M3 Unit I

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COM
DSEC
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
(MA2211)
TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
FOR
THIRD SEMESTER ENGINEERING STUDENTS

ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS (R-2008-2009)
This text contains some of the most important short-answer (Part A) and long- answer
questions (Part B) and their answers. Each unit contains 30 university questions. Thus, a
total of 150 questions and their solutions are given. A student who studies these model
problems will be able to get pass mark (hopefully!!).
Prepared by the faculty of Department of Mathematics
AUGUST, 20010
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UNIT I FOURIER SERIES
PART – A
Problem 1 Write the formula for finding Euler’s constants of a Fourier series in ( 0, 2 ).
Solution:
Euler’s constants of a Fourier series in ( 0, 2 ) is given by

12
f 
 
a0 x dx
0

12
f 
 
an x cos nxdx
0

12
f 
 
bn x sin nxdx
0
Problem 2 Write the formula for Fourier constants for f(x) in the interval  
, .
Solution:

1
f 
 
a0 x dx


1
f 
 
an x cos nxdx


1
f 
 
bn x sin nxdx

Problem 3 Find the constant a 0of the Fourier series for the function f(x) = k , x 2.
0 
Solution:

12
f 
 
a0 x dx
0

12
 
kdx
0
1

2
kx 0

2k
 x  , find a n.
Problem 4 If f(x) = e x in 
Solution:

1
an 
 
e x cos nxdx

1  e x 
2 
 cos nx n sin nx 
 1 n 
1  e e  n 
2  2  
1  1
n

 1 n 1 n 

1
n
an
1 n
e 

e  .
2

Problem 5 Write the formula’s for Fourier constants for f(x) in (c, c+2l).
Solution:
 
1c 2
f 
 
a0 x dx
c
 
1c 2
f 
 
an x cos nx dx
c
 
1c 2
f 
 
bn x sin nx dx
c
Problem 6 Write the formulas for Fourier constants for f(x) in (-l, l).
Solution:

1
f 

a0 x dx


1
f 

an x cos nx dx


1
f 

bn x sin nx dx

Problem 7 What is the sum of Fourier series at a point x = x ,0where the function f(x) has a
finite discontinuity ?
Solution:
Sum of the Fourier series at x x0is

f x0  f x0  
2
2 cos x cos2 x cos3 x 

Problem 8 If x 2 4  2   .......... to  (1)
 1 
2 2
3 2 3
1 1 1
 x  , find 2  2  2 ............. to .
in 
1 2 3
Solution:

Put x a point of continuity
2
2 2 1 1 
(1)  4  2  2 ........
4 3 1 2 
2 2 1 1 

  4  2  2 .......
4 3 1 2 
 1
2
1 1
.  .......
12 
4 12 2 2
1 1 1 2
  . . . . .
12 2 2 32 48
Problem 9 Check whether the function is odd or even, where f(x) is defined by
 2 x
1 
  x 0

 
f 
x 
1 2 x 0 x 

 
Solution:
2 
x 2x
 x 0, f 
For  x 1  1  f  x 
x , where 0 
 
 f 
x is an even function.
Problem 10 When an even function f(x) is expanded in a Fourier series in the interval
 
x  , show that b n= 0.
Solution:
1 n
f 
n 
bn x sin nxdx
n
Given f x  is even and

sin nx is odd function
even X odd = odd. Therefore f 
x sin nx is odd function.

1
f 
 
bn x sin nx dx

= 0.
Problem 11 Find the Fourier constant b nfor x sin x in  

x  , when expressed as a
Fourier series.
Solution:
f 
x x sin x
f 
x x sin 
x
x sin x f 
x
Here f x  is an even function
bn 0
Problem 12 If f(x) is a function defined in 

2 x 2 , what is the value of b n?
Solution:
n
2
1 x
bn  f 
x sin dx
2 2 2
Problem 13 Explain half range cosine series in 0, .

Solution:
Half range cosine series in 0,  is given by
a0 
f 
x an cos n
2 1

2
f 
 
a0 x dx
0

2
f 
 
an x cos nxdx
0
Problem 14 Find the sine series of f(x) = k in 0,.

Solution:

f 
x b 1
n sin nx

2
 
bn k sin nxdx
0

2k  cos nx 
 
  n 0
2 k  
1 
1 
n

bn  
 
 n 


1 1 
n

2k
 f 
x  
1 
sin nx .

 n 

Problem 15 Write Parseval’s formula in the interval c,c 2n .
Solution:
 
1 c2 a02 1  2
2 c  x dx
f 
2
4 2 1

  an bn2 
PART – B
 x 
2
Problem 16 If f 
x   in 0  x 2. Hence show that
 2 
1 1 1 2
(a) 2  2  2 ............. .
1 2 3 6
1 1 1 1 2
(b) 2  2  2  2 ... .
1 2 3 4 12
Solution:
We know that
a0 
f 
x 
an cos nx bn sin nx 
2 1
2
1  x 
2
 
a0   dx
0 
2 

1 2
 x 2 dx
4 0
1  x 

3
 
 
4  3 

1    2
3 3
  
4  3 3  6
2 2
1  x 
 
an   cos nxdx
0 
 

1 2
 x 2 cos nxdx
4 0
2
1  2 sin nx  cos nx  sin nx 
 x  
 2  x 
  2 
 
4  n   n
2
  n
3

0
1  cos2 n 2

0 2
 
0 0
4  n 2
n 2 

1 4 1
4 
n 
2
 n
2

1 2
bn  x 2 sin nxdx
4 0
2
1  2 cos nx   sin nx  cos nx 
 x  
 2  x   
 2  3 
4   n    n
2
  n 
0
1  2 2 2 2 
   3  3  0
4  n n n n 
2  1
f 
x cos n x.
12 1 n 2
2  1 1 
 2 cos x  2 cos x .... 
1
12 1 2 
Put x 0
2  1 1 
f 
0  2  2 ... 
2
12 1 2 
x 0 is a pt of discontinuity.
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1 2 2  2

 f 
0   
2  4 4  4
2 2  1 1 

2   2  2 ... 
4 12 1 2 
 
2 2
1 1
  ......
4 12 12 2 2
1 1 2
 2  2 .....
1 2 6
Put x  in (1)
2  
1
n
f 
x  2  3
12 1 n
Here is a pt of continuity.
 f 
 0.
2 1 1 1

3 0    .....
12 12 2 2 32
2 1 1 1
  2  2  2 .....
12 1 2 3
2 1 1 1
   .....
12 12 2 2 32
x 2.
Problem 17 Find the Fourier series of f (x) = xsin x in 0 
Solution:
a0 
f 
x an cos nx bn sin n x 
2 1

12
 
a0 x sin x dx
0
1

  1 sin x 0
x cos x  
2  1

2
1  2

12
 
bn x sin x sin nxdx
0

1 2
x cos n 
1 cos n 1dx
2 
0
2
 sin n 1x   cos n 1x   sin n 1x 
1   cos n 1x 

x  
1 


x 
1 



2 
  n 1   n 1   n 1   n 1 
2 2
0
1 
 1 1 1 1  
    2 
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 
2  2 2 2

0 n 1
2
1
 
b1 x sin x sin x dx
0
2
1

 0
x sin 2 x dx
1 2 1 cos2x 


 
x dx
0
2
2
1 x 2 sin 2x  cos2 x 
 x  
1  
2  2  2   4 0
1 42 
 0 0  

2  2 
2 
1
 
an x sin x cos nx dx
0

1 2
x sin n 1x sin n 1xdx
2 
0
2 
1 
 cos n 1x   sin n 1x  cos n 1x    sin n 1x 

 
x  
 1  x 
 

1  
 n 1   n 1    n 1 
2   n 1   2
   2

 0
1 2 2 
  
2 n 1 n 1 
1 1 2
  , n 1
n 1 n 1 n 1 2
2 2 
1 1
  2 
a1 x sin x cos x dx x sin 2x dx
0 0
2
1   cos2 x sin 2x 
x  
1  
2   2  4 0
1 2
 
2  2 
1
a1 
2
2 1 
 1 
x   cos x 2 2
 f  cos nx sin x
2 2 2 n 1 

1 1
f 
x  1 cos x 2 2 cos nx sin x.
2 2 n 1
Problem 18 Find the Fourier series for f(x) = x 2in   x  and deduce that
1 1 1 2
(c) 2  2  2 ............. .
1 2 3 6
1 1 1 2
(d) 2  2  2 ............. .
1 2 3 12
1 1 1 2
(e)   .. ... .. . .. . .. .
12 3 2 52 8
Solution:
Given: f 
x x2
f 
x x2 f 
x
 f 
x is an even function. Hence bn 0

an
 f 
x 
a cos nx
2 1 n

2 2 x 3  2 3 22
an 
 0
x 2dx  
  3 0
.
 3 3

2 2 2  2 sin nx    cos nx   sin nx 
 
 
an x cos nx dx 
x   2 x   
 2  x  .
0
   n    n 2
  n 0
2
2  1 
n

 0 
 
 n
2


4
1 4 
1
n n
n 2 n2
2 
1
 f  4 2 
1 cos nx 
n
x 1
3 1 n
Put x  in (1)
2 
1
f 
 4 2 
1 1
n n
3 1 n
x  is a point of continuity.
2 1 1 

2 2 4  2  2 ....
3 1 2 
 2
1 1 
2  4  2  2 ....
3 1 2 
2 2
1 1
4    ...
3 12 2 2
2 1 1
 ....  3
6 12 2 2
(ii) put x = 0, a point of continuity
2 
1
42  1
n
0
3 n 1 n
 2 
1
 42  1
n
3 n 1 n
 2 
1
  2 
1
n
3 n1n
2  1 1 1 
  2  2  2 ....... 
12 1 2 3 
2 1 1 1
 
12 12 2 2 32
1 1 1 2
  . . . . . .. . 4
12 2 2 32 12
Add (3) and (4)
2 2 1 1 
   2 ....
6 12 1 3 2

2
1 1 
2  2  2 ....
4 1 3 
 1 1
2

  2 ....
8 1 3 2

 x  . Hence show that

Problem 19 If f (x) = x + x 2in 

1  2
i.  2
1 n 6
1 1 1 2
ii.   . .. ... ... .. .. .
12 22 3 2 12
Solution:
Given: f 
x x x 2
f 
x 
x x2
 f 
x is neither even nor odd
a0 
 f 
x an cos x bn sin n x 
2 1
 
1 x 2 x 3 
a0
1

 
x x 2 dx    
  2 3 

1 2 3  2 3  1 23  22

      
  2 3  2 3    3  3

an
1

 

x x 2 cos nxdx

1  2 sin nx    cos nx   sin nx 

 x x 
 

1 2 x  2 
 n    n 
2  3 
 n 
1 
 
1 
1
n n


1 2 2 
1 2 2 
 
 n n 


1
n
4 
1
n

4
n 2 n2

bn
1

 
 
x x 2 sin nx dx

1  2 cos nx    sin nx  cos nx 
 

 x x 
 n
 1 2 x  2 
   n 
2  3 
 n 
1 
 
1
n

1
n


 

 
 2
 
2
3 
1
n
 n
 2
 
2
3  
1
n
 n n n n 

1 
1 
n
2 2 
 2  2 
  2  3 
 n  n n 
2 
1
n
bn 
n
2  4 
1 2 
  n
1
f 
x  2 cos nx  sin nx
3 1 n 1 n
f 
x
2 
 1
4 2 cos nx 2
 sin nx
 1 n

1
3 1 n 1 n
Put x 0 in 
1
 2
 1 n
2
f 
0 4 2 
3 1 n
Here 0 is a pt of continuity
f 
0 0
2  1 1 

2 0 4  2  2 ....
3  1 2 
2  1 1 1 
 4  2  2  3 ...
3  1 2 3 
2 1 1 1
  ......
12 12 2 2 33
Hence (ii)
Put x  in (1)
f 

2


  n
1
4 2  1 
n
3
3 1 n
x  , is a pt of discontinuity
f 
  f  1
 f 
x
2 2
 
  2 
 2  
1
2
22  2
2 
1

3 2  4 2
3 1 n
22 1 1 1
   . ..
3 4 12 22 33
2 1 1
 
...
6 12 22
Hence (i)
Problem 20 a. Expand f 

x x 2 x  as a Fourier series in 0, 2.
Solution:
We know that
a0 
f 
x an cos nx bn sin nx 
2 1
2
1 2 1  x 2 x 3  1 
 3 3 
 82
 
 
a0 x 2  x dx 2   4 8  4 
2
0   2 3 0  
 3 
 3
42
a0 s
3
2 
an
1
 

2x x 2 cos nxdx
0
2
1  2 sin nx   cos nx   sin nx 

 2x x 
 

2 2 x 
 n    n
2




2  2 
 n  0
1 2 2 4
 2  2   2
  n n  n

12
bn
 

2x x 2 sin nx dx 
0
2
1  2  cos nx    sin nx  cos nx 

 2x x 
  

2 2 x  2 
n    n 

2  3 
 n  0
1  2 2 
   0
 n3 n3 
22  4 
 f 
x  2 cos nx.
3 1  n 
b. Find the Fourier series for f (x) = e xdefined in  , .

Solution:
an 
f 
x an cos nx bn sin nx 
2 1

1 x
 
a0 e dx


1 x 
e 


1  

e e 

1
an 
 
e x cos nx dx

1  e x 
2 
 cos nx n sin nx 
 1 n 

1  e e 
 cos n  cos n
 1 n 2
1 n 2


1
n
1 n 2 
e 
e  

1
bn 
 
e x sin nx dx
1  e
2 
sin nx n cos x 


 1 n
1  e

 1 n 2

n 1

n
 
e 
1 n 2
n cos nx  
 n 
1  1 e 
n
e  
  n 
1
n

 
 1 n
2
1 n 2 


1
n
bn n
1 n 2 
e 
e 
 

1
n
n 
1
n

f 
x 
1  
e e    
e  e  cos nx  e 

e  sin nx .
2 1
 1 n 2
   
 1 n 2  

 2 x
 x 0
1  , 

 
Problem 21 Obtain the Fourier series expansion of f (x) where f 
x 
1 2 x x 
0 

 
1 1 1 2
and hence deduce that 2  2  2 ............. .
1 3 5 8
Solution:
2 
x 2x
f 
x 1  1  f 
x
 
 x 0 
 0 x .
 The given function is an even function.
Hence bn 0
a0 
f 
x a cos nx
 1 n

2  2 x 
 
a0 1  dx
0 
 

2  2 x 2 
x   0
  2 0

2  2 x 
 
an 1  cos nx dx
0 
 

2  2 x  sin nx  2  cos nx 
 1     
  
   n    n 0
2
 2 
2  1 
n
 2 
  2 
 
 n
2
n 

4
 n
2 2  1
1 
n

an 0 if n is even
8
an is n is odd.
 n
2 2

8
x 2 2 cos nx
 f 
1,3,5 n 
8 cos x cos3 x 
2  2
 2 ...
  1 3 
8 cos x cos3 x 
f 
0 2  2
 2 ...
  1 3 
Putx 0
8 1 1 
f 
0   ... 
1
2 12 32 
0 is a pt of continuity  f 
0 1
8 1 1 

1 1 2  2
 2 .....
 1 3 
2 1 1 1
  
....
8 12 32 52
 x  and
Problem 22 Obtain the Fourier series to represent the function f(x) = | x | is 
1 1 1 2
deduce that 2  2  2 ............. .
1 3 5 8
Solution:
Given f x  x
f 
x f 
x
 The given function is an even function.
Hence bn 0
a0 
 f 
x an cos nx
2 1

2
 
an x dx
0

2 x 2 
  
  2 0

2
 
an x cos nxdx
0

2  sin nx cos nx  2 cos n 1  2
x
  n
 2   2  2  2 
n 0   n n  n 
1 1
n
 
an 0 if n is even
4
an  2 if n is odd
n 
  4
 f 
x  cos nx
2 1,3 n 2
 4  cos3 x 
 cos x  2 ...
2   3 
Put x 0
 4  1 1 
f 
0  1  2  2 ...
2   3 5 
Here 0 is a pt of continuity
f 
 0 0
 4  1 1 
0  1   ...
2   32 52 
 4  1 1 
1  2  2 ...
2   3 5 
  1 1
2

 1  2  2 ....
8  3 5 
Problem 23 Find the Fourier series expansion of period 2 for the function f(x) = x  in
2

1
the range 0,2 . Deduce the sum of the series n 2
.
1
Solution: The Fourier series of f x in 0,2  is given

a0   n
x n
x 
f 
x an cos
 bn sin
2 1  l l 

2l
1 2l 1 2l l x 
3
 2 2
f  l x 2 dx
l  
a0 x dx   l
0
l0 
 
3 l 
0 3
1 2l n
x
an  l x 2 cos dx
l0 l
2l
 nx    n
x   n
x 
1 2 
sin   

cos 
  
sin


l x  nl 2 l x 
1  2 l2 2  3 3
l

l     n    n  
 l 
  
 l2  
  l3 

0
 
1 2l cos2 n 2l 
 2 2  2 2 
l  n  n  

 l 2
l2 

4l 2
an
n 22
n
2l
1 x
bn l x 2 sin dx
l0 l
2l
  x  
n  n x   n
x 
1     sin  cos 
l x cos l 2 l x 
1  2 l2 2  3 l3 
2
l   n    n    n  

       
 l   l 2   l 3 
0
 
1 
 2 cos2 n 2 cos 2n l 2 2 

l n
   3 3 
n n  
l  n 
3 3

 l l 3
l 
l 3 
 
1 l 2 l 2 
   0
l n n 
 l l 
l 2 
4l 2  n
x 
 f 
x  2 cos   
1
3 1 n  2
 l 
x 0 in (1)
l 2  42
f 
0  
2
3 1 n 22
Here 0 is a Pt of discontinuity
f 
0 f  2l
f 
0
2
1 2 2
2

l l 
l2
l 2  4l 2

2 l 2 
3 1 n 22

l2 4l 2 1
l 2 
3 2

n 2
1
2l 2 4l 2 1 1 
2  2
 2 ...
3  1 2 
2 1 1 1
  
... .
6 12 2 2 32
 0 , 
2 x 1
 x
1 , 
1 x 0
Problem 24 a. Find the Fourier expansion of f x  if f (x)  .
1 x , 0 
x 1

 0 , 1 
x 2
Solution:
a0   n
x  n
x 
f 
x 
an cos  bn sin  
2 1   l   l 
12
f 
2 
a0 x dx
2
1  1 
 0 1 2
 0 dx       

1 x dx  1 x dx  0dx 
2 2 1 0 1 
1 
 x 2   x 2  
0 1

x   x   
2  2 1  2 0 
 
1  1 1 
0 
1 1  0
2  2 2 
1 0 n
x  n 
1 x cos  dx 
1
x
an 1 x cos  dx 
2 1  2  0  2  
 x 
n n
0
x    n x   n
x  
1
 sin  cos   sin  cos  

1  
1 x  n 
2 2  1 x  2 
1  2 22
1  n   
2   n 
2 2
   n  
        

 2  4 
1   2   4 0 

0
1 0 n
x 1
n
x 
bn  
1 x 
sin dx  1 x sin
 dx 
2 1 2 0
2 
 n
x   n
0
x    n
x   nx  
1
 cos   sin    cos  2  sin  2  

1   2         
 1 x  n    1 x  
2    
1 1  
2   n 
2 2
   n   n 
2 2
 
        

2  4 1   2   4 0 
1  4 n 4 n l  1
0  2 2 sin  2 2 sin  0 
2  n  2 n  2 n  n

1 n
x
x  sin
 f  .
1 n 2
0, 
1 x 0
b. Find the Fourier series for f (x) where f 
x  .
1, 0 
x 1
Solution:
a0   x n
x 
f 
x an cos bn sin 
2 1  l l 
1
a0 f 
x dx
l
0 1
0 dx dx
1 0

1
x 0 1
1 0 1

an  0 dx cos n
x dx 
1 1 0 
 n
1
x 
sin

 n 
0
 n n0 
sin
 sin 0
 n n

1
1
1 
bn 1sin n
x dx
0

1
  
1
 cos n   cos n 1  1 
n
  
 n 0  n n n
1  2
f 
x  sin n x .
2 1,3 n
2
Problem 25 Find the half – range cosine series for f (x) = (x – 1) in (0, 1). Hence show that
1 1 1 2
2
 2  2 ... .
1 2 3 6
Solution:
Here l 1
a0 
f 
x an cos n
x
2 1
1
1 x 12 
a0 x 1 dx
2 
2
2  
0  3 
 0
2
a0
3
1
2 x 1 cos n

2
an xdx
0
1
 2 sin n
x   cos n
x  x 
sin n
2 x 1  2 x 
1  2 2  
2  3 3 
  n    n    n  0
 2  4
2  2 2  2 2
 n   n 
1  4
 f 
x  cos nx
3 1 n 22
1 4  1
f 
x   cos n x 
1
3 2 1 n 2
Put x 0 in  1
1 4  1
f 
0   
2
3 2 1 n 2
Here 0 is o pt of discontinuity
f 
0
 
f 0  f 0 
1
2
1 4   1 
1    
3 2 1 n 2 
2 4 1 1 
2  2
 2 ...
3  1 2 
1 1 2
  . . . . .. . . . . .
12 2 2 6
 a
 1, 0  x

Problem 26 a. Express f 
2 as a cosine series
x 
1, a  x a

 2
a0  nx
Solution: f 
x  an cos
2 1 a
a

2 2 a
 2 a a 
a0 dx  
1 dx   0 a  0
a 0 a  a 2 2 
 2 
a

2 2 nx a
nx 
a 
an  cos dx 
cos dx 
0
a a a 
 2 
 a
a 
sin n x 2  n
sin
x  
2  a   a  
 n   n  
a     
 a 0  a a 
 2 
2  a n a n 4  n

 sin  sin  sin
a n 2 n 2  n   2 


4 n n
x  sin
 f  cos .
1 n 2 a
1  1 
 x, 0, 
4  2 
b. Express f x as a Fourier sine series where f  x  .
x 3 , 1 ,1
  
 4 2 
Solution:

nx
We know that f  x bn sin
1 l
1 
2 2 1 
1
 3  
bn  x sin n
x dx  x  sin n x dx 
1 0 4  1  4  
 2 
 1
1 
1  cos n x   sin n x 2  3  cos n
x   sin n
x  
bn 2  x  
1  2 2  x   (1) 2 2 1 
 4  n    n  0  4  n   n   
 2 
 n  n  
1 1 cos 2 sin 2  1  1 
2     2 2  0  
4 2  n  n   4  n 

   

    n 
 3  cos n  sin n  1 3 cos n 2  sin 2 
2 1    2 2 
     2 2 
 4  n  n   2 4  n  n  

   

 n     n 
sin 2   1   1 cos n  sin 2 
 
2   
 2  
0  2 2 
 n  4n   n   n  
2 2
4

  
   

n
4 sin

1
n
2  1 
n 22 2n 2n
n
4 sin
bn 2  1 if n is odd
n 
2 2
n
= 0 if even
 n 
 4 sin 
1
x  2 2 2  sin n
 f  x .
1/3  n  n 
 
Problem 27 a. Find the Fourier cosine series for x  x  in 0  x  .
Solution:

a0
f 
x
2
a n cos nx
1

2
x  x dx
 
a0
0

2 x 2 x 2 
  
  2 3 
0
2    2
3 3
  
  2 3  3

2
x  x cos nx dx
 
an
0

2  sin nx  cos nx  sin nx 
x  x   2 x  
 
2  
  n   n
2
  n
3
0
 
2  1  
n

  2 
 
 n 2
n 

n
2

1
 2 1 
n

4
an  2 If n is even
n
an 0 If n is odd.
2  4
 f 
x  cos nx.
6 2,4 n 2
b. Prove that complex form of the Fourier series of the function f 
x e x , 
1 x 1 is

1 in 
f  
1 in
n x
x sin h1.e .
 1 n 22
Solution:
Here 2l 2, l 1

 f 
x C e

n
inx
1
1 x
2 
inx
Cn ee dx
1
1 1 
 e 1 inxdx
2 1
e 1 in x  
1
1 
 

 
1 in  


2  1

1

2 1 in 
 

e 1 in  e1 in x
 

1 in 

e cos n i sin ne cos n i sin n
1 1

2 1 n 2
 2
1 in  cos n  e1 e1

  

2 1 n 2 2 
1 in  1 e e 1 
 n

2 1 n  2 2

1 in 

1 sinh 
n
1

2 1 n  2 2


1 in 
 f  2 1 n 
1 sinh 
1 ein x .
n
x
  2
2

Problem 28 Find the cosine series for f (x) = x in (0,  ) and then using Parseval’s theorem,
1 1 4
show that 4  4 .... .
1 3 96
Solution:
a0 
f 
x an cos nx
2 1

2
f 
 
a0 x dx
0

2
 
x dx
0

2 x 2 
  
  2 0

2
 
an x cos nx dx
0

2 x sin nx  cos nx 
 
1  2 
  n  n  0

2 cos n 1 
 2 0 
  n n 2 0
2 cos n 1 
 
  n 2 
2
n 
2 
1 1
n

4
an if n is odd
n 2
an 0 if n is even
2  4
f 
x  cos nx
2 1,3 n 2
By Parseval’s theorem
 2
1 a0 2 1
f   an
 
2
 x 
 dx
0
4 2

2 1   4 
2
1 2
 
 
x dx 
0
4 2 1,3 n 2 

1 x 2  2 1  16
   
  3 0 4 2 1,3 2 n 4
1 3  2 8 1 1 
   2  4  4 ....
  3 4  1 3 
2 2 8 1 1 
  4  4 ....
3 4 21 3 
 2
2
1 1
  .....
12 8 14 34
4 1 1
 .....
96 14 34
Problem 29 a. Find the complex form of Fourier series of f x  if

f   x  .
x sin ax in 

Solution: f 
x C e

n
in x
dx

1
Cn 
2 
sin ax einx dx

1 
 e inx 

 2  in sin ax a cos ax 
 
2  a n 2
 

1
e in in sin a a cos aein in sin a a cos a

2 a n
2 2 
 
in sin a2 cos n a cos a2 isin n
1

2 a 2 n 2 
2in  
n 1
1 sin a 1 in sin a
n

2 a n 2 2
 a n 2 
2
sin a  in 

n 1
1
 f 
x 
  a n 2
2
einx .
 
b. Find the first two harmonic of the Fourier series of f (x) given by
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f (x) 9 18 24 28 26 20
Solution:
Here the length of the in level is 2l 6, l 3
a0  x x  2x 2x 

f 
x a1 cos b1 sin  a2 cos
 b2 sin 
2  3 3  3 3 
x x 2x y x x 2x 2

x
y cos y sin y cos y sin
3 3 3 3 3 3
0 0 0 9 9 0 9 0
1  2 18 9 15.7 -9 15.6
3 3
2 2 4 24 -1 2 20.9 -1 2 -20.8
3 3
3  2 28 -2 8 0 28 0
4 4 8 26 -1 3 -22.6 -1 3 22.6
3 3
5 5 10 20 10 17.6 -1 0 -17.4
3 3
125 -2 5 -3.4 -7 0
a0 2

y 2 125 
41.66
6 6
2  x 
a1 y cos  8.33
6  3 
2 x
b1
6
 y sin
3
1.15
2  2x 
a2 y cos  2.33
6  3 
2 2x
b2
6
 y sin
3
0
41.66 x 2x x
 f 
x 8.33 cos 2.33 cos 1.15 sin .
2 3 3 3
Problem 30 a. Find the first two harmonic of the Fourier series of f (x). Given by
x 0 2  4 5 2

3 3 3 3
f (x) 1 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1. 2 1.0
Solution:
 The last value of y is a repetition of the first; only the first six values will be used
The values of y cos x, y cos 2x, y sin ,x y sin 2x as tabulated
x f 
x cos x sin x cos2x sin 2x
0 1.0 1 0 1 0
 1.4 0.5 0 .8 6 6 -0.5 0.866
3
2 1.9 -0.5 0 .8 6 6 -0.5 0.866
3
 1.7 -1 0 1 0
4 1.5 -0.5 -0.866 -0.5 -0.866
3
5 1.2 0.5 -0.866 -0.5 -0.866
3
a0 2
y 2.9
6
a1 2
y cos x 0.37
6
a2 2
 cos 2x
y
0.1
6
b1 2
y sin x 0.17
6
b2 2
y sin 2x
0.06
6
b. Find the first harmonic of Fourier series of f x  given by
x 0T T T 2T 5T T
6 3 2 3 6
f (x) 1.98 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.35 1.98
Solution:
First and last valve are same Hence we omit the last valve
x 2x y cos  sin  y cos  y sin 


T
0 0 1.98 1.0 0 1.98 0
T  1.30 0.5 0.866 0.65 1.1258
6 3
T 2 1.05 -0.5 0.866 -0.525 0.9093
3 3
T  1.30 -1 0 -1.3 0
2
2T 4 -0.88 -0.5 -0.866 0.44 0.762

3 3
5T 5 -0.25 0.5 -0.866 -0.125 0.2165
6 3
4.6 1.12 3.013
2 4.6
a0
6
 y
3
1.5
2y cos  2
a1 1.12  0.37
6 6
2
b1 3.013 1.005
6
 f 
x 0.75 0.37 cos 1.005 sin 

M3 Unit I

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TRANSFORMS AND PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

THIRD SEMESTER ENGINEERING STUDENTS

Prepared by the faculty of Department of Mathematics

UNIT I FOURIER SERIES

Sum of the Fourier series at x x0is

2 cos x cos2 x cos3 x 

2 2 1 1 

Given f x  is even and

Problem 11 Find the Fourier constant b nfor x sin x in  

Problem 12 If f(x) is a function defined in 

Problem 13 Explain half range cosine series in 0, .

Problem 14 Find the sine series of f(x) = k in 0,.

1  cos2 n 2

1 2 2  2

1 2 1 cos2x 

 x  . Hence show that

1 2 3  2 3  1 23  22

Problem 20 a. Expand f 

b. Find the Fourier series for f (x) = e xdefined in  , .

Solution: The Fourier series of f x in 0,2  is given

l   n    n    n  

 0 dx       

 sin  cos   sin  cos  

 cos   sin    cos  2  sin  2  

2 x 1 cos n

2  a n a n 4  n

Problem 27 a. Find the Fourier cosine series for x  x  in 0  x  .

1 in  cos n  e1 e1

Problem 29 a. Find the complex form of Fourier series of f x  if

sin a  in 

a0  x x  2x 2x 

x x 2x y x x 2x 2

x 0 2  4 5 2

x 2x y cos  sin  y cos  y sin 

2T 4 -0.88 -0.5 -0.866 0.44 0.762

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