Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Manish Mba FM
Manish Mba FM
Manish Mba FM
I Manish Kumar, student of BHU, Varanasi, hereby declare that the project work
entitled “Techno Economic Feasibility study of Disinfection for air, surfaces and
water using UVC Lamp (Ultra-Violet germicidal irradiation) & Presenting an
Investment Proposal to the Potential Investors.”
Manish Kumar
MBA, 2019 - 2021
3. Phase 2
1) Factory set up &Capex Cost
4. PHASE III
1. OTHER UTLITIES & COST
Technological Description
Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of light and used for many purposes in water treatment, as it is
a chemical-free process that only adds UV light to water. In this process, water is flowing
through a stainless chamber to purifies water from powerful bacteria with the help of
UV- lamp. The ultraviolet (UV) disinfection is used on many industrial applications
including food and beverage, biopharmaceutical, cosmetics, centralized drinking water,
swimming pools.
It is known that Corona-viruses fall into the category of "enveloped viruses," or a Class 3.
Class 3 viruses are the easiest to kill. Products that can kill more resilient viruses like
small and large non-enveloped viruses (Class 1 & 2 viruses) should also be able to kill
enveloped viruses like corona-viruses.
Based on this information, UV lights are believed to be highly effective at killing COVID-
19. Since the virus is so new, official testing against the novel Corona-virus should be
underway soon.
UVGI is a method of disinfection that uses short wavelength ultraviolet light (UV-C) to
inactivate or kill microorganisms and pathogens. Essentially, UVGI is the use of UV light
with sufficiently short wavelengths to disinfect surfaces, air, and water.
• Sterilization
o Per the CDC, sterilization describes a process that destroys or eliminates all
forms of microbial life and is carried out by physical or chemical methods.
• Disinfection
o Per the CDC, disinfection describes a process that eliminates many or all
pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects.
• Decontamination
o To decontaminate is to make an object or area safe by removing,
neutralizing, or destroying any harmful substance.
o Basically, decontamination is the result after the processes of sterilization or
disinfection.
• Key Highlights:
• The market concentration rate analysis
• Consumption growth rate
• Turnover predictions
• Proper installation of machineries for Efficient and Effective work and to provide
customer Secure and Safe Product.
Deliverables:
Planning:
• Project Statement
• Budget Sheet
• Budget review with charts
• Work break down Structure
• Disinfection for air, surfaces and water using UVC Lamp (Ultra-Violet germicidal
irradiation)
Designs:
• Product Diagram
• Manufacture Product
• Packaging Scheme
• Hosting Documents
Milestones
500000
400000
Demand
300000
200000
Water and Wastewater Disinfection
100000 Surface Disinfection
Air Disinfection
0
• Halma
• Atlantic Ultraviolet
• HYDROTEC
• Heraeus Holding
• Calgon Carbon
• Ocean power
• Xylem
• Philips Lighting
• Trojan Technologies
• American Ultraviolet
• Evoqua Water
• Severn Trent Services
• Onyx
• Newland Entech
• GElighting
MARKETING MODEL
The global UV lamps market is segmented on the basis of lamp type into UV mercury
lamp and UV LED. Of these segments, UV mercury lamp segment accounted for over
90% of the global UV lamp market share, followed by UV LED segment with over 4%
in 2014. In addition, the UV LED segment is anticipated to expand at a double -digit
CAGR from 2015 to 2025.In addition, UV mercury lamp is further sub -segmented into
low-pressure mercury lamp, medium-pressure UV lamp and amalgam mercury lamp.
Of these sub-segments, amalgam mercury lamp accounted for over 40% of the total
Manish Kumar, Pg. 13
UV mercury lamp segment revenue and is anticipated to remain dominant during the
forecast period. In addition, this sub-segment is expected to witness fastest growth
among other sub-segments during the forecast period.
STORAGE OF UVC
During this special time of fighting against epidemic, public health safety is priority and should
be maintained continuously. We would like to introduce our new product- Sterile Touch
Sapphire LED UV-C handrail sterilization module. New escalator handrail UV sterilizer will help
you to keep your escalator handrail bacteria free and make your customers reassuring, which
have unique advantage than another UV sterilizer as below:
MARKET SEGMENTATION
The global UV lamps market is segmented based on lamp type into UV mercury lamp
and UV LED. Of these segments, UV mercury lamp segment accounted for over 90%
• Disinfects the air space and surfaces above the liquid, and the liquid contents.
• Irradiates contents with germicidal ultraviolet rays, without the use of heat or chemicals.
• Germicidal UV Lamp (10,000 hours rated effective life)
• Quick Lamp Change and Fused Quartz Sleeve
• Design allows most models to be mounted vertically or horizontally into the storage tank
• Can be either mounted into the storage tank (submerged in the liquid contents) or
suspended vertically from the top of the storage tank (partially immersed in the liquid
contents).
• State-of-the-Art Electronic Ballast.
2.
RAW MATERIALS AND ITS COMPOSITION
There are a variety of UV disinfection systems on the market, however, they all contain the
same general components, from the very large systems that disinfect water for commercial or
industrial operations, right down to an under-sink system treating drinking water at the point
of use.
The four main components of a UV system are:
• The reactor chamber
• The UV lamp
• The quartz sleeve
• The controller unit (also called a ballast)
There are other optional parts such as sensors and solenoid valves that can also be a part of a
system, however, these four components are the basis of all UV systems.
The UV Lamp
• Locozo – Bangalore
• Innotek India – Pune
• UL – Delhi (UK based)
UV Lamp 225/500/800/1200/2000
350/800/1200/2000
The Controller Unit/Ballast
During sanitation, UV-C light in large, concentrated doses causes RNA and DNA mutations in
microbes during absorption. The ideal wavelength for peak absorptivity occurs at wavelengths
of 254nm to 262nm (for traditional UV sanitation) and 222 nm. According to a 2012 study
Manish Kumar, Pg. 20
published in US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, UV-C treatment has
the following devastating effects on microbes:
“The light-induced damage to the DNA and RNA of a microorganism often results from the
dimerization of pyrimidine molecules. Thymine (which is only found only in DNA) produces
cyclobutane dimers. When thymine molecules are dimerized, it becomes very difficult for the
nucleic acids to replicate and if replication does occur it often produces a defect that prevents
the microorganism from being viable.”
It should be emphasized that when enough thymine dimers are made in the cell, DNA
replicated in cell mitosis ceases. This deactivation mechanism is also applicable to viruses that
only have RNA, i.e. “photochemical dimerization reaction takes place between two uracil
bases”. UV sanitation of an area is considered successful when the virus or bacteria is
deactivated, and reproductive capabilities are significantly reduced or stopped. Such
objectives prevent the microbe from spreading and decreases the rate of infection (for
harmful viruses or bacteria). Higher UV doses must be applied to bacteria that is capable of
actively repairing thymine dimers.
High Intensity germicidal UV lamps are manufactured with a unique structure and large
diameter quartz envelope which translates to more than twice the amount of ultraviolet
output when compared to standard germicidal UV lamps of the same length. Available in Low
Ozone and Ozone Producing versions.
U-Shaped uv lamps are the ideal choice for applications that require more intense ultraviolet
radiation in a limited space. Instant start and cold cathode UV lamps are available in U-Shaped
configuration in Low Ozone and Ozone Producing version.
The principal application of Germicidal Ultraviolet Indirect Air Disinfection Fixtures is to purify
the upper room air in occupied spaces to reduce the risk of cross infection and exposure of
occupants to infectious airborne microbes. These fixtures are designed to project the
ultraviolet rays across the upper room air, thereby destroying bacteria and virus that are
carried into the ultraviolet field by convection currents or air circulation.
• Applications
• Institutional Systems
• Laboratories
• Hospitals
• Clinics
• Waiting Rooms
• Maternity Areas
• Labor & Delivery Areas
• Pathology Labs
• Kidney Dialysis Labs
• Operating Rooms
• Methadone Clinics
• Burn Centers
• TB Clinics
• Detention Centers
• Prisons & Jails
• Homeless Shelters
• Schools
• Universities
• Nursing Homes
• Veterinary Clinics
• Industry Systems
• Food Industry
• Food Processing
• Dairy Processing
• Bakeries
• Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
• Electronic Production
• Cosmetic Production
• Other
• Office Buildings
• Animal Husbandry
• Kennels
• Auditorium
Safety Products was the first category, and hand cleaner was the first product. Most waterless
hand cleaners are made with mineral spirits, and that solvent used with acrylates can lead to
skin problems. We created a waterless hand cleaner that was oil based rather than solvent
based.
Next was our skin lotion, which contains aluminum hydroxide able to neutralize the acrylic
acid-based coatings. Gloves were all tested with the most popular monomers to ensure that
they would provide proper protection when used with clean up solvents. Thus, we do not
carry vinyl gloves as they do no not provide proper protection with UV Coatings and inks.
Barrier creams were a natural requirement as they present additional protection especially
around fingernails and under rings, where inks might collect unnoticed. In the area of eye
protection, all products are rated based on the ability to filter UV light. Even our splash goggles
filter UV as to always insure optimum protection.
Ink and Coating Handling is our second category and represents two features associated with
the process. First is safety related; that if you can pump the coating, there is less physical
contact with the material that can cause a problem. We learned to specify the proper pumps
for UV Curing from customer experience. They learned that if they were using a piston pump,
it would seize, when the friction of the piston would cause minute polymerization on the
interior wall of the pump.
So the pumps need to be either double diaphragm pumps or peristaltic. All wetted parts in the
pump product line has been soak tested in the popular monomers to ensure that there would
be no swelling or adverse effect on the pump’s life. Storage containers need to be able to
provide oxygen as it prevents jelling and curing in the container, black polyethylene containers
are the best way to store UV inks and coatings. Metal should not be used. To offer a full line of
UV appropriate products we have selected from each of our suppliers the best for UV Curing
products.
Keep in mind that we have access to hundreds of other products from these vendors which
may not be considered “Best for UV”, and we can provide them at competitive pricing.
Column1 Column2
Equipment Life
Chamber 10 years
36000 Sq. Ft level land will be needed near to the existing CPP complex. The space available is
sufficient for proposed combined cycle of industry. The present site location away from the
existing 2,400 m3 capacity is LPG sphere. The new CCPP equipment is located outside 90
meters radius from existing LPG sphere to comply with the OISD Guidelines. Hence blast proof
structures for the CCPP or the control room have not been envisaged.
Infrastructure facilities Approach road to the new power plant area is connected to the
existing CCPP. Construction power and construction water is also available near to the
proposed power plant area.
2
1 Factory Building (5000 M ) 10.00
20.30
Total A + B = 20.30 Crores
In much the same way that LEDs have revolutionized the display and lighting industries, UV-C
LED technology is set to provide new, improved, and expanded solutions in both air and water
treatment. Dual barrier, post-filtration protection is now available where mercury-based
systems could not previously have been conceivably used.
The LED is then packaged to allow for electrical connection, thermal management, and
physical protection. This helps maintain efficiency for the LED output and lamp life.
Pulsed Polychromatic
Planning:
• Project Statement
• Budget Sheet
• Budget review with charts
• Work break down Structure
• Disinfection for air, surfaces and water using UVC Lamp (Ultra-Violet germicidal
irradiation)
Designs
• Product Diagram
• Manufacture Product
Manish Kumar, Pg. 40
• Packaging Scheme
• Hosting Documents
MILESTONES
CAPEX COST
PROJECT COST AND SOURCE OF FINANCE
(Rs. in crores)
COST: TOTAL
Total 58.30
DEMAND IN UNITS
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
Series1
0
UV-C LAMP FOR UV-C LAMP FOR UV-C LAMP FOR
AIR SURFACE WATER
2500000
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
Series1
0
UV-C LAMP FOR UV-C LAMP FOR UV-C LAMP FOR
AIR SURFACE WATER
SCRAP, BY PRODUCTS
Nitrite
The formation of nitrite was measured with both the low and the medium-pressure UV lamp
under disinfection conditions with REF’s between 200 and 900 J/m2 (see figure 2 and table 2).
Figure 3 shows the concentrations of nitrite in the water after UV treatment in the pilot
installation.
Nitrite concentrations in UV irradiated pre-treated surface water measured in the bench-scale
UV unit.
Nitrite and AOC formation in the bench-scale unit and in the pilot installation.
Mutagenicity
The number of spontaneous revertant and induced revertant after UV irradiation are
presented in table 3.
AOC-gehalte (μg AcC eq/L)
AOC (μg AcC eq/L)
AOC (μg AcC eq/L)
CONSTRUCTION SITES
Construction sites can be a major source of pollution if not managed and controlled properly
and can have an adverse impact on health and the local environment. Enforcement is
disruptive and expensive. It is therefore important that construction personnel follow good
environmental practice to control these emissions, comply with environmental legislation and
prevent problems.
Manish Kumar, Pg. 51
This Guide is the second in a series intended to assist with the control of air pollution and
noise emissions from construction sites. It sets out guidance on controlling pollution emissions
associated with site preparation, demolition, earthworks, and landscaping. Although
techniques have not been validated under controlled conditions and therefore must be used
with care, recommendations are drawn from cases where they have been found to be
effective.
Air Pollution
Air pollution refers to man-made emissions that are released into the atmosphere. Poor air
quality is a global health hazard, responsible . Further, air pollution contributes significantly to
the warming of the planet, and therefore to climate change.
As construction activities are a large contributor to air pollution, organisations within the
sector have a shared responsibility to limit the amount they produce. Therefore, you’ll need to
have an awareness of the emissions your work activities create and take precautions to limit
the harmful impact.
Common construction activities that contribute to air pollution include:
Use of plant and vehicles on site. This depends on the site activities but can include machinery
such as breakers, bulldozers, dumpers and excavators. Plantand machinery that is used at
construction sites is not regulated by the government to the degree that other vehicles are.
Due to the scale of many construction projects, equipment is often running and polluting for a
long time. As a lot of this heavy machinery, and other vehicles on site, operate on diesel
engines, they release pollutants into the air. This includes the gases carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons.
Land clearing and demolition. As land often has to be cleared and made suitable for
construction to take place, this process must be done in a way that ensures the impact on the
environment is as minimal as possible. As well as with the construction of buildings, high levels
of dust are generated when land is disrupted and existing buildings demolished.
Chemicals. It is likely that you will use hazardous chemicals on construction sites. This may
include paints, glues, oils, thinners and plastics, which all produce noxious vapours.
Water Pollution
Water pollution happens when toxic substances end up in water bodies such as rivers, lakes
and oceans. This pollution may be visible, either on the surface or deposited on the bed, or
invisible to the human eye, such as chemicals that dissolve in water. Construction activities
Use quiet power tools and equipment to manage noise pollution. Where possible, use modern
construction equipment that has been designed specifically to produce less noise.
Schedule work during sociable hours rather than when residents are likely to be sleeping. For
example, between 8 to 6pm on weekdays. You could also notify local residents of the working
hours and keep them updated on the project.
Put acoustic (movable noise) barriers in place to manage the levels of noise pollution.
Ensure plant and equipment is properly maintained and operated.
Manish Kumar, Pg. 59
Switch off plant when it’s not in use.
Ensure employees wear the correct PPE when required to reduce the risk of hearing loss due
to excessive noise.
The construction industry must recognise the responsibility it has to monitor and limit the
amount of pollution it collectively creates. One of the simplest measures you can take is to be
conscious of how much waste and pollutants your work activities create and the consequences
they have. Whether you are an employer or employee in the sector, there are strategies that
reduce the amount of pollution produced that you can enforce and encourage others to do
the same.
Factories:
Optimizing the factory’s operations
Greener, more energy-efficient operations tend to reduce the amount of pollution a factory
generates. Companies can optimize different parts of their operation to save energy, thus
reducing the facility’s overall emissions.
Destroying pollutants before they enter the atmosphere
Factory operators can also employ abatement mechanisms that help destroy VOCs, HAPs, and
other pollutants before they enter the environment. Different abatement techniques are
efficient for specific types of pollutants, so you need to evaluate your operation to find the
ideal technique. Four of the most commonly used abatement techniques include:
Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer
Physical examination
Chemical examination
pH 7.95 8.91
In India, there are 234-Sewage Water Treatment plants (STPs). Most of these were developed
under various river action plans (from 1978-79 onwards) and are located in (just 5% of) cities/
towns along the banks of major rivers (CPCB, 2005a). In class-I cities, oxidation pond or
Activated sludge process is the most commonly employed
technology, covering 59.5% of total installed capacity. This is followed by Up-flow Anaerobic
Sludge Blanket technology, covering 26% of total installed capacity. Series of Waste
Stabilization Ponds technology is also employed in 28% of the plants, though its combined
capacity is only 5.6%. A recent World Bank Report (Shuval et al. 1986) came out strongly in
favour of stabilization ponds as the most suitable wastewater treatment system in developing
countries, where land is often available at reasonable opportunity cost and skilled labour is in
short supply.
Wastewater use/ disposal:
Insufficient capacity of wastewater treatment and increasing sewage generation pose big
question of disposal of wastewater. As a result, at present, significant portion of waste water
being bypassed in STPs and sold to the nearby farmers on charge basis by the Water and
Sewerage Board or most of the untreated waste water end up into river basins and indirectly
used for irrigation. In areas like Vadodara, Gujarat, which lack alternative sources of water,
one of the most lucrative income-generating activities for the lower social strata is the sale of
wastewater and renting pumps to lift it (Bhamoriya, 2004). It has been reported that irrigation
with sewage or sewage mixed with industrial effluents results in saving of 25 to 50 per cent of
N and P fertilizer and leads to 15-27 % higher crop productivity, over the normal waters
(Anonymous, 2004). It is estimated that in India about 73,000 ha of (Strauss and Blumenthal,
1990) per-urban agriculture is subject to wastewater irrigation. In peri-urban areas, farmers
usually adopt year round, intensive vegetable production systems (300-400% cropping
intensity) or other perishable commodity like fodder and earn up to 4 times more from a unit
land area compared to freshwater (Minhas and Samra, 2004). Major crops being irrigated with
waste water are:
Cereals: Along 10 km stretch of the Musi River (Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh) where
wastewater from Hyderabad is disposed-off, 2100 ha land is irrigated with wastewater to
cultivate paddy. Wheat is irrigated with wastewater in Ahmedabad and Kanpur. Vegetables: In
New Delhi, various vegetables are cultivated on 1700 ha land irrigated with wastewater in area
around Keshopur and Okhla STPs. Vegetables like Cucurbits, eggplant, okra, and coriander in
*Total bill includes the cost of buying a new incandescent bulb every 6 month. CFL bulb need
not be repurchased for 55 months.
Bureau of Energy Efficiency India has come out with the following labeling plan to
indicate its energy efficiency for the tubular fluorescent lamps.
More energy efficient the lamp, more is the number of stars given to it.
Standards
Component
s
A. The industry shall maintain optimum and correct air ratio while burning fuel(s)
in boilers, furnaces, and TFHs (hereafter termed as ‘combustion facilities ‘). The
fuel combustion process shall be managed and maintained in accordance with the
instructions provided on air ratios, which shall be provided in the EM Manual.
B. The industry shall maintain air ratio for the boiler, as specified in Table 6.1 as
the
standard value and use Table 6.2 for industrial furnaces/TFH as the standard
value.
C. In cases where more than one combustion (of fuel) utilities are used, the
combustion load for each utility of the industry shall be managed and controlled
(1)
to
Manageme
achieve the highest-possible efficiency. The efficiency herein refers to the ratio of
nt
heat gained by the material to the total heat input to the combustion utility.
and control
D. The combustion utilities shall be suitably operated to achieve a high level of
combustion efficiency under specific operating conditions, which shall be
described
in the EM Manual. The specific operating conditions shall be finalized based on
various factors of fuels, such as the particle size of solid fuels, moisture content,
viscosity of liquid fuels, calorific value, pressure of gaseous fuels.
E. The combustion utilities shall be managed according to the instructions
provided
in the operation manual related to draft, operating temperature, and loading
conditions for optimum performance, which shall be described in the EM Manual.
A. All the key parameters of combustion utility shall be maintained and recorded
(2) regularly. The frequency of measurements shall be adhered to, which shall be
Measureme explained in the the EM Manual. The industry shall use the measured data for
nt evaluating the performance of combustion utility. Some of the parameters that
and shall be measured and recorded include the quantity of fuel fired, temperature of
recording exhaust gases, residual oxygen (O2), and carbon monoxide (CO) in flue gases and
unburnt carbon for solid fuels in bottom ash and fly ash.
B. The industry shall measure useful heat gain either through steam generation in
COMBUSTION OF FUEL
The energy sources used in industries include both thermal and electrical energy. Thermal
energy is generated from the combustion of different types of fuels, such as coal, pet coke and
biomass (solid fuels),furnace oil, diesel, naphtha and internally generated liquid fuels (liquid
fuels) and natural gas (NG), LPG, off-gases, fuel gas and internally generated gaseous fuels
(gaseous fuels). The thermal energy is either directly used in processes for heating, melting,
etc., or used for power generation. This section provides the EC guidelines covering
combustion of fuels in boilers, industrial furnaces, and thermic fluid heaters
(TFH) in a rational way.
¾ Close the doors and windows when using the air conditioner so that no air enters from
the outside.
¾ Bureau of Energy Efficiency India has come out with the following labelling plan for Air
Conditioners.
¾ Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) is displayed on the label. More the EER, more energy
efficient is the air conditioner. More energy efficient the air conditioner, more is the
number of stars given to the air conditioner.
A. The DC shall monitor and record parameters (e.g. temperature, and humidity)
Measurement to keep track
and recording of air-conditioning in different sections of the industry. The DC shall use online
monitors or
Manish Kumar, Pg. 75
hand-hold instruments for this purpose, which shall be described in the EM
Manual.
B. Parameters necessary to improve the efficiency of the overall HVAC system
(that include
heat source equipment, heat transportation equipment and air conditioner
equipment)
shall be periodically measured and/or recorded which shall be described in the
EM Manual.
C. Parameters necessary to improve the efficiency of hot water supply shall be
measured
and recorded periodically (e.g. quantity, feed water temperature and hot water
supply
temperature), which shall be described in the EM Manual.
A. The DC shall undertake periodical inspection and maintenance of air-
conditioning
equipment to maintain good operating conditions which shall be described in the
EM
Manual. The improvement shall include both the equipment level and HVAC
system level
to achieve the overall energy efficiency.
Maintenance B. The DC shall maintain and inspect periodically hot-water supply equipment to
and keep
inspection
them in good conditions according to the instructions provided on maintenance
and
inspection, which shall be described in the EM Manual.
C. Automatic control systems or devices used in air conditioning and hot water
supply
equipment shall be maintained and inspected periodically in order to keep them
in a
good condition, which shall be described in the EM Manual.
A. Air-conditioning equipment
While installing a new air conditioning utility, the DC shall ensure the following:
a. Select a suitable utility that is capable of responding to changes in heat
demands.
Necessary
measures The DC shall consider installing a dedicated control system for each section of air
when conditioning to ensure better control.
installing new
facilities
b. The DC shall install a high efficiency system within heat source utility (e.g. heat
pumps) as well as heat transport utility of integrated air-conditioning system to
accommodate fluctuating load demands. It shall be equipped with split control,
flow
control, storage system, etc. The heat transport system shall use variable pump
Manish Kumar, Pg. 76
head
control for efficient operation.
c. The DC shall use variable air-volume and flow-rate systems with speed control
to
respond to load variations.
d. The DC shall introduce suitable heat exchanger for reducing air cooling/ heating
loads.
For example, the DC shall consider options such as outdoor air-cooling during
winter
season and water humidification to reduce air cooling loads.
e. The DC shall avoid direct discharge of exhaust heat from production systems
close to
air-conditioning section to avoid increase in air-conditioning loads.
f. The DC shall minimize air-conditioning loads by installing a local air-conditioning
system around workers or radiant heating in case the air conditioning of the entire
workplace is not essential.
g. The DC shall avoid ingression of hot air or egression of conditioned air by closing
gaps and openings as much as possible to reduce the air-conditioning load.
h. The location and process of installing an outdoor unit of an air-conditioner
should be
determined based on both solar radiation and ventilation condition of the
installation
location, in case the units are installed closely together, which shall be described
in
EM Manual.
I. The air conditioning utility shall be equipped with suitable control and
measurement
devices to manage operations on its own. The controlling parameters include
temperature and humidity of the different sections of air-conditioning.
B. Hot water supply equipment
The DC shall evaluate load assessment of hot water requirements to select
suitable hot
water supply utility to achieve overall energy efficiency. It shall consider following
before
undertaking installation of a new utility.
a. Select compatible technology that responds efficiently to load variations.
b. Install a dedicated hot water supply system to cater to sections with lower
loads.
c. Explore use of ‘heat pump system’ and/or a latent heat recovery system for
heat
source equipment.
Manish Kumar, Pg. 77
ENERGY CONSERVATION GUIDELINES FOR INDUSTRIES:
Target Components
A. Air conditioning equipment
The DC shall focus on the following aspects to ensure efficient use of energy in air
conditioning utility.
a. For only air conditioning, the DC shall use heat source equipment with high energy
efficiency, such as heat pump and storage system and gas cooling or heating system.
For simultaneous air cooling and heating loads within the plant, the DC shall consider
using a heat recovery system. Further, in case of the availability of a potential exhaust
heat, the use of a heat recovery system, e.g. heat pump and exhaust-heat-driven heat
source equipment shall also be considered.
b. The DC shall improve thermal insulation of walls and roofs for the air-conditioned
areas. It shall include higher thickness of walls and roofs, low thermal conductivity
materials, and double-layer thermal insulation. It shall further consider reducing
external heat sources through shielding solar radiation through windows using
window shades, heat reflecting glasses, heat shield window films and thermal buffer
zone with double insulation structure.
c. The air-conditioning utility shall be equipped with a carbon dioxide sensor or a similar
type of device to minimize the outdoor air-handling load. It shall consider the cooling
of air with water from cooling towers during the winter season.
d. The air-conditioning utility shall minimize air flow volume and circulation water
volume by setting a large temperature difference in the utility.
e. The DC shall insulate pipes and ducts to reduce heat losses.
B. Hot water supply equipment
The DC shall examine the following to enhance the energy efficiency in hot water-supply
systems.
a. Use of a heat pump or latent heat-recovery system to enhance the efficiency of hot
water-supply utilities.
b. Use of alternate systems to reduce power consumption in the ventilation system
in the workplace, machine rooms, and electric rooms. For example, the air volume
controller with suitable sensors.
Fans
• Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet cones for fan air intakes.
• Avoid poor flow distribution at the fan inlet.
• Minimize fan inlet and outlet obstructions.
• Clean screens, filters, and fan blades regularly.
• Use aero foil-shaped fan blades.
• Minimize fan speed.
• Use low-slip or flat belts.
• Check belt tension regularly.
• Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.
• Use variable speed drives for large variable fan loads.
• Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation
• Eliminate leaks in ductwork.
• Minimize bends in ductwork
• Turn fans off when not needed.
Blowers
• Use smooth, well-rounded air inlet ducts or cones for air
intakes.
Manish Kumar, Pg. 79
• Minimize blower inlet and outlet obstructions.
• Clean screens and filters regularly.
• Minimize blower speed.
• Use low-slip or no-slip belts.
• Check belt tension regularly.
• Eliminate variable pitch pulleys.
• Use variable speed drives for large variable blower loads.
• Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or near-continuous operation.
• Eliminate ductwork leaks.
• Turn blowers off when they are not needed.
Buildings
• Seal exterior cracks/openings/gaps with caulk, gasketing,
weatherstripping, etc.
• Consider new thermal doors, thermal windows, roofing insulation, etc.
• Install windbreaks near exterior doors.
• Replace single-pane glass with insulating glass.
• Consider covering some window and skylight areas with insulated wall
panels inside the building.
• If visibility is not required but light is required, consider replacing exterior windows
with insulated glass block.
• Consider tinted glass, reflective glass, coatings, awnings, overhangs, draperies,
blinds, and shades for sunlit exterior windows.
• Use landscaping to advantage.
• Add vestibules or revolving doors to primary exterior personnel doors.
• Consider automatic doors, air curtains, strip doors, etc. at high-traffic passages
between conditioned and non-conditioned spaces. Use self-closing doors if possible.
• Use intermediate doors in stairways and vertical passages to minimize building stack
effect.
• Use dock seals at shipping and receiving doors.
• Bring cleaning personnel in during the working day or as soon after as possible to
minimize lighting and HVAC costs.
Miscellaneous
• Meter any unmetered utilities. Know what normal efficient use is. Track down causes
of deviations.
• Shut down spare, idling, or unneeded equipment.
• Make sure that all of the utilities to redundant areas are turned off -- including utilities
like compressed air and cooling water.
B. PRODUCTION :
Mechanical Engineer
Chemist 4 18000.00 18000.00
Production Supervisor 36 25000.00 25000.00
Computer Operator 36 20000.00 20000.00
Machine Operator 24 20000.00 20000.00
Skilled Workers 120 18000.00 18000.00
Unskilled Workers 480 15000.00 15000.00
Machanic cum electrician 24 17000.00 17000.00
Maintenance 48 18000.00 18000.00
Lab Head 36 20000.00 20000.00
Total 1149482.25
WATER REQUIREMENTS
Mode of Water Supply: Mode of water supply may be continuous of intermittent. In
continuous system water is supplied continuously for 24 hours, whereas in intermittent
system, water is supplied at peak demand hours. In morning and evening, sometimes
when sufficient storage of water is available at the source, water is also supplied around
noon hours. In both the systems, some advantage and disadvantage are there. In
continuous supply, wastage of water is there through open and cracked joints.
Factors governing industrial water requirement depends on several factors. Such, as type
of industry size of industry and number of industries for a water supply scheme. A
water supply scheme may be planned for a residential town and amount of water
requirement, may be taken care of for existing industry in the town or city likely to come up.
Sometimes, a water supply scheme is planned for an industrial area where different types of
industry of different sizes are located or likely to come. A case may be there, in which size of
the industry is of such a giant one, that water supply scheme must be planned for that
Manish Kumar, Pg. 87
industry in addition to housing and other amenities associated with the industry. Water
requirement for a few industries located in a town may be taken around 600 litres/head/day
but the demand may go as high as 500 litres/head/day depending on type of industry.
PACKAGING COST
We try to make this in use. Current packaging designs are beginning to incorporate recyclable and
recycled plastics but the search for reuse functions continues.
Direct material
Direct wages
Labours Wages (100 units x 1hr x
14,000
140)
Direct expenses
Carriage inward 15,000
Prime Cost 29,000
Workplace overhead
Service labour 11,000
Managers salary 22,500
• 1. Availability: They must always ensure that a sufficient quantity of products is available to
customers. Customers should be able to receive goods promptly and without great effort.
• 2. Cost minimization: High quality demands of the manufacturers require sales logisticians to
keep shipping and delivery costs as low as possible. In concrete terms, the aim is to reduce costs
associated with transport, storage, shortage and order processing. At the same time, however,
delivery is to become faster, more energy-efficient and more environmentally friendly.
• 3. Influence: Distribution logisticians want to have the highest possible say in the marketing of
their products, for instance. It is about answering the questions of “How are my products placed on
the sales shelf?” and “How can I stand out from the competition with the presentation of my
goods?”.
• 1. Operational control: Operational tasks refer to the processing of orders, shipping, returns
management, route planning and customer service.
• 2. Tactical control: Tactical tasks include fleet management, defining minimum purchase
quantities, defining a service level and deciding whether the company should manage transport
logistics on its own or resort to external providers.
• 3. Strategic control: Strategic tasks include the planning of marketing strategies, the development
of distribution networks, the choice of location and both horizontal and vertical networking.
Raw Glasses- glasses were need to mold into a outer part of glass or basically shaping of bulbs.
Fuel – for running transportation or other business plants tones liters of fuel for smooth running
of business.
Power- for running machineries of factory or business equipment need huge electricity.
A supplier is a person or business that provides a product or service to another entity. The
role of a supplier in a business is to provide high-quality products from a manufacturer at
a good price to a distributor or retailer for resale. A supplier in a business is someone who
acts as an intermediary between manufacturer and retailer, ensuring that communication
is forthcoming and stock is of sufficient quality.
For raw materials company need to maintain a good relationship with suppliers/vendors so that
can benefits in discounting or maintaining good reputation in the market.
These are the suppliers will go through for raw materials according to the location of factory
setups.
Raw Glasses for manufacturing outer part of bulb need to contact or maintain relationship with
glass recycling companies to minimize production cost or reduction of industrial waste reusing
by recycling to reduce pollution/environment problems.
Hindusthan
E Waste
National Glass &
Recycling India
Industries Ltd.
Bangalore-
Gujrat
Tamil Nadu
Trashin - Bulk Dry Waste
Management, Scrap
Plastic Paper Glass e- HNG Glass
Waste Recycling Pickup in
Bangalore.
Fuel
Mumbai West
Bengal
Bharat Petroleum Indian Oil
Corporation Corporation
Limited Limited
Gujarat State
Petronet MHB
Petronet
Limited
Limited
Power:
West
Mumbai
Bengal
India Power
SMART POWER
Corporation
SOURCES INDIA
Limited - Seebpur
PVT LTD
Unit
Bangalore-
Gujrat
Tamil Nadu
Bangalore Electricity
Adani Power Limited
Supply Company
(Achalraj)
Limited
EcoSoch Solar,
Bangalore : Solar
Gujarat Industries
rooftop for homes,
Power Company Ltd
institutional buildings
and industries
Molding
department
Packaging Technical
Department Department
Fitting
Analysis
&Fixing
Department
Department
Technical Department: in this department all the technical work will be done like
preparing of chips, sensors, cords etc. Work will be done under the supervision of
supervisor of technical department. team of 5 workers or individual bulb parts.
Fitting and Fixing Department: When parts come to thus department after all
technical department then those parts will fit & fix by same team of 5 workers for a
single lamp and work will be done under the supervision of supervisor.
Analysis Department: under this department team od specialist analyze all the
lamps before go for packaging process test all the major significant parts by same 5
specialist of their own parts.
Packaging Department: after all the procedure has been completed then team of
packaging department pack product according to the guidance given by the
department manager. Estimated workers will be 10 workers for per 100 lamps.
Distributors/Wholesalers Retailers
WAREHOUSING COST
Total 3020000
Distribution location
Road Railways
---- Karnataka
---- Haryana
---- Delhi
---- UP
---- Assam
---- Bihar
---- Meghalaya
As Covide-19 Pandemic hits market very drastically so now demand for Ultraviolet UV-C Lamps
has also increasing. This the prediction of demand and cost.
Total 393284900
Direct distribution involves the direct contact between the manufacturer and the
customer. This variant is used for products with the following characteristics:
• High-priced segment
• Narrow customer base
• High complexity
• Much need for instructions
• High sensitivity
An advantage of direct distribution is the close contact with the customer. It also saves
manufacturers the cost charged by an intermediary. Nevertheless, this variant is comparatively
expensive and requires precise and far-sighted calculation.
The problem with indirect distribution is that every sales agent must be convinced again and
again of the product and its benefits. A winegrower, for example, must not only sell his goods to
Distribution channels
When it comes to choosing a suitable distribution channel, manufacturers have a wide range of
options:
• Direct sales are suitable for expensive and products with a strong need of explanation.
• Retail trade is suitable for the sale of goods requiring intensive consultancy. In addition, a
particularly broad audience can be addressed. The only drawback is: The company's own products
are launched on the market at the same time and place as those of its competitors.
• The mail order business is declining more and more and is increasingly being replaced by the
online trade. This development is the reason why many formerly important mail order companies
have recently gone out of business.
• Wholesale is ideally suited for the sale of large quantities. In this sector, manufacturers usually
generate significantly higher sales volumes than in the retail sector, but also with significantly
lower profit margins.
• In times of increasing digitalization, sales via online shops are becoming increasingly attractive.
E-commerce is growing rapidly and presents the industry with completely new challenges, such as
same-day delivery.
Transport logisticians must keep the number of empty runs as low as possible.
While the first three indicators have a significant effect on customer satisfaction, the degree of
transport utilization is particularly important for the manufacturer. Finally, transport capacities
should be utilized as fully as possible, so that no or at least only a few empty runs are necessary.
Manish Kumar, Pg. 101
A regular control of the benchmark values and a comparison with the market figures is
indispensable for transport logisticians. It is important to ensure that the controlling system is
aligned with supply chain management and does not pose a black box for users. If problematic
values should still exist, the following measures can be taken:
• Staff training
Disadvantages: Customer demands on logistics processes are increasing: Reliable and customer-
oriented service is becoming more and more important. Companies must also pay more attention to
high quality, energy efficiency and sustainability. At the same time, growing competitive pressure
is increasing the pressure on companies to reduce the costs of distribution logistics.
• Creation of equal entry opportunities for everyone (especially women, immigrants, etc.)
Administrative overhead is considered a period cost; that is, the benefit of this type of cost
does not carry forward into future periods.
Mechanical Engineer 2 4 3 24
Chemist 1 4 1 4
Production Supervisor 1 4 3 12
Computer Operator 3 4 3 36
Machine Operator 2 4 3 24
Skilled Workers 10 4 3 120
Unskilled Workers 40 4 3 480
Machanic cum electrician 2 4 3 24
Maintenance 4 4 3 48
Lab Head 3 4 3 36
Total 99 88 56 1148
Administration Cost
COST: TOTAL
Total 58.30
Accountants use one of three methods to determine the value of the inventory:
• First In, First Out – This method assumes that the first products purchased or manufactured
are sold first. During a period of rising prices, this method tends to report increasing net
income over time.
• Last In, First Out – In this case, the last goods purchased or manufactured are sold first. If
prices are rising, this method results in decreasing income over time.
• Average Cost Method – This approach uses the average purchase prices of all of the goods and
materials in stock, regardless of the date of purchase.
Particulars Ist Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year 6th Year 7th Year 8th Year
Number of working days 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Number of shift 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Capacity Utilisation in % 60% 75% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85%
A. Gross earnings
from user levy 8.32 10.40 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78
1. Power and Fuel 8.37 10.47 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86
2. Direct labour and wages 11.32 14.52 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61
3. Consumable Stores 3.39 4.24 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80
4. Repair and Maintenance 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59
5. Other Manufacturing Expenses 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37
Total Cost of production 61.08 67.22 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28
Money is the lifeblood of every business. Lack of adequate and timely capital can inhibit
growth. Today, it has become imperative that new-age entrepreneurs and owners of micro,
small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) look beyond traditional sources of business finance.
Many small businesses are denied credit for the lack of a collateral asset or poor credit score.
The tedious and time-consuming processes used by traditional banks add to the woes of
entrepreneurs looking for loans.
Looking at the scenario objectively, the demand for financing in the Indian MSME sector is
estimated at Rs 87.7 trillion, of which Rs 69.3 trillion is debt and the balance Rs 18.4 trillion is
equity demand. It is virtually impossible for the formal finance sector to service the needs of
approximately 56 million such enterprises across various industries. Hence, it becomes critical
for entrepreneurs to explore alternative methods of financing.
If you are a part of a fledgling business and looking to raise capital, here are six alternative
sources of business finance you can explore.
Manish Kumar, Pg. 109
• Crowdfunding.
• Angel investors.
• Venture capitalists.
• Business plan competitions.
• P2P lending .
• Government schemes.
1. Crowdfunding
In this internet age, crowdfunding is a great way to get a number of individuals interested in
your idea, product or service and raise money from them.
This method uses the power of the crowd to invest small amounts, and bets on mass appeal.
Originally, crowdfunding was used by nonprofits to gather donations, very similar to ‘chanda’
collected in India during festivals. Today, online crowdfunding platforms generate financial
backing for a variety of startups and projects.
There are multiple types of crowdfunding that MSMEs can use:
Equity-based crowdfunding is when the investor gets a small percentage of share of the
business in exchange of the investment pumped in.
Reward-based crowdfunding involves individuals investing small amounts of money in
exchange for a reward such as free service or a prototype product.
Debt-based crowdfunding is when investors put in money with the understanding that it will
be repaid with interest.
GoFundMe is very popular globally, with Milaap, Rang De and Kickstarter being top platforms
in India.
2. Angel investors
Angel investing is best suited for startups and young businesses that have a great idea or
product, but need a launch pad. Angel investors are also popularly known as seed investors or
informal investors.
These investors help businesses get off the ground, while mentoring entrepreneurs and
helping them learn the ropes.
There are thousands of such investors in India, mostly affluent businessmen or corporate
leaders. They usually invest in niche areas.
They also look for a strong management team before they invest.
Ensure you partner with a VC who understands your business and is aligned with your growth,
as you will be giving them a say in your business. While for most businesses, getting VC
funding is the ultimate goal, the focus should be on partnering with the right VC firm.
Top VCs in the country include Accel, Blume Ventures, Chiratae Ventures, Nexus Venture
Partners and Sequoia Capital India.
4. Business plan competitions
You may not have the opportunity to pitch your idea on Shark Tank, but keeping an eye out for
business competitions near you. These can offer a small window of opportunity to get seen
and heard by the right people.
Many B-schools and savvy corporates organise business plan competitions and hackathons
that attract the brightest minds across the country.
The finalists get to present their business ideas to some of the biggest VCs in India. A winning
pitch can get you a considerable cash prize, access to an accelerator programme and equity
participation from interested investors.
Wharton India Startup Challenge, STARup, Innopreneurs and Raise My Startup are few leading
platforms that can help MSMEs get a shot in the arm.
5. P2P lending
The new-age lending model called Peer-to-Peer platforms (P2P) allows retail investors to lend
money to peers or small businesses via a fintech company’s digital platform.
Some foreign companies have given funds as part of direct investment or as part of
collaborations with Indian companies. There are also non-resident Indians who have invested
in collaboration with Indians. Indian companies have also raised loans from foreign markets.
Manish Kumar, Pg. 112
DEBT / EQUITY – CAPITAL STRUCTURE PLANNING
Equity and Debt both are required by the company in correct proportion weighed on the basis
of the optimal value of the cost of capital. After analyzing the pros and cons of both
investment types and the financial needs of the company, the advisers come up with the right
mix of debt and equity that is optimal for the company’s capital structure.
Debt investments are riskier for the business while less risky for the investors as they get the
compulsory interest and principal repayment for their loan. They can also sell the assets of the
company in the time of bankruptcy to recoup their fund. As they share less risk, they get lower
returns and no ownership rights in the business undertakings. The more debt financing a firm
uses in its capital structure, the more financial leverage it employs.
Equity investor shares the ownership of the company and rights to potential future profits. As
concluded by various researchers that 90% of startups fail within 5 years of inception, thus
equity investors share a high risk of loss and demand a high rate of return against their
investment. Equity investors also get only the residual value after debt investors are repaid
hence; implied cost of equity is greater than that of debt.
WORKSHEET FOR ESTIMATING Debt / Equity – Capital Structure Planning
D/(D+E) 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00%
D/E 0.00% 11.11% 25.00% 42.86% 66.67% 100.00% 150.00% 233.33% 400.00% 900.00%
$ Debt ₹ - ₹ 762,320.00 ₹ 1,524,640.00 ₹ 2,286,960.00 ₹ 3,049,280.00 ₹ 3,811,600.00 ₹ 4,573,920.00 ₹ 5,336,240.00 ₹ 6,098,560.00 ₹ 6,860,880.00
Beta 0.8546 1.12 1.20 1.42 1.65 1.98 2.48 3.35 5.02 10.05
Cost of Equity 7.64% 9.21% 9.73% 11.00% 12.40% 14.37% 17.33% 22.51% 32.49% 62.43%
% Drop in EBITDA 0.00% 0.00% -2.00% -40.00% -40.00% -40.00% -40.00% -50.00% -50.00% -50.00%
EBITDA ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00
Depreciation ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00
EBIT ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27
Interest ₹ - ₹ 2,283.03 ₹ 5,530.25 ₹ 39,581.76 ₹ 52,775.68 ₹ 65,969.60 ₹ 79,163.52 ₹ 119,820.31 ₹ 136,937.49 ₹ 154,054.68
Taxable Income ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 15,244.24 ₹ 11,997.01 ₹ -22,054.49 ₹ -35,248.42 ₹ -48,442.34 ₹ -61,636.26 ₹ -102,293.04 ₹ -119,410.22 ₹ -136,527.41
Tax ₹ 7,010.91 ₹ 6,097.69 ₹ 4,798.81 ₹ -8,821.80 ₹ -14,099.37 ₹ -19,376.93 ₹ -24,654.50 ₹ -40,917.22 ₹ -47,764.09 ₹ -54,610.96
Net Income ₹ 10,516.36 ₹ 9,146.54 ₹ 7,198.21 ₹ -13,232.70 ₹ -21,149.05 ₹ -29,065.40 ₹ -36,981.75 ₹ -61,375.82 ₹ -71,646.13 ₹ -81,916.45
(+)Deprec'n ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00
Funds from Op. ₹ 12,823.09 ₹ 11,453.27 ₹ 9,504.94 ₹ -10,925.96 ₹ -18,842.32 ₹ -26,758.67 ₹ -34,675.02 ₹ -59,069.09 ₹ -69,339.40 ₹ -79,609.71
Pre-tax Int. cov ∞ 7.68 3.17 0.44 0.33 0.27 0.22 0.15 0.13 0.11
Funds/Debt ∞ 0.21 0.09 -0.07 -0.09 -0.10 -0.10 -0.15 -0.16 -0.16
Likely Rating Aaa/AAA Aa2/AA A3/A- C2/C C2/C C2/C C2/C D2/D D2/D D2/D
Pre-tax cost of debt 3.81% 4.12% 4.99% 23.81% 23.81% 23.81% 23.81% 30.89% 30.89% 30.89%
Tax rate for debt (deduction constraint) 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00%
Tax rate for debt tax benefits (Interest limits)40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 17.71% 13.28% 10.63% 8.86% 5.85% 5.12% 4.55%
Tax rate to use in after-tax cost of debt 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 17.71% 13.28% 10.63% 8.86% 5.85% 5.12% 4.55%
COST OF CAPITAL CALCULATIONS
D/(D+E) 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00%
D/E 0.00% 11.11% 25.00% 42.86% 66.67% 100.00% 150.00% 233.33% 400.00% 900.00%
$ Debt ₹ - ₹ 762,320.00 ₹ 1,524,640.00 ₹ 2,286,960.00 ₹ 3,049,280.00 ₹ 3,811,600.00 ₹ 4,573,920.00 ₹ 5,336,240.00 ₹ 6,098,560.00 ₹ 6,860,880.00
Cost of equity 7.64% 9.21% 9.73% 11.00% 12.40% 14.37% 17.33% 22.51% 32.49% 62.43%
Cost of debt 2.29% 2.47% 2.99% 19.59% 20.65% 21.28% 21.70% 29.08% 29.31% 29.48%
Cost of Capital 8.79% 8.54% 8.38% 13.58% 15.70% 17.83% 19.95% 27.11% 29.95% 32.78%
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Value (perpetual growth) ₹ 515,008.15 ₹ 537,165.78 ₹ 551,270.05 ₹ 291,678.86 ₹ 244,526.61 ₹ 210,497.91 ₹ 184,783.20 ₹ 130,930.62 ₹ 117,386.04 ₹ 106,381.07
Almost every company must incur expenses before obtaining the fruits of his labor (the
payment of customer invoices). The nature of these costs depends on the activity.
For example, if the business activity consists to buy and resell goods, it will require to purchase
a stock of goods before selling. If it's an industry, it is necessary to buy the raw material before
transforming it and then sell the finished product.
This operating cycle must be financed because it is necessary in most cases to pay suppliers
before being paid. The working capital requirement represents the amount necessary to
finance this delay.
The financial resources of businesses are always limited. It is therefore desirable to minimize
the Working Capital Requirement:
• Because it is a major consumer of cash,
• Because it reveals dysfunctions that have "in fine" an impact on the company's
profitability:
o Mismanaged the inventory will tend to swell it and cause dead inventory which will lead
to losses due to the necessary decrease of the inventory value,
o Lax management of receivables result in significant late payments that cannot be
recovered, that is generating losses due to bad debts,
The WCR is therefore central in the management of a company because it is the common
denominator of three elements essential to the proper functioning of any business:
Manish Kumar, Pg. 114
• Cash,
• Profitability,
• Business organization efficiency.
Particulars Requirments 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year 6th year 7th year
in days
Other Recurring Expenses 25 3.54 3.71 3.79 3.88 3.88 3.88 3.88
Margin For Working Capital 10.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00
Variable Overheads :
Power 2.00
13.92
Contribution 15.00
Fixed Overheads :
Salary 1.09
Depreciation 0.54
The payback period refers to the amount of time it takes to recover the cost of an investment.
Simply put, the payback period is the length of time an investment reaches a break-even point.
The desirability of an investment is directly related to its payback period. Shorter paybacks
mean more attractive investments.
Corporate finance is all about capital budgeting. One of the most important concepts every
corporate financial analyst must learn is how to value different investments or operational
projects to determine the most profitable project or investment to undertake. One way
corporate financial analysts do this is with the payback period.
The payback period is the cost of the investment divided by the annual cash flow. The shorter
the payback, the more desirable the investment. Conversely, the longer the payback, the less
desirable it is. For example, if solar panels cost $5,000 to install and the savings are $100 each
month, it would take 4.2 years to reach the payback period.
But there is one problem with the payback period calculation: Unlike other methods of capital
budgeting, the payback period ignores the time value of money (TVM)—the idea that money
today is worth more than the same amount in the future because of the present money's
earning potential. Most capital budgeting formulas—such as net present value (NPV), internal
rate of return (IRR), and discounted cash flow—consider the TVM. Therefore, if you pay an
investor tomorrow, it must include an opportunity cost. The TVM is a concept that assigns a
value to this opportunity cost.
The payback period disregards the time value of money. It is determined by counting the
number of years it takes to recover the funds invested. For example, if it takes five years to
recover the cost of an investment, the payback period is five years. Some analysts favor the
payback method for its simplicity. Others like to use it as an additional point of reference in a
capital budgeting decision framework.
The payback period does not account for what happens after payback, ignoring the overall
profitability of an investment. Many managers and investors thus prefer to use NPV as a tool
for making investment decisions. The NPV is the difference between the present value of cash
coming in and the current value of cash going out over a period of time.
The Net Present Value (NPV) of this project in 2021 is ₹ 600,000,000.00 $ (8,061,861)
Annual Sales -
Annual Costs (169,764,600)
Depreciation (3,024,750)
Income Tax 740,045
Net Earnings (126,007,601)
Total Capital Investment 390,651,800
ROI 32.26%
Sensitivity Analyses
Vary Initial Value by +/-
x-axis 50%
y-axis 50%
Variable Costs
.00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00%
Negative IRR 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
.00% 0.5 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 0.6 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 0.7 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 0.8 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
Product Price
.00% 0.9 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1.1 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1.2 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1.3 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1.4 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1.5 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
RISK ANALYSIS
Risk Analysis is defined as the sequence of processes of risk management planning, analysis of
risks, identification and controlling risk on a project.
Proper risk management is control of possible future events that may have a negative effect
on the overall project. It is more of pro-active then reactive process.
It is the procedure of defining how to perform risk management activities for a project.
It is the procedure of determining which risk may affect the project most. This process involves
documentation of existing risks.
• Risk register
Plan risk management should take place early in the project, it can impact on various aspects
for example: cost, time, scope, quality, and procurement.
It is the procedure of numerically analyzing the effect of identified risks on overall project
objectives. To minimize the project uncertainty, this kind of analysis are quite helpful for
decision making.
To enhance opportunities and to minimize threats to project objectives plan risk response is
helpful. It addresses the risks by their priority, activities into the budget, schedule, and project
management plan.
6. Control Risks
Control risk is the procedure of tracking identified risks, identifying new risks, monitoring
residual risks and evaluating risk.
Project Procurement Management also includes controlling any contract issued by an outside
organization and get work done outside the project team.
• Requirements documentation
• Teaming agreements
• Risk register
• Scope baseline
• Project schedule
• Activity cost estimates
• Cost performance baseline
• Risk related contract decisions
• Enterprise environmental factors
• Organizational process assets
• Selecting a seller
• Receiving seller responses
• Awarding a contract
Control Procurements
It is the process of monitoring contract performance and correction to the contract as per the
guidelines. It will ensure that buyers and sellers both meet the procurement requirement
according to the terms of the legal agreement.
Close procurements
This step involves documenting agreements and other documents for future reference.
• Closed procurements
• Organizational process assets updates
A stakeholder is an integral part of any project; their decision can leave a deep impact on
project deliverables. In this process, the first part is to identify people, groups or organizations
that could impact on the project while the second part is to analyze stakeholder expectations.
Identifying Stakeholders
It is the process of identifying the groups, people or organization that can influence project
outcomes. It allows the project manager to identify appropriate stakeholders.
It is the process of preparing a strategy to involve stakeholders throughout the project life
cycle. It defines clear, actionable plan to interact with project Stakeholders.
• Issue log
• Change request
• Project management plan updates
• Project documents updates
• Organizational process assets updates
It is the process of monitoring stakeholder engagement in the project and adjusting strategies
as per requirements. It will increase the stakeholder engagement activities as the project
evolves and progresses.
• Risk identification
• Risk Qualification
• Risk Response
• Risk Monitoring and Controlling
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Company will be founded in year 2020 and will manufacture UV-C Disinfection Lamp for Air,
Water & Surface. Manufacturing company whose prime objective or missions are:
Market
The total market size was approximately 13972028.7 Cr.
Last 2020 and is expected to grow by 30% by year 2025. We currently hold 1% of total
population of India this market and believe we can capture 50% of population it by year 2025.
Some of our most notable customers include 1200000 do online shopping in a year will cover
this portion.
Hospitals, schools, malls, restaurants etc. are major market in which need huge numbers of
UV-C Lamps in bulk stock.
Risk/Opportunity
The greatest risks associated with our business today are:
• Competitors
• branding product
Operations
We have manufacturing facilities of availability of raw materials easily in industrial regions of
India are Mumbai-Pune industrial region, West Bengal the Hugli Industrial Region, Gujrat
Industrial Region and Bangalore-Tamil Nadu Industrial Region.
Offices -Metropolitan cities
Branches- Mumbai-Pune, Gujrat-Ahmadabad, West- Bengal-Kolkata and Tamil-Nadu-
Bangalore.
• Annexure I
Land requirement and Building
Column1 Column2 Column3 Column4 Column5
LAND AND BUILDING
( Rs. in crores)
2
1 Factory Building (5000 M ) 10.00
20.30
Total A + B = 20.30 Crores
Name City Land in SqFt Price in Crores
Vasai East Mumbai 10000 2.5
Dankuni Hugli Kolkata 8000 1.4
Jigani Industrial area Bangalore 10000 2.8
Kethwada Ahmadabad 8000 2.1
36000 8.8
COST: TOTAL
Total 58.30
• Annexure III
Plant and Machinery
PLANT & MACHINERY
Sl. Particulars Amount
No.
5 UV Lamp 225/500/800/1200/2000
Supporting Equipments
SUPPORTING EQUIPMENTS
Sl.
Particulars Product Description Sensors
No.
• Annexure V
Total 27.22
Manish Kumar, Pg. 134
• Annexure VI
B. PRODUCTION :
Mechanical Engineer
Chemist 4 18000.00 18000.00
Production Supervisor 36 25000.00 25000.00
Computer Operator 36 20000.00 20000.00
Machine Operator 24 20000.00 20000.00
Skilled Workers 120 18000.00 18000.00
Unskilled Workers 480 15000.00 15000.00
Machanic cum electrician 24 17000.00 17000.00
Maintenance 48 18000.00 18000.00
Lab Head 36 20000.00 20000.00
B. OTHER EXPENSES :
Total 1149482.25
• Annexure VIII
Demand Projection
States Air Disinfection Surface Disinfection Water and Wastewater Disinfection
Andhra Pradesh 50000 75000 15000
Assam 5000 2000 500
Bihar 15000 20000 5000
Delhi 50000 75000 15000
Gujarat 60000 80000 20000
Haryana 50000 75000 15000
Jharkhand 10000 8000 5000
Karnataka 50000 75000 15000
Kerala 50000 75000 15000
Madhya Pradesh 50000 75000 15000
Maharashtra 60000 80000 20000
Meghalaya 50000 20000 5500
Odisha 10000 80000 5000
Punjab 10000 8000 5000
Rajasthan 10000 8000 5000
Tamil Nadu 10000 8000 5000
Uttar Pradesh 30000 30000 15000
West Bengal 30000 30000 15000
Total 600000 824000 196000
Manish Kumar, Pg. 137
Projection according to use
Column1 Air Disinfection Surface Disinfection Water and Wastewater Disinfection
Industrial 100000 250000 120000
Commercial 350000 450000 60000
residential 150000 124000 16000
• Annexure IX
• Annexure X
WAREHOUSING COST
Loction Size(sq ft) Price( rs sqTotal
ft) cost
Mumbai 1000 800 800000
Gujrat 1800 650 1170000
Delhi 1500 300 450000
West Bengol 2000 300 600000
Total 3020000
Manish Kumar, Pg. 138
Distribution location
Road Railways
---- Karnataka
---- Haryana
---- Delhi
---- UP
---- Assam
---- Bihar
---- Meghalaya
Particulars Ist Year 2nd Year 3rd Year 4th Year 5th Year 6th Year 7th Year 8th Year
Number of working days 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Number of shift 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Capacity Utilisation in % 60% 75% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85% 85%
A. Gross earnings
from user levy 8.32 10.40 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78 11.78
1. Power and Fuel 8.37 10.47 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86 11.86
2. Direct labour and wages 11.32 14.52 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61 16.61
3. Consumable Stores 3.39 4.24 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80
4. Repair and Maintenance 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59 7.59
5. Other Manufacturing Expenses 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37 2.37
Total Cost of production 61.08 67.22 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28 71.28
• Annexure XIII
Debt/Equity of total Capital Structure
WORKSHEET FOR ESTIMATING Debt / Equity – Capital Structure Planning
D/(D+E) 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00%
D/E 0.00% 11.11% 25.00% 42.86% 66.67% 100.00% 150.00% 233.33% 400.00% 900.00%
$ Debt ₹ - ₹ 762,320.00 ₹ 1,524,640.00 ₹ 2,286,960.00 ₹ 3,049,280.00 ₹ 3,811,600.00 ₹ 4,573,920.00 ₹ 5,336,240.00 ₹ 6,098,560.00 ₹ 6,860,880.00
Beta 0.8546 1.12 1.20 1.42 1.65 1.98 2.48 3.35 5.02 10.05
Cost of Equity 7.64% 9.21% 9.73% 11.00% 12.40% 14.37% 17.33% 22.51% 32.49% 62.43%
% Drop in EBITDA 0.00% 0.00% -2.00% -40.00% -40.00% -40.00% -40.00% -50.00% -50.00% -50.00%
EBITDA ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00 ₹ 19,834.00
Depreciation ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00
EBIT ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 17,527.27
Interest ₹ - ₹ 2,283.03 ₹ 5,530.25 ₹ 39,581.76 ₹ 52,775.68 ₹ 65,969.60 ₹ 79,163.52 ₹ 119,820.31 ₹ 136,937.49 ₹ 154,054.68
Taxable Income ₹ 17,527.27 ₹ 15,244.24 ₹ 11,997.01 ₹ -22,054.49 ₹ -35,248.42 ₹ -48,442.34 ₹ -61,636.26 ₹ -102,293.04 ₹ -119,410.22 ₹ -136,527.41
Tax ₹ 7,010.91 ₹ 6,097.69 ₹ 4,798.81 ₹ -8,821.80 ₹ -14,099.37 ₹ -19,376.93 ₹ -24,654.50 ₹ -40,917.22 ₹ -47,764.09 ₹ -54,610.96
Net Income ₹ 10,516.36 ₹ 9,146.54 ₹ 7,198.21 ₹ -13,232.70 ₹ -21,149.05 ₹ -29,065.40 ₹ -36,981.75 ₹ -61,375.82 ₹ -71,646.13 ₹ -81,916.45
(+)Deprec'n ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00 ₹ 150,000.00
Funds from Op. ₹ 12,823.09 ₹ 11,453.27 ₹ 9,504.94 ₹ -10,925.96 ₹ -18,842.32 ₹ -26,758.67 ₹ -34,675.02 ₹ -59,069.09 ₹ -69,339.40 ₹ -79,609.71
Pre-tax Int. cov ∞ 7.68 3.17 0.44 0.33 0.27 0.22 0.15 0.13 0.11
Funds/Debt ∞ 0.21 0.09 -0.07 -0.09 -0.10 -0.10 -0.15 -0.16 -0.16
Likely Rating Aaa/AAA Aa2/AA A3/A- C2/C C2/C C2/C C2/C D2/D D2/D D2/D
Pre-tax cost of debt 3.81% 4.12% 4.99% 23.81% 23.81% 23.81% 23.81% 30.89% 30.89% 30.89%
Tax rate for debt (deduction constraint) 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 40.00%
Tax rate for debt tax benefits (Interest limits)40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 17.71% 13.28% 10.63% 8.86% 5.85% 5.12% 4.55%
Tax rate to use in after-tax cost of debt 40.00% 40.00% 40.00% 17.71% 13.28% 10.63% 8.86% 5.85% 5.12% 4.55%
COST OF CAPITAL CALCULATIONS
D/(D+E) 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00%
D/E 0.00% 11.11% 25.00% 42.86% 66.67% 100.00% 150.00% 233.33% 400.00% 900.00%
$ Debt ₹ - ₹ 762,320.00 ₹ 1,524,640.00 ₹ 2,286,960.00 ₹ 3,049,280.00 ₹ 3,811,600.00 ₹ 4,573,920.00 ₹ 5,336,240.00 ₹ 6,098,560.00 ₹ 6,860,880.00
Cost of equity 7.64% 9.21% 9.73% 11.00% 12.40% 14.37% 17.33% 22.51% 32.49% 62.43%
Cost of debt 2.29% 2.47% 2.99% 19.59% 20.65% 21.28% 21.70% 29.08% 29.31% 29.48%
Cost of Capital 8.79% 8.54% 8.38% 13.58% 15.70% 17.83% 19.95% 27.11% 29.95% 32.78%
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Value (perpetual growth) ₹ 515,008.15 ₹ 537,165.78 ₹ 551,270.05 ₹ 291,678.86 ₹ 244,526.61 ₹ 210,497.91 ₹ 184,783.20 ₹ 130,930.62 ₹ 117,386.04 ₹ 106,381.07
Variable Overheads :
Power 2.00
13.92
Contribution 15.00
Fixed Overheads :
Salary 1.09
Depreciation 0.54
• Annexure XVI
Profitability, Scalability & Suitability
Profitability Measures
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for this project is Negative IRR
The Net Present Value (NPV) of this project in 2021 is ₹ 600,000,000.00 $ (8,061,861)
Annual Sales -
Annual Costs (169,764,600)
Depreciation (3,024,750)
Income Tax 740,045
Net Earnings (126,007,601)
Total Capital Investment 390,651,800
ROI 32.26%
Sensitivity Analyses
Vary Initial Value by +/-
x-axis 50%
y-axis 50%
Variable Costs
.00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00% .00%
Negative IRR 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
.00% 0.5 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 0.6 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 0.7 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 0.8 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
Product Price
.00% 0.9 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1.1 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1.2 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1.3 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1.4 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
.00% 1.5 Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR Negative IRR
The goal of this demonstration was to compare the long-term benefits and costs associated
with three different UV disinfection technologies with respect to chlorination/- dechlorination
using pilot-scale treatability testing. The three UV systems evaluated used:
1) low pressurelow intensity lamps,
2) low pressure-high intensity lamps, and
3) medium pressure-high intensity lamps.
Based on the evaluation results, findings and conclusions include the following:
PILOT PLANT HYDRAULICS
The tracer tests showed that the UV pilot-units nominal HRT appears to be a reasonable
estimate of system HRT.
The reactors used in this study show an intermediate amount of dispersion, which is
reasonably close to plug flow conditions.
EFFLUENT TOXICITY
During all sampling events, the chlorine treated wastewater was toxic to rainbow trout and
Daphnia magna. No acute toxicity of Daphnia magna was seen in any of the UV treated
effluents. Three out of 35 samples of UV treated effluent showed toxicity to rainbow trout;
however, causes other than UV disinfection may have resulted in the toxic events.
The data suggests that, when compared to chlorine treatment of the effluent, UV treatment
significantly reduces whole effluent toxicity to rainbow trout and daphnia. This suggests that
there are real ecotoxicological advantages to using UV in place of chlorination for the
disinfection of wastewater.
OPERATION
The primary O&M requirement in UV disinfection for this demonstration was lamp cleaning.
Increased fouling of the lamps resulted in reduced intensity transmitted to the
microorganisms, thus, reducing log kills. In this study, lamp cleaning was successful in restoring
measured UV intensity. The mp-hi system required frequent lamp cleaning, likely because of
its higher operating temperature. The use of automatic cleaning equipment would greatly
facilitate lamp maintenance.
COST ANALYSIS
Of the three UV alternatives evaluated, the lp-hi system had the lowest annual cost
($396,000), total present worth ($4,760,000) and normalized cost ($0.060/1,000 gal). The lp-hi
and mp-hi had similar estimated construction costs, but the lp-hi system had almost a 45%
lower estimated O&M cost than the mp-hi system; power costs for the mp-hi system were
estimated to be about four times higher than the lp-hi alternative.
The lp-li system is not considered cost effective at the large flow rates experienced because of
the number of lamps required. The lp-li alternatives would require approximately 2,160 lamps,
while the lp-hi system would need 360 lamps (6 times less) and the mp-hi alternative would
need 176 lamps (12 times less).
About half of the$3,350,000 estimated construction cost for the lp-hi system was associated
with modifying a significant portion of the plant’s outfall to accommodate a UV disinfection
chamber. One of the key advantages for UV disinfection is its ability to be retrofitted into
existing chlorine contact tanks; this advantage cannot be realized at the. If the plant had an
existing chlorine contact chamber, the capital cost for the lp-hi system could be reduced by up
Manish Kumar, Pg. 146
to $1,600,000. This reduction likely would have made the lp-hi system competitive, if not
lower in cost, then the chlorination/dichlorination alternative. Based on this perspective, it
appears that UV disinfection is a cost competitive alternative to chlorination/dichlorination
with existing chlorine contact chambers.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the results of this demonstration, the following are recommended:
Wastewater utilities should consider implementing UV disinfection for WWTP effluent in lieu
of chlorine, particularly where a treatment plant must implement dichlorination and uses an
existing chlorine contact chamber. UV was shown to effectively disinfect filtered water and bio
clarifier effluent while mitigating the effluent toxicity concerns associated with residual
chlorine.
Because of the variable nature of wastewater composition between communities, the
required UV doses must be determined on a site-specific basis. Key parameters that must be
accounted for include TSS, percent transmittance, iron, and hardness.
Selection of the most appropriate UV disinfection technology depends on several factors,
including flow, existing WWTP configuration, discharge limitations, unit power cost and
required UV dose.
Additional study is needed to better define the separate effects of TSS and iron on UV system
performance and maintenance, particularly in WWTP that use ferrous compounds for
phosphorus removal.
As the filter media ages, the effluent quality can deteriorate, especially TSS and %
transmittance.
Additional study is needed to determine the impact of aging filter media on UV disinfection
performance.
END