is considered a period cost; that is, the benefit of this type of cost
does not carry forward into future periods.

DESIGNATION PERSON PLANTS SHIFT TOTAL
Senior Manager 1 4 1 4
Manager 1 4 1 4
Secretary 1 4 3 12
Security officer 1 4 1 4
Finance officer 1 4 1 4
P&R Officer 1 4 3 12
HRM 1 4 3 12
Office Attender 8 4 3 96
Logistics Superviser 4 4 3 48
Receptionist 4 4 3 48
Accountant 4 4 3 48
Vehicles Supervisor 4 4 3 48
Mechanical Engineer 2 4 3 24
Chemist 1 4 1 4
Production Supervisor 1 4 3 12
Computer Operator 3 4 3 36
Machine Operator 2 4 3 24
Skilled Workers 10 4 3 120
Unskilled Workers 40 4 3 480
Machanic cum electrician 2 4 3 24
Maintenance 4 4 3 48
Lab Head 3 4 3 36
Total 99 88 56 1148
Administration Cost

2. FINANCE AND COMMERCIALS

(Rs. in crores)
COST: TOTAL

Contigency 5.00
Total 58.30
Total Project Cost Estimate -Planning & Readiness
Estimate Reconciliation Estimated Cost

WBS ELEMENT Actual Costs Completion
To Adjustment in Completion
Complete
Planning &
₹ 70,384,280.00 ₹ 26,616,369.00 ₹ 97,000,649.00 ₹ 64,648,839.00 ₹ 161,649,489.00
Readiness - OPC
YSO ₹ 1,988,619.00 ₹ 14,739,573.00 ₹ 16,728,192.00 ₹ 966,040.00 ₹ 17,694,232.00
Project Planning
₹ - ₹ - ₹ - ₹ 30,457,260.00 ₹ 30,457,260.00
Phase
Project Execution
₹ 26,026,238.00 ₹ - ₹ 26,026,238.00 ₹ 12,643,138.00 ₹ 38,669,376.00
Phase
Project Integration ₹ 42,369,423.00 ₹ 11,876,796.00 ₹ 54,246,219.00 ₹ 20,582,401.00 ₹ 74,828,621.00

ESTIMATE COST OF SALE
The cost-of-sales figure is a valuable financial metric for businesses because it measures all
the costs to make and sell a product. Business managers analyze and monitor their cost of
sales to make sure the expenses are within budgeted estimates, and the company is making
a profit. However, for the cost-of-sales figure to be accurate, it must include all purchase and
production costs and all indirect costs. Cost of sales is also known as cost of goods sold
(COGS).
COGS Production Categories
• Materials used in the manufacture of a product

• Indirect materials used to support the making of product
• Direct labor required to fabricate a product
• Indirect labor needed in manufacturing
• Cost of production facilities
Calculating the Cost of Materials

For a retailer, the material costs are the costs of purchasing products that they intend to resell.
A manufacturer, on the other hand, has material costs that include raw materials and parts
used to assemble the final products.
Valuation Methods
Accountants use one of three methods to determine the value of the inventory:
• First In, First Out – This method assumes that the first products purchased or manufactured
are sold first. During a period of rising prices, this method tends to report increasing net
income over time.
• Last In, First Out – In this case, the last goods purchased or manufactured are sold first. If
prices are rising, this method results in decreasing income over time.
• Average Cost Method – This approach uses the average purchase prices of all of the goods and
materials in stock, regardless of the date of purchase.

NET REVENUE ESTIMATE ANNEXURE XIV
(Rs. In Crores)
Particulars Ist Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year 6th Year 7th Year 8th Year
Number of working days 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Number of shift 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Capacity Utilisation in % 60% 75% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85%
A. Gross earnings
from user levy 8.32 10.40 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78
B. Cost of Job Work :
1. Power and Fuel 8.37 10.47 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86
2. Direct labour and wages 11.32 14.52 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61
3. Consumable Stores 3.39 4.24 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80
4. Repair and Maintenance 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59
5. Other Manufacturing Expenses 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37
6. Depreciation 28.03 28.03 28.03 28.03 28.03 28.03 28.03 28.03
Total Cost of production 61.08 67.22 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28
ESTIMATE SOURCE OF FINANCE
Money is the lifeblood of every business. Lack of adequate and timely capital can inhibit
growth. Today, it has become imperative that new-age entrepreneurs and owners of micro,
small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) look beyond traditional sources of business finance.
Many small businesses are denied credit for the lack of a collateral asset or poor credit score.
The tedious and time-consuming processes used by traditional banks add to the woes of
entrepreneurs looking for loans.
Looking at the scenario objectively, the demand for financing in the Indian MSME sector is
estimated at Rs 87.7 trillion, of which Rs 69.3 trillion is debt and the balance Rs 18.4 trillion is
equity demand. It is virtually impossible for the formal finance sector to service the needs of
approximately 56 million such enterprises across various industries. Hence, it becomes critical
for entrepreneurs to explore alternative methods of financing.
If you are a part of a fledgling business and looking to raise capital, here are six alternative
sources of business finance you can explore.
• Crowdfunding.
• Angel investors.
• Venture capitalists.
• Business plan competitions.
• P2P lending .
• Government schemes.
1. Crowdfunding
In this internet age, crowdfunding is a great way to get a number of individuals interested in
your idea, product or service and raise money from them.
This method uses the power of the crowd to invest small amounts, and bets on mass appeal.
Originally, crowdfunding was used by nonprofits to gather donations, very similar to ‘chanda’
collected in India during festivals. Today, online crowdfunding platforms generate financial
backing for a variety of startups and projects.
There are multiple types of crowdfunding that MSMEs can use:
Equity-based crowdfunding is when the investor gets a small percentage of share of the
business in exchange of the investment pumped in.
Reward-based crowdfunding involves individuals investing small amounts of money in
exchange for a reward such as free service or a prototype product.
Debt-based crowdfunding is when investors put in money with the understanding that it will
be repaid with interest.
GoFundMe is very popular globally, with Milaap, Rang De and Kickstarter being top platforms
in India.
2. Angel investors
Angel investing is best suited for startups and young businesses that have a great idea or
product, but need a launch pad. Angel investors are also popularly known as seed investors or
informal investors.
These investors help businesses get off the ground, while mentoring entrepreneurs and
helping them learn the ropes.
There are thousands of such investors in India, mostly affluent businessmen or corporate
leaders. They usually invest in niche areas.

In addition to the moolah, it is critical to find an investor that has experience and interest in
your specific industry. Not only will their mentorship be valuable, their huge network will also
prove to be a bonus to help expand your business. The best way to meet angel investors is at
networking events and pitch sessions.
3. Venture capitalists
Venture Capitalists (VCs) come in at a later stage of business growth. They provide capital to
firms exhibiting high growth potential in exchange of stake in the company.
To get a VC interested in your business is not an easy task. You will need to have:
• A strong and sustainable business model,

• Proven sales records
• Loyal customers
They also look for a strong management team before they invest.
Ensure you partner with a VC who understands your business and is aligned with your growth,
as you will be giving them a say in your business. While for most businesses, getting VC
funding is the ultimate goal, the focus should be on partnering with the right VC firm.
Top VCs in the country include Accel, Blume Ventures, Chiratae Ventures, Nexus Venture
Partners and Sequoia Capital India.
4. Business plan competitions
You may not have the opportunity to pitch your idea on Shark Tank, but keeping an eye out for
business competitions near you. These can offer a small window of opportunity to get seen
and heard by the right people.
Many B-schools and savvy corporates organise business plan competitions and hackathons
that attract the brightest minds across the country.
The finalists get to present their business ideas to some of the biggest VCs in India. A winning
pitch can get you a considerable cash prize, access to an accelerator programme and equity
participation from interested investors.
Wharton India Startup Challenge, STARup, Innopreneurs and Raise My Startup are few leading
platforms that can help MSMEs get a shot in the arm.
5. P2P lending
The new-age lending model called Peer-to-Peer platforms (P2P) allows retail investors to lend
money to peers or small businesses via a fintech company’s digital platform.

Applicants are vetted by the fintech company or intermediary based on complex algorithms
that assess the credit-worthiness of the proposed borrowers over various risk factors.
Based on the risk profile, interest obligation on P2P loans can start as low as 12% up to as
much as 35%. The cost to the borrower is directly proportionate to the risk involved for the
lender.
An investor has the option of fulfilling partial or complete requirements of a business. Most
fintech companies allow only a partial investment in a single requisition, with multiple
investors contributing small amounts to a single business.
P2P loans are a good option for stop-gap and working capital requirements with speedy
approvals and disbursals.
Faircent.com India, Cashkumar, i2iFunding and LenDenClub are among the eight RBI-licenced
P2P providers.
6. Government schemes
The Indian Government is betting big on the entrepreneurial spirit of India and doing its bit to
promote and support MSMEs. You could avail from various methods of financing such as:
The Credit Guarantee Scheme provides small businesses and first-generation entrepreneurs
with collateral-free credit.
Stand Up India aims to empower women and citizens from socially deprived classes to set up
greenfield enterprises with loans.
Sole proprietors, small industries and artisans can avail of loans under the Pradhan Mantri
MUDRA Yojana.
Foreign Capital
As a supplement to domestic finance, external capital too has been made use of in meeting
the needs of industrial finance, mostly for long-term needs. This has taken several forms.
There is the foreign aid (i.e., loans on concessional term) from foreign governments and
foreign institutions (like the World Bank) extended to the Government.A part of this assistance
has also gone to the private sector. A part of foreign funds has come through foreign
companies which have Indian subsidiaries in our country or through Multinational
Corporations which have branches in India.
Some foreign companies have given funds as part of direct investment or as part of
collaborations with Indian companies. There are also non-resident Indians who have invested
in collaboration with Indians. Indian companies have also raised loans from foreign markets.
DEBT / EQUITY – CAPITAL STRUCTURE PLANNING
Equity and Debt both are required by the company in correct proportion weighed on the basis
of the optimal value of the cost of capital. After analyzing the pros and cons of both
investment types and the financial needs of the company, the advisers come up with the right
mix of debt and equity that is optimal for the company’s capital structure.
Debt investments are riskier for the business while less risky for the investors as they get the
compulsory interest and principal repayment for their loan. They can also sell the assets of the
company in the time of bankruptcy to recoup their fund. As they share less risk, they get lower
returns and no ownership rights in the business undertakings. The more debt financing a firm
uses in its capital structure, the more financial leverage it employs.
Equity investor shares the ownership of the company and rights to potential future profits. As
concluded by various researchers that 90% of startups fail within 5 years of inception, thus
equity investors share a high risk of loss and demand a high rate of return against their
investment. Equity investors also get only the residual value after debt investors are repaid
hence; implied cost of equity is greater than that of debt.
WORKSHEET FOR ESTIMATING Debt / Equity – Capital Structure Planning
D/(D+E) 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00%
D/E 0.00% 11.11% 25.00% 42.86% 66.67% 100.00% 150.00% 233.33% 400.00% 900.00%
$ Debt ₹ - ₹ 762,320.00 ₹ 1,524,640.00 ₹ 2,286,960.00 ₹ 3,049,280.00 ₹ 3,811,600.00 ₹ 4,573,920.00 ₹ 5,336,240.00 ₹ 6,098,560.00 ₹ 6,860,880.00
Beta 0.8546 1.12 1.20 1.42 1.65 1.98 2.48 3.35 5.02 10.05
Cost of Equity 7.64% 9.21% 9.73% 11.00% 12.40% 14.37% 17.33% 22.51% 32.49% 62.43%
% Drop in EBITDA 0.00% 0.00% -2.00% -40.00% -40.00% -40.00% -40.00% -50.00% -50.00% -50.00%
EBITDA ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00
Depreciation ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00
EBIT ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27
Interest ₹ - ₹ 2,283.03 ₹ 5,530.25 ₹ 39,581.76 ₹ 52,775.68 ₹ 65,969.60 ₹ 79,163.52 ₹ 119,820.31 ₹ 136,937.49 ₹ 154,054.68
Taxable Income ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 15,244.24 ₹ 11,997.01 ₹ -22,054.49 ₹ -35,248.42 ₹ -48,442.34 ₹ -61,636.26 ₹ -102,293.04 ₹ -119,410.22 ₹ -136,527.41
Tax ₹ 7,010.91 ₹ 6,097.69 ₹ 4,798.81 ₹ -8,821.80 ₹ -14,099.37 ₹ -19,376.93 ₹ -24,654.50 ₹ -40,917.22 ₹ -47,764.09 ₹ -54,610.96
Net Income ₹ 10,516.36 ₹ 9,146.54 ₹ 7,198.21 ₹ -13,232.70 ₹ -21,149.05 ₹ -29,065.40 ₹ -36,981.75 ₹ -61,375.82 ₹ -71,646.13 ₹ -81,916.45
(+)Deprec'n ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00
Funds from Op. ₹ 12,823.09 ₹ 11,453.27 ₹ 9,504.94 ₹ -10,925.96 ₹ -18,842.32 ₹ -26,758.67 ₹ -34,675.02 ₹ -59,069.09 ₹ -69,339.40 ₹ -79,609.71
Pre-tax Int. cov ∞ 7.68 3.17 0.44 0.33 0.27 0.22 0.15 0.13 0.11
Funds/Debt ∞ 0.21 0.09 -0.07 -0.09 -0.10 -0.10 -0.15 -0.16 -0.16
Likely Rating Aaa/AAA Aa2/AA A3/A- C2/C C2/C C2/C C2/C D2/D D2/D D2/D
Pre-tax cost of debt 3.81% 4.12% 4.99% 23.81% 23.81% 23.81% 23.81% 30.89% 30.89% 30.89%
Tax rate for debt (deduction constraint) 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00%
Tax rate for debt tax benefits (Interest limits)40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 17.71% 13.28% 10.63% 8.86% 5.85% 5.12% 4.55%
Tax rate to use in after-tax cost of debt 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 17.71% 13.28% 10.63% 8.86% 5.85% 5.12% 4.55%
COST OF CAPITAL CALCULATIONS
D/(D+E) 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00%
D/E 0.00% 11.11% 25.00% 42.86% 66.67% 100.00% 150.00% 233.33% 400.00% 900.00%
$ Debt ₹ - ₹ 762,320.00 ₹ 1,524,640.00 ₹ 2,286,960.00 ₹ 3,049,280.00 ₹ 3,811,600.00 ₹ 4,573,920.00 ₹ 5,336,240.00 ₹ 6,098,560.00 ₹ 6,860,880.00
Cost of equity 7.64% 9.21% 9.73% 11.00% 12.40% 14.37% 17.33% 22.51% 32.49% 62.43%
Cost of debt 2.29% 2.47% 2.99% 19.59% 20.65% 21.28% 21.70% 29.08% 29.31% 29.48%
Cost of Capital 8.79% 8.54% 8.38% 13.58% 15.70% 17.83% 19.95% 27.11% 29.95% 32.78%
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Value (perpetual growth) ₹ 515,008.15 ₹ 537,165.78 ₹ 551,270.05 ₹ 291,678.86 ₹ 244,526.61 ₹ 210,497.91 ₹ 184,783.20 ₹ 130,930.62 ₹ 117,386.04 ₹ 106,381.07
Debt/Equity of total Capital Structure

WORKING CAPITAL REQUIREMENT
Working Capital Requirement is the amount of money needed to finance the gap between
disbursements (payments to suppliers) and receipts (payments from customers).
Almost every company must incur expenses before obtaining the fruits of his labor (the
payment of customer invoices). The nature of these costs depends on the activity.
For example, if the business activity consists to buy and resell goods, it will require to purchase
a stock of goods before selling. If it's an industry, it is necessary to buy the raw material before
transforming it and then sell the finished product.
This operating cycle must be financed because it is necessary in most cases to pay suppliers
before being paid. The working capital requirement represents the amount necessary to
finance this delay.
The financial resources of businesses are always limited. It is therefore desirable to minimize
the Working Capital Requirement:
• Because it is a major consumer of cash,
• Because it reveals dysfunctions that have "in fine" an impact on the company's
profitability:
o Mismanaged the inventory will tend to swell it and cause dead inventory which will lead
to losses due to the necessary decrease of the inventory value,
o Lax management of receivables result in significant late payments that cannot be
recovered, that is generating losses due to bad debts,
The WCR is therefore central in the management of a company because it is the common
denominator of three elements essential to the proper functioning of any business:
• Cash,
• Profitability,
• Business organization efficiency.
COMPUTATION OF WORKING CAPITAL AND MARGIN MONEY REQUIREMENTS (Rs.in Crores)
Particulars Requirments 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year 6th year 7th year
in days
Stock of Stores 25 5.79 6.68 7.13 7.13 7.13 7.13 7.13
Other Recurring Expenses 25 3.54 3.71 3.79 3.88 3.88 3.88 3.88
Working Capital 10.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
Margin For Working Capital 10.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
Increasing Working Capital 1.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
Working capital and money requirements.
BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS, PAYBACK PERIOD

Break-even analysis entails the calculation and examination of the margin of safety for an
entity based on the revenues collected and associated costs. Analyzing different price
levels relating to various levels of demand a business uses break-even analysis to determine
what level of sales are necessary to cover the company's total fixed costs. A demand-side
analysis would give a seller significant insight regarding selling capabilities.
Break-even analysis is useful in the determination of the level of production or a targeted
desired sales mix. The study is for management’s use only, as the metric and calculations are
not necessary for external sources such as investors, regulators or financial institutions. This
type of analysis depends on a calculation of the break-even point (BEP). The break-even point
is calculated by dividing the total fixed costs of production by the price of a product per
individual unit less the variable costs of production. Fixed costs are those which remain the
same regardless of how many units are sold.
Break-even analysis looks at the level of fixed costs relative to the profit earned by each
additional unit produced and sold. In general, a company with lower fixed costs will have a
lower break-even point of sale. For example, a company with $0 of fixed costs will
automatically have broken even upon the sale of the first product assuming variable costs do
not exceed sales revenue. However, the accumulation of variable costs will limit the leverage
of the company as these expenses come from each item sold.
BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS
Sales value 29.80
Variable Overheads :
Power 2.00
Direct labour and wages 2.00
Other manufacturing expenses 1.90
Goods Stores 8.02
13.92
Contribution 15.00
Fixed Overheads :
Salary 1.09
Repair and Maintenance 1.00
Total cash fixed overheads 4.59
Non-cash fixed Overheads :
Depreciation 0.54
Preliminary and pre-operatives expenses written off 1.20
Total fixed overheads 6.33
Break-even Analysis from 2nd year.

PAYBACK PERIOD
The payback period refers to the amount of time it takes to recover the cost of an investment.
Simply put, the payback period is the length of time an investment reaches a break-even point.
The desirability of an investment is directly related to its payback period. Shorter paybacks
mean more attractive investments.
Corporate finance is all about capital budgeting. One of the most important concepts every
corporate financial analyst must learn is how to value different investments or operational
projects to determine the most profitable project or investment to undertake. One way
corporate financial analysts do this is with the payback period.
The payback period is the cost of the investment divided by the annual cash flow. The shorter
the payback, the more desirable the investment. Conversely, the longer the payback, the less
desirable it is. For example, if solar panels cost $5,000 to install and the savings are $100 each
month, it would take 4.2 years to reach the payback period.
But there is one problem with the payback period calculation: Unlike other methods of capital
budgeting, the payback period ignores the time value of money (TVM)—the idea that money
today is worth more than the same amount in the future because of the present money's
earning potential. Most capital budgeting formulas—such as net present value (NPV), internal
rate of return (IRR), and discounted cash flow—consider the TVM. Therefore, if you pay an
investor tomorrow, it must include an opportunity cost. The TVM is a concept that assigns a
value to this opportunity cost.
The payback period disregards the time value of money. It is determined by counting the
number of years it takes to recover the funds invested. For example, if it takes five years to
recover the cost of an investment, the payback period is five years. Some analysts favor the
payback method for its simplicity. Others like to use it as an additional point of reference in a
capital budgeting decision framework.
The payback period does not account for what happens after payback, ignoring the overall
profitability of an investment. Many managers and investors thus prefer to use NPV as a tool
for making investment decisions. The NPV is the difference between the present value of cash
coming in and the current value of cash going out over a period of time.

Project S 0 1 2 3 4
Cash flow: -10,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 1,000,000
Discounted CF: -10000000 4545455 3305785 2253944 683013
Cumulative cash flow: -10,000,000 -5,454,545 -2,148,760 105,184 788,198
Payback: 2.95 FALSE FALSE FALSE 2.95 3.15
Project L (Alternative calc) 0 1 2 3 4

Cash flow: -10,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 1,000,000
Discounted CF: -10,000,000 4,545,455 3,305,785 2,253,944 683,013
PROFITABILITY, SCALABILITY & SUITABILITY

Profitability is ability of a company to use its resources to generate revenues in excess of its
expenses. In other words, this is a company's capability of generating profits from its
operations.
Scalability is a characteristic of an organization, system, model, or function that describes its
capability to cope and perform well under an increased or expanding workload or scope. A
system that scales well will be able to maintain or even increase its level of performance or
efficiency even as it is tested by larger and larger operational demands.
In financial markets, scalability refers to financial institutions' ability to handle increased

market demands; in the corporate environment, a scalable company is one that can maintain
or improve profit margins while sales volume increases.
Suitability is like suitable investment defined as one that is appropriate in terms of an

investor's willingness and ability (personal circumstances) to take on a certain level of risk.
Both criteria must be met. If an investment is to be suitable, it is not enough to state that an
investor is risk-friendly.

Profitability Measures
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for this project is Negative IRR
The Net Present Value (NPV) of this project in 2021 is ₹ 600,000,000.00 $ (8,061,861)
ROI Analysis (Third Production Year)
Annual Sales -
Annual Costs (169,764,600)
Depreciation (3,024,750)
Income Tax 740,045
Net Earnings (126,007,601)
Total Capital Investment 390,651,800
ROI 32.26%
Sensitivity Analyses
Vary Initial Value by +/-
x-axis 50%
y-axis 50%
Variable Costs
.00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00%
Negative IRR 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
.00% 0.5 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
Product Price
.00% 1 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
RISK ANALYSIS
Risk Analysis is defined as the sequence of processes of risk management planning, analysis of
risks, identification and controlling risk on a project.
Proper risk management is control of possible future events that may have a negative effect
on the overall project. It is more of pro-active then reactive process.
Risk Management Process primarily involves following activities
1. Plan risk management
It is the procedure of defining how to perform risk management activities for a project.

2. Risk Identification
It is the procedure of determining which risk may affect the project most. This process involves
documentation of existing risks.
The input for identifying risk will be
• Risk management plan

• Project scope statement
• Cost management plan
• Schedule management plan
• Human resource management plan
• Scope baseline
• Activity cost estimates
• Activity duration estimates
• Stakeholder register
• Project documents
• Procurement documents
• Communication management plan
• Enterprise environmental factor
• Organizational process assets
• Perform qualitative risk analysis
• Perform quantitative risk analysis
• Plan risk responses
• Monitor and control risks
The output of the process will be a
• Risk register
3. Perform qualitative risk analysis

It is the process of prioritizing risks for further analysis or action by combining and
assessing their probability of occurrence and impact. It helps managers to lessen the
uncertainty level and concentrate on high priority risks.
Plan risk management should take place early in the project, it can impact on various aspects
for example: cost, time, scope, quality, and procurement.
The inputs for qualitative risk analysis include

• Scope baseline
• Risk register
• Enterprise environmental factors
The output of this stage would be
• Project documents updates
4. Quantitative risk analysis
It is the procedure of numerically analyzing the effect of identified risks on overall project
objectives. To minimize the project uncertainty, this kind of analysis are quite helpful for
decision making.
Risk Management Matrix

The input of this stage is

• Cost management plan
• Schedule management plan
• Risk register
While the output will be
5. Plan risk responses
To enhance opportunities and to minimize threats to project objectives plan risk response is
helpful. It addresses the risks by their priority, activities into the budget, schedule, and project
management plan.
The inputs for plan risk responses are

• Risk register
While the output is
• Project management plan updates

6. Control Risks
Control risk is the procedure of tracking identified risks, identifying new risks, monitoring
residual risks and evaluating risk.
The inputs for this stage include
• Software Project management plan

• Risk register
• Work performance data
• Work performance reports
The output of this stage would be

• Work performance information
• Change requests
• Organizational process assets updates
Project Procurement Management
Project Procurement Management includes the processes of purchasing or acquiring products

needed to run a business. The organization can be a seller, buyer or service provider.
Project Procurement Management also includes controlling any contract issued by an outside
organization and get work done outside the project team.
Plan Procurement Management includes four stages like
• Plan Procurement Management

• Conduct Procurements
• Control Procurements
• Close Procurements
The input in the plan procurement management are
• Requirements documentation
• Teaming agreements
• Risk register
• Scope baseline
• Project schedule
• Activity cost estimates
• Cost performance baseline
• Risk related contract decisions
Conduct Procurement process
Conduct Procurement process involves activities like
• Selecting a seller
• Receiving seller responses
• Awarding a contract

The benefit of conducting procurement process is that it provides alignment of external and
internal stakeholder expectations through established agreements.
The input of the conduct procurement process includes
• Project management plan

• Documents for procurement
• Source selection criteria
• Qualified seller list
• Seller proposals
• Make or buy decisions
• Teaming agreements
Control Procurements
It is the process of monitoring contract performance and correction to the contract as per the
guidelines. It will ensure that buyers and sellers both meet the procurement requirement
according to the terms of the legal agreement.
The input of the Control Procurements includes

• Agreements
• Approved change requests
• Work performance reports
The output includes

• Change requests
Close procurements
This step involves documenting agreements and other documents for future reference.
The input of this tool includes

The output of this tool includes
• Closed procurements
Manage Stakeholder Engagement
A stakeholder is an integral part of any project; their decision can leave a deep impact on
project deliverables. In this process, the first part is to identify people, groups or organizations
that could impact on the project while the second part is to analyze stakeholder expectations.
It also focusses on continuous communication with stakeholders to understand their needs

and expectations.
Identifying Stakeholders
It is the process of identifying the groups, people or organization that can influence project
outcomes. It allows the project manager to identify appropriate stakeholders.
Plan Stakeholder Management
It is the process of preparing a strategy to involve stakeholders throughout the project life
cycle. It defines clear, actionable plan to interact with project Stakeholders.
The input for Plan Stakeholder Management includes

• Stakeholder register
The output of this
• Stakeholder management plan

Manage Stakeholder Engagement

In this stage, stakeholder is communicated to understand their expectations, address issues
and foster appropriate stakeholder engagement in project activities. It allows the project
manager to achieve project success without conflicting with stakeholder's decision.
The input of this stage is
• Stakeholder management plan

• Communication management plan
• Change log
• Organization process assets
While the output of this stage is
• Issue log
• Change request
Control Stakeholder Engagement
It is the process of monitoring stakeholder engagement in the project and adjusting strategies
as per requirements. It will increase the stakeholder engagement activities as the project
evolves and progresses.
The input for this stage includes

• Issue log
The output of this stage includes

• Change requests

Risk Management includes the processes of conducting risk management planning, analysis of
risks, identification and controlling risk on a project.
These steps can be used to manage risk in an organization
• Risk identification
• Risk Qualification
• Risk Response
• Risk Monitoring and Controlling
Procurement Management includes the processes of purchasing or acquiring products needed

to run a business. It is the process of monitoring contract performance and correction to the
contract as per the guidelines
Stakeholder engagement focusses on continuous communication throughout the project

lifecycle. The decision of stakeholder can leave a deep impact on project deliverables.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY , ANNEXURES AND CONCLUSION.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Company will be founded in year 2020 and will manufacture UV-C Disinfection Lamp for Air,
Water & Surface. Manufacturing company whose prime objective or missions are:
• Considering current scenario, company comes up with a huge responsibility, to devote

protection and safety from unwanted germs/viruses to customers.
• With big responsibilities company has major objective to satisfy need and wants of a
customer.
• Considering customer satisfaction profit motive is crucial.
• Employment opportunities.
• Devoting employee satisfaction and training facilities with good environment.
• Environment friendly will follow 3 R’S of recycling.
• Follow all the rules and regulations of government.
•
Business/Product & Service

The Company produces/provides the following product/services:
Product 1-UV-C Disinfection Germicidal Lamp for Air:
• Affordable and reliable
• Chemical free
• Disinfection.
• Long lasting and effective
• Ok tested by scientists and doctors.
• Certified from WHO it kills class-3 viruses which perfect matches the wavelength of to
kill covid-19 viruses.
Product 2 UV-C Disinfection Germicidal Lamp for Water:

• Neutralizing and destroying bacteria.
• Affordable and reliable.
• Chemical free
• Sterilization chambers and rust-free.
• Disinfection
• Powerbase uses
• Certified and tested by WHO.
Product 3 UV-C Disinfection Germicidal Lamp for Surface:

• Detecting and killing viruses
• Infection free
• Chemical free
• Affordable and durable
• Power base
• Certified and tested by WHO.
Market
The total market size was approximately 13972028.7 Cr.
Last 2020 and is expected to grow by 30% by year 2025. We currently hold 1% of total
population of India this market and believe we can capture 50% of population it by year 2025.
Some of our most notable customers include 1200000 do online shopping in a year will cover
this portion.
Hospitals, schools, malls, restaurants etc. are major market in which need huge numbers of
UV-C Lamps in bulk stock.

Competitors
Primary Advantages/Disadvantages Locations

Competitors
• Halma Advantages: Headquarters

• HYDROTEC • Competition increases • Amersham,
• Heraeus complacency and England, UK
inefficiency is imminent. • Hauppauge,
Holding • Awareness and Market New York
• Calgon Penetration. • Russia, Latvia,
Carbon • Higher Quality at same Egypt and
Price. Poland.
• Ocean
• Consumption Increases. • Hanau near
power • Differentiations. Frankfurt.
• Xylem • Customer Service and • US, Asia, and
• Philips Satisfaction. Europe
Disadvantages: • Monroe, New
Lighting Jersey, United
• Trojan • Decrease market share. States.
• Shrink Customer Base. • Rye Brook, New
Technologies • Force to lower Prices of York, U.S.
Product.
• Eindhoven, the
• Decrease return in each Netherlands
product.
• London,
Ontario, Canada.
Risk/Opportunity
The greatest risks associated with our business today are:
• Competitors
• branding product

We feel we can overcome these risks because of
• maintain good relationship suppliers and retailers
• promotion with actors
• maintain good relationship with employees to maintain reputation of company
• do surveys to understand status of company so that we can make strategies for
marketing to fulfill needs and wants of customers.
Our biggest recognized opportunities include

• demand throughout the globe
• more investors
• partnership with us
• profit
• different branches all over the globe
• Branding
Operations
We have manufacturing facilities of availability of raw materials easily in industrial regions of
India are Mumbai-Pune industrial region, West Bengal the Hugli Industrial Region, Gujrat
Industrial Region and Bangalore-Tamil Nadu Industrial Region.
Offices -Metropolitan cities
Branches- Mumbai-Pune, Gujrat-Ahmadabad, West- Bengal-Kolkata and Tamil-Nadu-
Bangalore.

ANNEXURES
• Annexure I
Land requirement and Building
LAND AND BUILDING
( Rs. in crores)
A LAND AND DEVELOPMENT

1 Land including development 8.80
(397 Cents)
B TECHNICAL CIVIL WORK
2
1 Factory Building (5000 M ) 10.00
2 Building for lab and administration( 200 M 2) 1.50
20.30
Total A + B = 20.30 Crores
Name City Land in SqFt Price in Crores
Vasai East Mumbai 10000 2.5
Dankuni Hugli Kolkata 8000 1.4
Jigani Industrial area Bangalore 10000 2.8
Kethwada Ahmadabad 8000 2.1
36000 8.8

• Annexure II
Capex Cost
(Rs. in crores)
COST: TOTAL

Contigency 5.00
Total 58.30
• Annexure III
Plant and Machinery
PLANT & MACHINERY
Sl. Particulars Amount
No.
1 Measuring Instruments & Tools. 25 Lakhs
2 Diesel Generator Set 12.5 Lakhs
3 Electrification- 24.5 Lakhs
4 Reactor Chamber 4000/6000/9000
5 UV Lamp 225/500/800/1200/2000
6 The Quartz Sleeve 40/100/400/800
7 The Controller Unit/Ballast 350/800/1200/2000

• Annexure IV
Supporting Equipments
SUPPORTING EQUIPMENTS
Sl.
Particulars Product Description Sensors
No.
1 PMA2120 Digital UV Radiation safety Sensor Digital Sensors

2 PMA2122 Digital Germicidal UVC Sensor Digital Sensors
3 PMA1120 Analog UV Radiation Safety Sensor Analog Sensors

4 PMA112 Analog Germicidal UVC Sensor Analog Sensors
5 UW254 Underwater Germicidal Sensor Germicidal sensors

6 PWA254 Germicidal UVC Sensor Germicidal sensors
7 PW254 Germicidal Lamp Sensor Germicidal sensors
8 GLM100 Germicidal Lamp Monitor with Remote Sensor Germicidal sensors
9 GLM10 Germicidal Lamp Monitor with Fixed Sensor Germicidal sensors
• Annexure V
Preliminary and pre- operating cost

PRELIMINARY & PRE OPERATIVE EXPENSE
Sl. Particulars Amount
No. Rs. in lakhs
1 Project report preparation 5.00
2 Building design and drawing 0.50
3 Trail production expense 10.00
4 Technical consulting fee 4.00
5 Stationary items 0.47
6 License fees 3.00
7 Service charges for laison work 4.25
Total 27.22
• Annexure VI
Man Power requirement

MAN POWER REQUIRMENTS IN THREE SHIFTS OPERATION OVER FOUR CITIES
Sl. Designation Number Rate Salary

No. (Rs./Month)
A. ADMINISTRATION :
Senior Manager 4 115000.00 120000.00
Manager 4 95000.00 95000.00
Secretary 12 70000.00 70000.00
Security officer 4 80000.00 80000.00
Finance officer 4 80000.00 80000.00
P&R Officer 12 85000.00 85000.00
HRM 12 65000.00 65000.00
Office Attender 96 25000.00 25000.00
Logistics Superviser 48 40000.00 40000.00
Receptionist 48 25000.00 25000.00
Accountant 48 25000.00 25000.00
Vehicles Supervisor 48 20000.00 20000.00
B. PRODUCTION :
Mechanical Engineer
Chemist 4 18000.00 18000.00
Production Supervisor 36 25000.00 25000.00
Computer Operator 36 20000.00 20000.00
Machine Operator 24 20000.00 20000.00
Skilled Workers 120 18000.00 18000.00
Unskilled Workers 480 15000.00 15000.00
Machanic cum electrician 24 17000.00 17000.00
Maintenance 48 18000.00 18000.00
Lab Head 36 20000.00 20000.00
Total salary 901000.00

Benefits 12% 108120.00
GRAND TOTAL 1009120.00
Total Annual Salary Expenses 25,344,000.00

• Annexure VII
Repair and maintainence

Repair and Maintainence
A. ANNUAL REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE EXPENSES :
Maintenance and repair of building @ 1% Rs. 0.40

Maintenance and repair of plant and
machineries @ 2% Rs. 8.52
Total Rs. 8.92
B. OTHER EXPENSES :
Printing and Stationery L.S. Rs. 0.75

Packing and Forwarding L.S. Rs. 0.45
Insurance Charges Rs. 1.56
Postage & Telephone Rs. 0.75
Contribution for effluent disposal Rs. 15.00
Miscellaneous Expenses Rs. 0.98
Total Rs. 19.49
Total = A + B Rs. 28.41

• Annexure VII
Power and Fuel

POWER AND FUEL
Total connected load 278.66 K.W. 348.325 K.V.A
Power consumption per month 104497.5 Units
Power consumption per month for lighting purpose 1044.975 Units
Diesel Generator Set 120 KVA 9.75 Lakhs
Total 105542.475 Units
ELECTRIC POWER CHARGE PER MONTH

Fixed Charges for K.V.A @ Rs. 270 94047.75
Energy Charges @ Rs. 10 1055424.75
Total 1149482.25
Annual Charges 13793787
Say Rs. 1.38 Crores
• Annexure VIII
Demand Projection
States Air Disinfection Surface Disinfection Water and Wastewater Disinfection
Andhra Pradesh 50000 75000 15000
Assam 5000 2000 500
Bihar 15000 20000 5000
Delhi 50000 75000 15000
Gujarat 60000 80000 20000
Haryana 50000 75000 15000
Jharkhand 10000 8000 5000
Karnataka 50000 75000 15000
Kerala 50000 75000 15000
Madhya Pradesh 50000 75000 15000
Maharashtra 60000 80000 20000
Meghalaya 50000 20000 5500
Odisha 10000 80000 5000
Punjab 10000 8000 5000
Rajasthan 10000 8000 5000
Tamil Nadu 10000 8000 5000
Uttar Pradesh 30000 30000 15000
West Bengal 30000 30000 15000
Total 600000 824000 196000
Projection according to use
Industrial 100000 250000 120000
Commercial 350000 450000 60000
residential 150000 124000 16000
• Annexure IX
Computation of working Capital
• Annexure X
Distribution Location and Costing
WAREHOUSING COST
Loction Size(sq ft) Price( rs sqTotal
ft) cost
Mumbai 1000 800 800000
Gujrat 1800 650 1170000
Delhi 1500 300 450000
West Bengol 2000 300 600000
Total 3020000
Distribution location
Road Railways
---- Karnataka
Mumbai ---- Kerala
Tamil Naidu ----
---- Andhra Pradesh
Bangalore ---- Orisha
---- Haryana
---- Delhi
---- UP
Gujrat Rajasthan ----
---- Assam
---- Bihar
---- Meghalaya
West Bengal Jharkhand ----

• Annexure XI
Transportation details and costs

Table 1 Rupees per Kilometer
Compact Electric Van or Rideshare Electric Motor-
Mode Average Car Car Car Pickup Passenger Diesel Bus Trolley cycle Bicycle Walk Telework Distribution
Average Occupancy 80 80 80 80 80 12500 25000 80 80 80 80
Vehicle Ownership 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 0.000 30.000 40.000 0.000 25.000 Internal-Fixed
Vehicle Operation 30.000 25.000 30.000 30.000 10.000 500.000 1000.000 30.000 30.000 25.000 0.000 Internal-Variable
Operating Subsidy 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 600.000 8000.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 External
Travel Time 2400.000 2400.000 2400.000 2400.000 2400.000 500000.000 1000000.000 2400.000 2400.000 8000.000 0.000 Internal-Variable
Internal Crash 2000.000 7.360 2000.000 2000.000 2000.000 50.000 100.000 46.160 2000.000 2000.000 0.000 Internal-Variable
External Crash 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 0.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 0.000 External
Internal Health Ben. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 Internal-Variable
External Health Ben. 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.000 25.000 0.000 External
Internal Parking 25.000 40.000 40.000 40.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 35.000 20.000 0.000 0.000 Internal-Fixed
External Parking 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 25.000 25.000 0.000 0.000 External
Congestion 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000 0.000 30.000 30.000 25.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 External
Road Facilities 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 50.000 50.000 30.000 10.000 20.000 0.000 External
Land Value 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 30.000 0.000 External
Traffic Services 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 20.000 External
Transport Diversity 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 External
Air Pollution 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 External
GHG 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 35.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 External
Noise 5.000 5.000 5.000 5.000 0.000 10.000 5.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 External
Resource Externalities 10.000 10.000 10.000 20.000 10.000 20.000 20.000 2.000 0.000 0.000 20.000 External
Barrier Effect 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 0.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 External
Waste 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 External
Internal Fixed 55.000 70.000 70.000 70.000 30.000 0.000 0.000 65.000 60.000 0.000 25.000
Internal Variable 4430.000 2432.360 4430.000 4430.000 4410.000 500550.000 1001100.000 2476.160 4430.000 10025.000 0.000
External 240.000 240.000 240.000 250.000 90.000 855.000 8250.000 242.000 135.001 120.000 40.000
Totals 4725.000 2742.360 4740.000 4750.000 4530.000 501405.000 1009350.000 2783.160 4685.001 10200.000 65.000

• Annexure XII
Net Sales Revenue

NET REVENUE ESTIMATE ANNEXURE XIV
(Rs. In Crores)
Particulars Ist Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year 6th Year 7th Year 8th Year
Number of working days 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Number of shift 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Capacity Utilisation in % 60% 75% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85%
A. Gross earnings
from user levy 8.32 10.40 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78
B. Cost of Job Work :
1. Power and Fuel 8.37 10.47 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86
2. Direct labour and wages 11.32 14.52 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61
3. Consumable Stores 3.39 4.24 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80
4. Repair and Maintenance 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59
5. Other Manufacturing Expenses 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37
6. Depreciation 28.03 28.03 28.03 28.03 28.03 28.03 28.03 28.03
Total Cost of production 61.08 67.22 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28
• Annexure XIII
Debt/Equity of total Capital Structure
WORKSHEET FOR ESTIMATING Debt / Equity – Capital Structure Planning
D/(D+E) 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00%
D/E 0.00% 11.11% 25.00% 42.86% 66.67% 100.00% 150.00% 233.33% 400.00% 900.00%
$ Debt ₹ - ₹ 762,320.00 ₹ 1,524,640.00 ₹ 2,286,960.00 ₹ 3,049,280.00 ₹ 3,811,600.00 ₹ 4,573,920.00 ₹ 5,336,240.00 ₹ 6,098,560.00 ₹ 6,860,880.00
Beta 0.8546 1.12 1.20 1.42 1.65 1.98 2.48 3.35 5.02 10.05
Cost of Equity 7.64% 9.21% 9.73% 11.00% 12.40% 14.37% 17.33% 22.51% 32.49% 62.43%
% Drop in EBITDA 0.00% 0.00% -2.00% -40.00% -40.00% -40.00% -40.00% -50.00% -50.00% -50.00%
EBITDA ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00
Depreciation ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00
EBIT ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27
Interest ₹ - ₹ 2,283.03 ₹ 5,530.25 ₹ 39,581.76 ₹ 52,775.68 ₹ 65,969.60 ₹ 79,163.52 ₹ 119,820.31 ₹ 136,937.49 ₹ 154,054.68
Taxable Income ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 15,244.24 ₹ 11,997.01 ₹ -22,054.49 ₹ -35,248.42 ₹ -48,442.34 ₹ -61,636.26 ₹ -102,293.04 ₹ -119,410.22 ₹ -136,527.41
Tax ₹ 7,010.91 ₹ 6,097.69 ₹ 4,798.81 ₹ -8,821.80 ₹ -14,099.37 ₹ -19,376.93 ₹ -24,654.50 ₹ -40,917.22 ₹ -47,764.09 ₹ -54,610.96
Net Income ₹ 10,516.36 ₹ 9,146.54 ₹ 7,198.21 ₹ -13,232.70 ₹ -21,149.05 ₹ -29,065.40 ₹ -36,981.75 ₹ -61,375.82 ₹ -71,646.13 ₹ -81,916.45
(+)Deprec'n ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00
Funds from Op. ₹ 12,823.09 ₹ 11,453.27 ₹ 9,504.94 ₹ -10,925.96 ₹ -18,842.32 ₹ -26,758.67 ₹ -34,675.02 ₹ -59,069.09 ₹ -69,339.40 ₹ -79,609.71
Pre-tax Int. cov ∞ 7.68 3.17 0.44 0.33 0.27 0.22 0.15 0.13 0.11
Funds/Debt ∞ 0.21 0.09 -0.07 -0.09 -0.10 -0.10 -0.15 -0.16 -0.16
Likely Rating Aaa/AAA Aa2/AA A3/A- C2/C C2/C C2/C C2/C D2/D D2/D D2/D
Pre-tax cost of debt 3.81% 4.12% 4.99% 23.81% 23.81% 23.81% 23.81% 30.89% 30.89% 30.89%
Tax rate for debt (deduction constraint) 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00%
Tax rate for debt tax benefits (Interest limits)40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 17.71% 13.28% 10.63% 8.86% 5.85% 5.12% 4.55%
Tax rate to use in after-tax cost of debt 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 17.71% 13.28% 10.63% 8.86% 5.85% 5.12% 4.55%
COST OF CAPITAL CALCULATIONS
D/(D+E) 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00%
D/E 0.00% 11.11% 25.00% 42.86% 66.67% 100.00% 150.00% 233.33% 400.00% 900.00%
$ Debt ₹ - ₹ 762,320.00 ₹ 1,524,640.00 ₹ 2,286,960.00 ₹ 3,049,280.00 ₹ 3,811,600.00 ₹ 4,573,920.00 ₹ 5,336,240.00 ₹ 6,098,560.00 ₹ 6,860,880.00
Cost of equity 7.64% 9.21% 9.73% 11.00% 12.40% 14.37% 17.33% 22.51% 32.49% 62.43%
Cost of debt 2.29% 2.47% 2.99% 19.59% 20.65% 21.28% 21.70% 29.08% 29.31% 29.48%
Cost of Capital 8.79% 8.54% 8.38% 13.58% 15.70% 17.83% 19.95% 27.11% 29.95% 32.78%
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Value (perpetual growth) ₹ 515,008.15 ₹ 537,165.78 ₹ 551,270.05 ₹ 291,678.86 ₹ 244,526.61 ₹ 210,497.91 ₹ 184,783.20 ₹ 130,930.62 ₹ 117,386.04 ₹ 106,381.07

• Annexure XIV
Break-even analysis
BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS
Sales value 29.80
Variable Overheads :
Power 2.00
Direct labour and wages 2.00
Other manufacturing expenses 1.90
Goods Stores 8.02
13.92
Contribution 15.00
Fixed Overheads :
Salary 1.09
Repair and Maintenance 1.00
Total cash fixed overheads 4.59
Non-cash fixed Overheads :
Depreciation 0.54
Preliminary and pre-operatives expenses written off 1.20
Total fixed overheads 6.33

• Annexure XV
Payback period
Project S 0 1 2 3 4
Cash flow: -10,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 1,000,000
Discounted CF: -10000000 4545455 3305785 2253944 683013
Project L (Alternative calc) 0 1 2 3 4

Cash flow: -10,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 1,000,000
Discounted CF: -10,000,000 4,545,455 3,305,785 2,253,944 683,013
• Annexure XVI
Profitability, Scalability & Suitability
Profitability Measures
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for this project is Negative IRR
The Net Present Value (NPV) of this project in 2021 is ₹ 600,000,000.00 $ (8,061,861)
ROI Analysis (Third Production Year)
Annual Sales -
Annual Costs (169,764,600)
Depreciation (3,024,750)
Income Tax 740,045
Net Earnings (126,007,601)
Total Capital Investment 390,651,800
ROI 32.26%
Sensitivity Analyses
Vary Initial Value by +/-
x-axis 50%
y-axis 50%
Variable Costs
.00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00%
Negative IRR 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Product Price
.00% 1 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR

CONCLUSION
The goal of this demonstration was to compare the long-term benefits and costs associated
with three different UV disinfection technologies with respect to chlorination/- dechlorination
using pilot-scale treatability testing. The three UV systems evaluated used:
1) low pressurelow intensity lamps,
2) low pressure-high intensity lamps, and
3) medium pressure-high intensity lamps.
Based on the evaluation results, findings and conclusions include the following:
PILOT PLANT HYDRAULICS
The tracer tests showed that the UV pilot-units nominal HRT appears to be a reasonable
estimate of system HRT.
The reactors used in this study show an intermediate amount of dispersion, which is
reasonably close to plug flow conditions.
DISINFECTION RESULTS AND OPERATING DOSE

Fecal coliform log kills of 2.7 – 2.9 were required to achieve an effluent of 200 most probable
number per 100 milliliters (MPN/100 mL) based on average influent fecal coliform
concentrations in the UV reactors.
UV was shown to effectively disinfect filtered water and bioclarifier effluent to meet a fecal
coliform discharge limit of 200 MPN/100 mL. The estimated UV operating dose to achieve the
required log kill for the lp-li, lp-hi and mp-hi systems were 26 mW-s/cm2, 30 mWs/cm2, and
32 mW-s/cm2, respectively.
The difference in required doses between the three test systems was not unexpected. The
required doses are expected to be related to intensities in the germicidal range. The lp-li lamps
emit the greatest percentage of UV light in the germicidal range, while the mp-hi lamps emit
the lowest percentage.

IMPACT OF WATER QUALITY AND TAILING ON UV PERFORMANCE
Tailing is a phenomenon in which significant increases of UV dose result in little additional
inactivation of microorganisms. All three UV systems exhibited tailing at log kills of fecal
coliform greater than about 2 (99%).
However, data showed log kills of 2.7 – 2.9 are required to achieve an effluent of 200
MPN/100 mL in effluent. Therefore, tailing would reduce the efficiency of UV disinfection. Five
factors were investigated for their effects on tailing: dose, system influent (bio clarifier vs.
filter effluent), total suspended solids (TSS), iron and percent transmittance (%T).
The bio clarifier effluent and filter effluent had similar TSS values, which was unexpected. One
possible reason for this occurrence is the age of the filter media (20years). After the
demonstration, the ECDEP commenced implementation of modifications to improve filtration
improvements and capacity.
The influent for all three systems exhibited %T values of less than 65% for every sample
regardless of source (bio clarifier or filter effluent). Thus, the water quality was poor (as
indicated by %T) about the potential for UV disinfection. No discernable difference in UV
performance due to type of influent was observed during this study. It is noteworthy that
laboratory filtration raised the %T to above 65% in all but four samples for the three UV
systems.
The filter effluent had slightly better water quality on average in terms of %T and lab-filtered
%T. The effects of filtration appear to show more strongly as removal of UV-absorbing
substances (increasing %T) rather than removal of solids only. This suggests that the planned
filter media replacement would improve %T, thus better UV disinfection performance would
be expected using filter effluent. These conclusions are tentative because the water quality of
bio clarifier effluent and filter effluent were not measured at the same time.
The surprising water quality result in this study was the correlation between total iron and TSS.
This correlation may be explained in two ways. First, the plant influent TSS may have a
constant iron content of between 6% and 7%. Second, dosing of ferric salts in the plant for
phosphate control may be tied to TSS in the plant influent. Due to the correlation between
iron and TSS, it is difficult to separate the effects of TSS and iron on system performance and
maintenance.
In general, dose was a better predictor of disinfection performance and tailing than system
influent (bio clarifier effluent vs. filter effluent), TSS (data with TSS greater than 20 mg/L vs.
data with 9-2TSS less than 20 mg/L), iron (data with iron greater than 2.0 mg/L vs. data with

iron less than 2.0 mg/L), or %T (data with %T greater than 55% mg/L vs. data with %T less than
55%).
EFFLUENT TOXICITY
During all sampling events, the chlorine treated wastewater was toxic to rainbow trout and
Daphnia magna. No acute toxicity of Daphnia magna was seen in any of the UV treated
effluents. Three out of 35 samples of UV treated effluent showed toxicity to rainbow trout;
however, causes other than UV disinfection may have resulted in the toxic events.
The data suggests that, when compared to chlorine treatment of the effluent, UV treatment
significantly reduces whole effluent toxicity to rainbow trout and daphnia. This suggests that
there are real ecotoxicological advantages to using UV in place of chlorination for the
disinfection of wastewater.
OPERATION
The primary O&M requirement in UV disinfection for this demonstration was lamp cleaning.
Increased fouling of the lamps resulted in reduced intensity transmitted to the
microorganisms, thus, reducing log kills. In this study, lamp cleaning was successful in restoring
measured UV intensity. The mp-hi system required frequent lamp cleaning, likely because of
its higher operating temperature. The use of automatic cleaning equipment would greatly
facilitate lamp maintenance.
COST ANALYSIS
Of the three UV alternatives evaluated, the lp-hi system had the lowest annual cost
($396,000), total present worth ($4,760,000) and normalized cost ($0.060/1,000 gal). The lp-hi
and mp-hi had similar estimated construction costs, but the lp-hi system had almost a 45%
lower estimated O&M cost than the mp-hi system; power costs for the mp-hi system were
estimated to be about four times higher than the lp-hi alternative.
The lp-li system is not considered cost effective at the large flow rates experienced because of
the number of lamps required. The lp-li alternatives would require approximately 2,160 lamps,
while the lp-hi system would need 360 lamps (6 times less) and the mp-hi alternative would
need 176 lamps (12 times less).
About half of the$3,350,000 estimated construction cost for the lp-hi system was associated
with modifying a significant portion of the plant’s outfall to accommodate a UV disinfection
chamber. One of the key advantages for UV disinfection is its ability to be retrofitted into
existing chlorine contact tanks; this advantage cannot be realized at the. If the plant had an
existing chlorine contact chamber, the capital cost for the lp-hi system could be reduced by up
to $1,600,000. This reduction likely would have made the lp-hi system competitive, if not
lower in cost, then the chlorination/dichlorination alternative. Based on this perspective, it
appears that UV disinfection is a cost competitive alternative to chlorination/dichlorination
with existing chlorine contact chambers.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the results of this demonstration, the following are recommended:
Wastewater utilities should consider implementing UV disinfection for WWTP effluent in lieu
of chlorine, particularly where a treatment plant must implement dichlorination and uses an
existing chlorine contact chamber. UV was shown to effectively disinfect filtered water and bio
clarifier effluent while mitigating the effluent toxicity concerns associated with residual
chlorine.
Because of the variable nature of wastewater composition between communities, the
required UV doses must be determined on a site-specific basis. Key parameters that must be
accounted for include TSS, percent transmittance, iron, and hardness.
Selection of the most appropriate UV disinfection technology depends on several factors,
including flow, existing WWTP configuration, discharge limitations, unit power cost and
required UV dose.
Additional study is needed to better define the separate effects of TSS and iron on UV system
performance and maintenance, particularly in WWTP that use ferrous compounds for
phosphorus removal.
As the filter media ages, the effluent quality can deteriorate, especially TSS and %
transmittance.
Additional study is needed to determine the impact of aging filter media on UV disinfection
performance.
END

Manish Mba FM

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Techno Economic Feasibility study of

Disinfection for air, surfaces and water using

This Summer Internship report has been submitted to “FEDCO” is a record of an

Manish Kumar, Pg. 1

a. Description of detailed Raw materials/ BOQ/BOM/ Composition

a. Description of detailed Plant and machinery

a. Choice of factory location

Manish Kumar, Pg. 2

a. Timeline for Commercial Production

a. Production Process- Flow chart

a. Pollution control Measures – Air, Water, Earth, Noise level etc.

a. Manpower cost estimation

a. Estimate Total Project Cost - CAPEX

Manish Kumar, Pg. 4

Manish Kumar, Pg. 5

The Scope of the UV-C Disinfection Equipment:

UV-C Disinfection Equipment Market, By Component:

UV-C Disinfection Equipment Market, by Application:

UV-C Disinfection Equipment Market, By End User:

UV-C Disinfection Equipment Market, By Geography:

Manish Kumar, Pg. 6

Key Benefits for Stakeholders

• Meetings for Investment Proposals

Manish Kumar, Pg. 7

• Project Statement – 25 July 2020

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Manish Kumar, Pg. 9

PROJECTED DEMAND as per use (assumed projection).

Column1 Air Disinfection Surface Disinfection Water and Wastewater Disinfection

Manish Kumar, Pg. 10

Column1 Air Disinfection Surface Disinfection Water and Wastewater Disinfection

Air Disinfection Surface Disinfection Water and Wastewater Disinfection

COMPETITION AND NAME OF THE PEERS IN THE INDUSTRY

TOP MANUFACTURERS LISTED IN THE ULTRAVIOLET (UV) LIGHT DISINFECTION MARKET

1) All around sterilization design- 270 Direct exposure

Manish Kumar, Pg. 14

Manish Kumar, Pg. 15

To the layperson, all UV lamps look the same. Essentially,

The Quartz Sleeve

Manish Kumar, Pg. 17

Manish Kumar, Pg. 18

Digital Sensors Product Description

These are few suppliers of required equipment and parts.

Manish Kumar, Pg. 19

Reactor Chamber 4000/6000/9000

The Quartz Sleeve 40/100/400/800

3. PLANT AND MACHINERIES

DESCRIPTION AND INSTALLATION drawing of detailed Plant and machinery

Manish Kumar, Pg. 21

Manish Kumar, Pg. 22

Circuit diagram of a working UV-C lamp series.

Manish Kumar, Pg. 23

Manish Kumar, Pg. 24

Manish Kumar, Pg. 25

Utilize Room Air Sanitizers to protect

Manish Kumar, Pg. 26

Manish Kumar, Pg. 27

Manish Kumar, Pg. 28

Manish Kumar, Pg. 29

Manish Kumar, Pg. 30

Manish Kumar, Pg. 31

Manish Kumar, Pg. 32

ESTIMATED LIFE OF EACH MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT