THE CONTEMPORARY

WORLD
ELISEO JOSEPH M. NAKAR, LPT
Lecturer
GLOBALIZATION
interdependence
interconnectedness

economies cultures

population
BROUGHT ABOUT BY:
trade in goods and services, technology,
and flows of investment, people, and
information
GLOBALIZATION
world Because of:
shrinkage • Trade
• Immigration
• Travel
• Communication
distance shorter • Transportation
• Knowledge
• Media and
Entertainment
things moving • Culture
closer • Environment
GLOBALIZATION
interaction and
integration

people companies

government

WORLDWIDE
 THE TASK OF DEFINING
GLOBALIZATION

Broad and Inclusive

 THE TASK OF DEFINING
GLOBALIZATION

Narrow and
Exclusive
specific
aspect/field
EXTENT OF GLOBALIZATION
GLOBAL CONNECTEDNESS
INDEX (GCI)
indicator of global
connections
measurement of flows and
interconnections
trade capital

people information
EXTENT OF GLOBALIZATION
2017
world’s level of connectedness in terms of
international trade, capital, information,
and people is at its peak.

NETHERLANDS
world’s most globally connected country

EUROPE
world’s most globally connected continent
 GLOBALIZATION THEORIES

HOMOGENEITY
sameness in the world

culture economy

politics
 GLOBALIZATION THEORIES

MEDIA IMPERIALISM
alternative global
media from developing
countries
 GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
MCDONALDIZATION
EFFICIENCY
social norms for both workers and consumers

CALCULABILITY
speed in preparation and consumption
PREDICTABILITY
products, settings, employee and customer behavior basically
the same globally
CONTROL
comes from technologies, resultingin a less customized
experience for the consumer.
 GLOBALIZATION THEORIES

HETEROGENEITY
interaction of elements from
different societies in the world.
 GLOBALIZATION THEORIES

GLOCALIZATION
Interpenetration of the global and
the local to produce unique
outcomes in different geographic
areas.
FACTORS DRIVING GLOBALIZATION
Reduction of Trade Barriers
richer countries banded together
to reduce taxes on imports or
tariffs
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT)

World Trade Organization (WTO)

FACTORS DRIVING GLOBALIZATION

Modern Technology
Developments

Faster communication
and access to data and
information
OTHER CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION
improved communication

freetrade agreement

improved transportation

promotes global banking

improved product

increase mobility of labour

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
changed food supply

division of labor

damage to the environment

terrorism

disease outbreak
STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
increasing interdependence of world economies

expansion of national economies

promote faster and easier flow

of goods and capital
FACTORS THAT FACILITATE ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS

MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES (MNCs)

CENTRAL BANKS

GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC
ORGANIZATIONS
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
• organization of 190 countries,
• working to foster
global monetary cooperation,
• secure financial stability,
facilitate international trade,
• promote high employment and
sustainable economic growth, and
• reduce poverty around the world.
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC
ORGANIZATIONS
WORLD BANK
• an international financial
institution that provides loans
and grants to the
governments of low- and
middle-income countries for
the purpose of pursuing
capital projects.
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC
ORGANIZATIONS
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST
ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
• is an economic union comprising 10
member states in Southeast Asia,
• promotes intergovernmental
cooperation and
facilitates economic, political, security,
military, educational,
and sociocultural integration among its
members and other countries in Asia.
ASEAN MEMBER COUNTRIES
 MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES

• large companies with operations in several countries across the world.

• For example,
Apple, Ford, Coca-Cola, Google and Microsoft.
• Their size and turnover can be greater than the total GDP of many developing
economies.
CENTRAL BANKS
• a financial institution given
privileged control over the
production and distribution of
money and credit for a nation or a
group of nations.
• is usually responsible for the
formulation of monetary policy
and the regulation of
member banks.
GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY
• composed of individuals or groups of
individuals disadvantaged by the
effects of the globalization of the
world economy.
• they protest and seek alternatives
while on the other hand, global
social movement constituting a basis
for an alternatives to a new world
order.
FACTORS THAT FACILITATE ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS

MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES (MNCs)

CENTRAL BANKS

GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY

THREE TYPES OF ECONOMIES

PROTECTIONISM

TRADE LIBERALIZATION/
FREE TRADE

FAIR TRADE
 THREE TYPES OF ECONOMIES

PROTECTIONISM

• involves giving preferential

treatment to domestic
producers and discriminating
against foreign competitors.
 THREE TYPES OF ECONOMIES

TRADE LIBERALIZATION/FREE TRADE

• goods and services move around the

world more easily than ever.
• removal or reduction of restrictions
or barriers on the free exchange of
goods between nations.
 THREE TYPES OF ECONOMIES

FAIR TRADE
• it is the concern for the social
economic and environmental
well-being of marginalized small
producers.
THREE TYPES OF ECONOMIES

PROTECTIONISM

TRADE LIBERALIZATION/
FREE TRADE

FAIR TRADE
 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
• development of our world today by using
SUSTAINABLE the earth’s resources and the
preservation of such resources for the
DEVELOPMENT future.

• delivering sufficient food to entire world

FOOD SECURITY population.

ENVIRONMENTAL • detorioration of the environment through

depletion of resources such as air, water,
DEGRADATION soil.
 ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION,
POVERTY, AND EQUALITY
• means increase in one
economic activity can lead to
MULTIPLIER EFFECT an increase in other
economic activities.

• It is the state of an economy in

GLOBAL INCOME which the shares of total income
INEQUALITY earned by the rich and poor are
highly unequal.
THE MODERN WORLD SYSTEM

IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN

• best known for his development of

the general approach in sociology
which led to the emergence of his
world-systems approach.
 THE WORLD-SYSTEMS APPROACH
• high-income nations of the world economy.
• this is the manufacturing base of the planet
CORE where resources funnel in to become the
technology and wealth enjoyed by the Western
world today.

• Low income countries, whose natural resources

and labor support the wealthier countries, first
PERIPHERY as colonies and now by working for
multinational corporations under neo-
colonialism.

SEMI- • middle income countries such as

India or Brazil due to their closer
PERIPHERY ties to the global economic core.
IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN
THREE SECTORS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM
• extract raw materials from natural environment
Examples:
PRIMARY SECTOR Mining, forestry, agriculture, hunting, fishing,
farming

• gains the raw materials and transforms them into

manufactured good.
SECONDARY SECTOR Examples:
Manufacturing, construction

• involves service rather than goods.

• Includes activities which renders services to the other two
sectors.
TERTIARY SECTOR • These activities dont produce a good but a support for the
production process.
Examples:
Professionals, entertainment, transportation
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
institutional arrangement of governance

addresses

regional issues globalized issues

Beyond the scope of a nation-state

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-
FIRST CENTURY

UNITED NATIONS
Economic and Social
Councils (ECOSOC)
Trusteeship Council
International Court of
Justice
Security Council
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-
FIRST CENTURY
UNITED NATIONS
• an intergovernmental organization that aims
to maintain international peace and security,
develop friendly relations among nations,
achieve international cooperation, and be a
center for harmonizing the actions of
nations.
• It is the largest, most familiar, most
internationally represented and most
powerful intergovernmental organization in
the world.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-
FIRST CENTURY
Economic and Social Councils (ECOSOC)
• primary objective is to advance the
economic, social and environmental
dimensions for sustainable development.
• it serves as the gateway of the UN’s
partnership with the rest of the world for
the coordination,policy review, dialogue,
recommendations and implementaion of
international development goals.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-
FIRST CENTURY
Trusteeship Council

• provide international supervision of Trust

Territories that are under the administration of
seven-member states, to ensure the adequate
steps are being made to prepare the people
of Trust Territories for self-governance.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-
FIRST CENTURY
International Court of Justice
• is the United Nation’s principal
judicial organ.
• its role is to settle legal disputes
between states and to provide
advisory opinions on legal questions
reffered by the UN organs and
specialized agencies, in accordnace to
international law.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE TWENTY-
FIRST CENTURY
Security Council
• can authorize the deployment of
UN member states’ militaries,
can mandate a cease-fire during
conflicts, and can enforce
penalties on countries if they do
not comply with given mandates.
 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO
GOVERNMENT
Each state has its own right to self-determination and that other country should not
intervene in the affairs of that state unless thare are extraordinary reasons to do so.

Other countries must recognize sovereignty or the right of the

government to those who are governed.
Each state is autonomous unto itself and responsible within its own
system of government to those who are governed.

The decisions, the conflict and the resolution of that conflict are done through
the institutions of government established and codified in that particular state.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
International Federation of Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies
• is a worldwide humanitarian
aid organization that reaches 160 million
people each year through its 192-member
National Societies.
• It acts before, during and after disasters and
health emergencies to meet the needs and
improve the lives of vulnerable people.
• It does so with impartiality as to nationality,
race, gender, religious beliefs, class and
political opinions.
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

Save the Children

• was established in the United Kingdom
in 1919 to improve the lives of
children through better education,
health care, and economic
opportunities, as well as providing
emergency aid in natural disasters,
war, and other conflicts.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
collective efforts
identify

address understand

worldwide problems

beyond the problem-solving capacity of the states

FIVE BRANCHES OF UNITED NATIONS

The UN General Assembly

The UN Security Council
The International Court of Justice
The Economic and Social Council
The Secretariat
FIVE BRANCHES OF UNITED NATIONS

The UN General Assembly

• serving as the main

deliberative, policy-making,
and representative organ of
the UN.
FIVE BRANCHES OF UNITED NATIONS

The President of the UN General Assembly

• The president is empowered to enforce

rules of procedure, such as opening
debate, setting the agenda, limiting
speaking times for representatives, and
suspending or adjourning debate.
• Volkan Boznir(June 17, 2020 - present)
VOLKAN BOZKIR
FIVE BRANCHES OF UNITED NATIONS

The UN Secretary-General
• is the chief administrative
officer of the United Nations and
head of the United Nations
Secretariat.
• Antonio Guterres (January 1, 2017
ANTONIO GUTERRES - present)
FIVE BRANCHES OF UNITED NATIONS

The Secretariat
• is the United Nations' executive arm.
• has an important role in setting the agenda
for the deliberative and decision-making
bodies of the UN (the General Assembly,
Economic and Social Council, and Security
Council), and the implementation of the
decision of these bodies.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
INTERNATIONAL LAW
INTERNATIONAL LAW
Regulate relations
International
State persons
persons
Derived from:
international
treaties
customs
general principles

If conflict arises - resolved through state to

state transactions.
NATIONAL LAW
Regulate relations
individuals among
themselves
within the state

Consists of:
statutory
enactments executive orders
judicial
pronouncements
If conflict arises - resolved through local,
administrative, and judicial processes
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
conclude between states
Written form
governed by the International Law
MULTILATERAL
BILATERAL TREATIES TREATIES
agreed upon by two agreed upon by two or
states more states
Example: Examples:
USA and the Philippines 1982 United Nations
(Mutual Defense Treaty) Convention on the Law of
the Sea (UNCLOS)
INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS
also known as customary laws
consist of rules of law
consistent conduct of states
TWO ELEMENTS MUST EXIST FOR INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS
• State Practice –there must be an evidence of substantial
uniformity of practice by a substantial number of states.
Proof of state practice are as follows:
administrative acts; legislation; court decisions; historical
records; and international stage activities
• Opinio juris sive necessitates “opinion of law or
necessity” – states that belief that are given practice is
rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule requiring it.
TREATIES
international agreement conducted between states

written form
governed by the International Law
STEPS IN TREATY MAKING
1. negotiation;
2. signing of the treaty by the representatives;
3. exchange of ratification instruments;
4. ratification of the treaty by the constitutional organs of
the respective states; and
5. registration with and publication by the Secretariat of the
United Nations (UN).
EXECUTIVE AGREEMENT AND
CONCORDAT
EXECUTIVE
AGREEMENT CONCORDAT

a treaty or
agreement
agreement between
concluded by the
the Pope and a state
President based on or government that
authority granted deals with religious
by Congress or matters as well as
based on the the recognition and
inherent authority privileges of the Holy
granted to him/her See in other states.
by the Constitution.
 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
STATE
A politically organized body of people usually
ocuppying a definite territory.

POPULATION
The people living in the State are the citizens of the
State. They enjoy rights and freedom as citizens as
well as perform several duties towards the State.
TERRITORY
The whole territory of the state is under the sovereignty or
supreme power of the State. All persons, organizations,
associations, institutions and places located within its
territory are under the sovereign jurisdiction of the State.

GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY
organization or machinery or agency or magistracy of
the State which makes, implements, enforces and exclusive title and prerogative to exercise
adjudicates the laws of the state. supreme power over all its people and territory.
 HOW STATES ARE CREATED?
Discovery and Occupation
when a territory belonging to any state
is placed under the sovereignty of the
claiming state.
Prescription Cession
when a territory is acquired through involves the peaceful transfer of territory
continuous and uninterrupted possession from one sovereign to another, with the
over a long period of time. intention that sovereignty should pass.

Accretion Conquest
increase in the land area of the state, the act of defeating an opponent and
either through natural means, or occupying all or parts of territory does not of
artificially through human labor. itself constitute a basis of title to the land.
STATE RECOGNITION
an act by which a state acknowledges
the existence of another state,
government indicates its willingness to
deal with the entity as such under the
rules of international law.
THE PRINCIPLE OF STATE CONTINUITY-
followed wherein once the identity of a state as an
international person has been fixed and its position
in the international community established, the
State continues to be the same corporate person
whatever changes may take place in its integral
organization and government
 LANDMARK DOCTRINES IN STATE
RECOGNITION
Wilson/TobarDoctrine
recognition of governments established by Betancourt Doctrine
revolution, civil war, coup de’tat, or other denial of diplomatic recognition to
forms of internal violence until the freely any regime, right, or left, which
elected representatives of the people have came to power by military force
organized a constitutional government

Lauterpacht Doctrine Stimson Doctrine

recognition of an entity which is not recognition of any government
legally a State as it continues an established as a result of external
abuse of the power of recognition. aggression
 RIGHTS OF THE STATE
The right to independence
freedom from control of other states
or group of states.
The right to equality
The right to existence and self-defense
all states are equal in international law
state may take measures including the use
despite of their obvious factual inequalities as
of force as may be necessary to counteract
to size, population, wealth, strength, and
degree of civilization. any danger to its existence

The right to territorial integrity and The right to legation

jurisdiction right of the state to send and receive
right of the state to its terrestrial, maritime, and diplomatic missions, which enable states to
fluvial, aerial and space covered by its territory. carry on friendly intercourse.
NATIONALITY
A legal bond having as its
basis a social fact of
attachment, a genuine
connection of existence,
interests, and sentiments,
together with the existence
of reciprocal rights and duties
LAW OF THE SEA
LAW OF THE SEA
• a body of international rules that binds states
and other subjects of international law in their
maritime affairs.

• The law of the sea have been governed by the

following principles:
1. principle of freedom – aims to ensure the
freedom of the various uses of the oceans.
2. principle of sovereignty – seeks to safeguard
the interests of coastal states.
3. principle of the common heritage of mankind
– seeks to promote the common interests of all
people in present and future generations.
BASELINE
• the line from which the outer
limits of marine spaces under the
national jurisdiction of the
coastal state are measured.
• It is also the line distinguishing
internal waters from the
territorial sea.
 TERRITORIAL SEA
Territorial Sea
• a marine space under the territorial
sovereignty of the coastal state up
to a limit not exceeding twelve
(12) nautical miles measured from
the baselines.
• it comprises the seabed and its
subsoil, the adjacent waters, and
the airspace.
 EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE (EEZ)
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
• an area beyond and adjacent to the
territorial sea, not extending beyond
200 nautical miles from the baseline of
the territorial sea (Articles 55 & 57,
UNCLOS III).
• The sovereign right in the EEZ are
essentially exclusive in the sense that no
one may undertake these activities or
make a claim to the EEZ without the
express consent of the coastal state.
 CONTINENTAL SHELF
Continental Shelf
• comprises the seabed and subsoil of the
submarine areas that extend beyond its
territorial sea throughout the natural
prolongation of its land territory to the outer
edge of the continental margin, or to a
distance of 200 nautical miles from the
baselines from which the breadth of the
territorial sea is measured where the outer
edge of the continental marine does not
extend up to that distance (Art. 76, UNCLOS
III).
 HIGH SEAS
High Seas
• all parts of the sea that are not
within an EEZ, the territorial sea,
internal waters or archipelagic
waters (Article 86, UNCLOS III).
Under Article 89 of UNCLOS III, no
state may subject any part of the
high seas to its sovereignty.
INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE
LAW OF THE SEA
• The UNCLOS created ITLOS, which
consists of 21 judges elected by the
member states with a system in place to
ensure geographic balance.
• The jurisdiction of the tribunal
comprises of all disputes and
applications submitted to it in
accordance with the UNCLOS and all
matters specifically provided for in any
other agreement which confers
jurisdiction on the tribunal.
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS LAW
THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS

• declaration or statement
of generally accepted
principles of human rights.
• states that all human
beings are born free and
equal in dignity and rights.
 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS ACCORDING TO
ARTICLES 1-21 OF THE UDHR
1. life, liberty, and security of person;
2. freedom from slavery or servitude;
3. freedom from torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or
punishment;
4. recognition everywhere as a person before the law;
5. equal protection of the law;
6. effective remedy by the competent national tribunals;
7. freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or exile;
8. fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal;
9. presumption of innocence until proven guilty;
10.freedom from arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home, or
correspondence;
 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS ACCORDING TO
ARTICLES 1-21 OF THE UDHR
11. freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state, and the
right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country;
12. seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution;
13. nationality;
14. marry and to found a family;
15. own property alone as well as in association with others;
16. freedom of thought, conscience, and religion;
17. freedom of opinion and expression;
18. freedom of peaceful assembly and association;
19. take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen
representatives; and
20. right to equal access to public services in the country.
 ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
ACCORDING TO ARTICLES 22-28 OF THE UDHR

1. social security;
2. work, free choice of employment, just and favorable conditions of work,
protection against unemployment, equal pay for equal work, just and
favorable remuneration, and the right to form and join trade unions for the
protection of his interests;
3. rest and leisure;
4. standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of
his family;
5. education; and
6. freely participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts
and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
• is a multilateral treaty adopted by
the United Nations General Assembly
on December 16, 1966.
• Under Article 1, ICCPR, states that
all people have the right of self-
determination.
• By virtue of that right, they freely
determine their political status and
freely pursue their economic,
social, and cultural development.
 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
1. right to life;
2. prohibition on genocide;
3. freedom from torture and other cruel, degrading, or
inhuman treatment of punishment;
4. freedom of enslavement or servitude;
5. protection from imprisonment or debt;
6. freedom from retroactive penal laws/ ex post facto laws;
7. recognition as a person before the law; and
8. freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON ECONOMIC,
SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS (ICESCR)

• is a multilateral treaty adopted

by the United Nations General
Assembly on December 16,
1966.
• It entered into force on
January 3, 1976.
• As of 2015, it has 71 signatories
and 164 parties (United
Nations Treaty Collection).
 CONVENTION ON ELIMINATION OF
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (CEDAW)
• Article 1 of CEDAW states that
discrimination against women refers to
any distinction, exclusion, or restriction
made on the basis of sex which has the
effect or purpose of impairing or
nullifying the recognition, enjoyment, or
exercise of women, irrespective of their
marital status, on a basis of equality of
men and women, of human rights and
fundamental freedoms in the political,
economic, social, cultural, civil, or any
other field.
MIGRANT WORKERS CONVENTION

MIGRANT WORKER
• defined as one who is to be
engaged, is engaged, or has
been engaged, in a
remunerated activity in a
state of which he or she is
not a national.
 RIGHTS OF ALL MIGRANTS AND THEIR FAMILY
MEMBERS ACCORDING TO THE MIGRANT WORKERS
CONVENTION
1. freedom to leave any state, including their state of origin and the right at
any time to enter and remain in their state of origin;
2. not to be subjected to any torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading
treatment or punishment;
3. not to be held in slavery or forced or compulsory labor;
4. right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion;
5. right to hold opinions, without interference and to freedom of expression;
6. not to be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference;
7. right against arbitrary deprivation of property;
8. right to liberty and security of person; and
9. right to equality with nationals before courts.
UNITED NATIONS ON THE CONVENTION ON
THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD (UNCRC)

• Article 1 of the UNCRC

provides that every human
being below the age of 18
years is a child unless
under the law applicable
to the child, majority is
attained earlier.
 RIGHTS OF THE CHILD PROVIDED BY
THE UNCRC
1. right to be registered at birth;
2. right to acquire nationality;
3. right to know and be cared for by his parents;
4. right not to be separated from his parents against his will;
5. freedom of expression;
6. freedom of thought, conscience, and religion;
7. freedom of association;
8. freedom of assembly;
9. protection from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury, abuse,
neglect, negligent treatment, maltreatment, or exploitation, sexual abuse;
10.enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health;
11.right to benefit from social security;
PRINCIPLES ON INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW
• the branch of public
international law comprising
of those substantive,
procedural, and institutional
rules which have as their
primary objective the
protection of the
environment.
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW
ENVIRONMENT
• understood as
encompassing both the
creatures and products of
the natural world and those
of human civilization
 ESSENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
Principle of Environment Impact
Good Neighborliness Assessment Principle

Precautionary Principle of Integrational

Approach/Principle Equity

Principle of Common but

Polluter Pays Principle
Differentiated Responsibility

Principle of Sustainable Principle of

Development Non-discrimination
 ESSENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
• The sovereign right to exploit
their own resources pursuant to
their own environmental
policies and the responsibility
Principle of to ensure that activities within
Good Neighborliness their jurisdiction or control do
not cause damage to the
environment of other states or
of areas beyond the limits of
national jurisdiction.
 ESSENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
• When there is a lack of full
scientific certainty in
establishing a causal link
between human activity
Precautionary
and environmental effect,
Approach/Principle the court shall apply the
precautionary principle of
resolving the case before
it.
ESSENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
• National authorities should
endeavor to promote the
internalization of environmental
costs and the use of economic
Polluter Pays instruments, taking into account
the approach that the polluter
Principle should, in principle, bear the cost
of pollution with due regard to the
public interest and without
distorting international trade and
investment.
ESSENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
• It is development that
meets the needs of the
Principle of person without
Sustainable compromising the
Development ability of the future
generations to meet
their own needs.
 ESSENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
• As a national instrument,
shall be undertaken for
proposed activities that are
Environmental Impact likely to have significant
Assessment Principle adverse impact on the
environment and are subject
to a decision of a competent
national authority.
 ESSENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
• Man bears a solemn
responsibility to
Principle of protect and improve
Integrational Equity the environment for
present and future
generations.
 ESSENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
• Because developed states have
contributed disproportionately
to global environmental
Principle of Common degradation, and because they
command greater financial and
but Differentiated technological resources, those
Responsibility states have a special
responsibility in shouldering the
burden of pursuing global
sustainable development.
 ESSENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
• Each state should ensure that
its regime of environmental
protection, when addressing
pollution origination within
Principle of Non-
the state, does not
Discrimination discriminate between
pollution affecting the state
and pollution affecting other
states.
GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW
• Central sites for advanced
services and facilities of
telecommunication which
are necessary for the
execution and the
management of global
economic activities.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL
CITIES
• International, first name familiarity (i.e., “Paris”, “London”)
• Active influence and participation in international events
and world affairs (i.e., UN Headquarters in New York City)
• A fairly large population
• A major international airport (i.e., London Heathrow
Airport) that serves as an established hub for several
international airlines
• Presence of an advanced transportation system that includes
large mass transit network offering multiple modes of
transportation
• Presence of international financial institutions, law firms,
and stock exchange (i.e., New York Stock Exchange)
• Presence of advanced communications infrastructure on
which modern transnational corporations rely
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL
CITIES
• Presence of world-renowned cultural institutions
(i.e., museums, universities)
• Presence of several powerful and influential media
outlets with an international reach (i.e., The New
York Times)
• Presence of major sports facilities, home teams in
major league sports, and the ability and historical
experience to host international sporting events
(i.e., Olympics, World Cups)
THE TOP 10 GLOBAL POWER
CITIES
• London
• New York City
• Tokyo
• Paris
• Singapore
• Seoul
• Amsterdam
• Berlin
• Hong Kong
• Sydney
Source: GPCI 2016 Yearbook (Global Power City Index – ranks
the major cities of the world according to their magnetism or
their comprehensive power to attract people, capital, and
enterprise from around the world.)
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
• Demography – scientific study of
the determinants and
consequences of human population
trends
• Demographic transition- transition
from high birth and death rates to
low birth and death rates as a
country develops from a pre-
industrial to an industrialized
economic system.
THE MALTHUSIAN THEORY
• theorized that populations would
continue expanding until growth is
stopped or reversed by disease,
famine, war, or calamity.
• states that food production will
not be able to keep up with growth
in the human population, resulting
in disease, famine, war, and
calamity.
GLOBAL MIGRATION
 GLOBAL MIGRATION
• Migration – crossing of boundary of a political or
administrative unit for a certain minimum
period of time. It includes the movement of
refugees, displaced persons, uprooted people,
as well as economic migrants.
• Migrant - person who is moving or has moved
across an international border or within a state
away from his/her habitual place of residence,
regardless of:
1. The person’s legal status
2. Movement is voluntary or involuntary
3. Causes for the movement
4. Length of stay
DRIVERS OF MIGRATION
1. Economic and demographic
drivers – opportunities,
poverty/food security
2. Environmental drivers – climate
change, natural disasters
3. Human-made crises – lack of
respect for international human
rights and humanitarian law,
corruption
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
• Citizenship – how residents live in a
particular area with previously agreed upon
rights and responsibilities
• Rights – any lawful, social, or moral
principle of autonomy or entitlement
• Duty – an obligation or expectation to
perform an action based on the law, social
norms, or a moral standard
• Global citizenship – the belief that all
people have rights and civic responsibilities
based on the reason that they reside in the
world
THREE TYPES OF RIGHTS
CIVIL RIGHTS
include the ensuring of peoples' physical and
mental integrity, life and safety; protection
from discrimination on grounds such as race,
gender, national origin, colour, sexual
orientation, ethnicity, religion, or disability;
and individual rights such as privacy, the
freedoms of thought and conscience, speech
and expression, religion, the press, assembly
and movement.
THREE TYPES OF RIGHTS
POLITICAL RIGHTS
include the right to run for office. Every
citizen has the right to be elected as a
representative of his/her community as long
as he/she meets various criteria.

SOCIAL RIGHTS
include social protection. These include
insurance, health care, welfare, housing, and
pensions.
 THREE TYPES OF DUTIES
• CONSCRIPTION – obligation to
register as a reserve force in the
army. Every able-bodied citizen is
asked to take up arms and fight for
their country in case of war.
• TAXATION – duty to pay a
compulsory contribution to a state
or the government
• PARTICIPATION – obligation to take
part in the community.
 THREE CATEGORIES OF GLOBAL
CITIZENSHIP
• OPEN GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP – all nations
still exist and differ from one another.
However, it recognizes the interdependence
between different nations and the
opportunities for cultural diversification.
• MORAL GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP – emphasis on
human rights, equality, and global
responsibility.
• SOCIOPOLITICAL GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP –
emphasizes the social and governmental
systems and structures around the world.
 QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following terms means the process by
which economies are becoming more independent and
interconnected in terms of commodity flows which
includes externalities and spillover of impacts?
a. Market Integration
b.Globalization
c. Multiplier Effect
d.Sustainable Development
 QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following terms means the process by
which economies are becoming more independent and
interconnected in terms of commodity flows which
includes externalities and spillover of impacts?
a. Market Integration
b.Globalization
c. Multiplier Effect
d.Sustainable Development
 QUESTIONS
2. The following are examples of the Primary
Sector of the Economic System except:
a. mining
b. agriculture
c. farming
d. construction
 QUESTIONS
2. The following are examples of the Primary
Sector of the Economic System except:
a. mining
b. agriculture
c. farming
d. construction
 QUESTIONS
3. Which of the following statements best describe Multinational or
Transnational Corporations (MNCs or TNCs)?
a. These are corporations that provide technical services and products
not for profit but for overall economic development.
b. They work with the private sector for investment and policy
reforms to promote private sector expansion.
c. They often locate their factories in countries which can provide the
cheapest labor in order to save up for expenses in the making of a
product.
d. These are countries which remain economically dependent on the
core in a number of ways which tend to reinforce each other.
 QUESTIONS
3. Which of the following statements best describe Multinational or
Transnational Corporations (MNCs or TNCs)?
a. These are corporations that provide technical services and products
not for profit but for overall economic development.
b. They work with the private sector for investment and policy
reforms to promote private sector expansion.
c. They often locate their factories in countries which can provide the
cheapest labor in order to save up for expenses in the making of a
product.
d. These are countries which remain economically dependent on the
core in a number of ways which tend to reinforce each other.
 QUESTIONS
4. The following statements best describe the purpose
of World Trade Organization (WTO) except:
a. It operates a global system of trade rules.
b.It is the only global international organization
dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
c. It settles trades disputes between its members.
d.It promotes global monetary cooperation and
international financial stability.
 QUESTIONS
4. The following statements best describe the purpose
of World Trade Organization (WTO) except:
a. It operates a global system of trade rules.
b.It is the only global international organization
dealing with the rules of trade between nations.
c. It settles trades disputes between its members.
d.It promotes global monetary cooperation and
international financial stability.
 QUESTIONS
5. Which of the following branches of the United
Nations has the main purpose of decision-making and
upholding the principles of the UN through its policies
and recommendations?
a. The UN General Assembly
b. The UN Security Council
c. The International Court of Justice
d. The Economic and Social Council
 QUESTIONS
5. Which of the following branches of the United
Nations has the main purpose of decision-making and
upholding the principles of the UN through its policies
and recommendations?
a. The UN General Assembly
b. The UN Security Council
c. The International Court of Justice
d. The Economic and Social Council
 QUESTIONS
6. Which of the following are good examples of
globalization?
a. The discovery of the Internet.
b. Selling local products in the global market.
c. Attending lectures by a British professor
teaching in an American University.
d. All of the above.
 QUESTIONS
6. Which of the following are good examples of
globalization?
a. The discovery of the Internet.
b. Selling local products in the global market.
c. Attending lectures by a British professor
teaching in an American University.
d. All of the above.
 QUESTIONS
7. Which of the following statements does not describe the law of
the sea?
a. It is a body of international rules that binds states and other
subjects of international law in their maritime affairs.
b. The law of the sea is in accordance with the International Law.
c. The disputes concerning the law of the sea should be solved
with the aid of the UNCLOS.
d. The principle of freedom should not be considered as a
principle that has a huge impact in the law of the sea.
 QUESTIONS
7. Which of the following statements does not describe the law of
the sea?
a. It is a body of international rules that binds states and other
subjects of international law in their maritime affairs.
b. The law of the sea is in accordance with the International Law.
c. The disputes concerning the law of the sea should be solved
with the aid of the UNCLOS.
d. The principle of freedom should not be considered as a
principle that has a huge impact in the law of the sea.
 QUESTIONS
8. How many nautical miles measured from the
baselines are comprised of the states’ territorial
seas?
a. 14 nautical miles
b. 12 nautical miles
c. 200 nautical miles
d. 15 nautical miles
 QUESTIONS
8. How many nautical miles measured from the
baselines are comprised of the states’ territorial
seas?
a. 14 nautical miles
b. 12 nautical miles
c. 200 nautical miles
d. 15 nautical miles
 QUESTIONS
9. Which of the following statements best describe the Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ)?
a. It comprised the seabed and its subsoil, the adjacent waters, and
the airspace.
b. It comprised the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial
sea.
c. The sovereign right in the EEZ are essentially exclusive in the sense
that no one may make a claim to it.
d. All parts of the sea that are not within an EEZ, the territorial sea,
internal waters or archipelagic waters (Article 86, UNCLOS III).
 QUESTIONS
9. Which of the following statements best describe the Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ)?
a. It comprised the seabed and its subsoil, the adjacent waters, and
the airspace.
b. It comprised the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial
sea.
c. The sovereign right in the EEZ are essentially exclusive in the sense
that no one may make a claim to it.
d. All parts of the sea that are not within an EEZ, the territorial sea,
internal waters or archipelagic waters (Article 86, UNCLOS III).
 QUESTIONS
10. Which of the following statements best describe the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea?
a. The UNCLOS created the ITLOS or the International Tribunal
for the Law of the Sea.
b. This convention is where the Philippines and other countries
should appeal on maritime disputes with other countries.
c. The UNCLOS is an example of an International Convention.
d. All of the above
 QUESTIONS
10. Which of the following statements best describe the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea?
a. The UNCLOS created the ITLOS or the International Tribunal
for the Law of the Sea.
b. This convention is where the Philippines and other countries
should appeal on maritime disputes with other countries.
c. The UNCLOS is an example of an International Convention.
d. All of the above
 QUESTIONS
11. What do you call to the right of the state which
tells that all states have a right to send and receive
diplomatic missions, which enables states to carry on
friendly intercourse?
a. The right to independence
b. The right to equality
c. The right to legation
d. The right to territorial integrity and jurisdiction
 QUESTIONS
11. What do you call to the right of the state which
tells that all states have a right to send and receive
diplomatic missions, which enables states to carry on
friendly intercourse?
a. The right to independence
b. The right to equality
c. The right to legation
d. The right to territorial integrity and jurisdiction
 QUESTIONS
12. Which of the following terms refer to one who
is to be engaged, is engaged, or has been
engaged, in a remunerated activity in a state of
which he or she is not a national?
a. refugee
b. migrant worker
c. OFW
d. Tourist
 QUESTIONS
12. Which of the following terms refer to one who
is to be engaged, is engaged, or has been
engaged, in a remunerated activity in a state of
which he or she is not a national?
a. refugee
b. migrant worker
c. OFW
d. Tourist
 QUESTIONS
13. What do you call to the collective term for
both creatures and products of the natural world
and those of human civilization?
a. forest
b. environment
c. rainforest
d. earth
 QUESTIONS
13. What do you call to the collective term for
both creatures and products of the natural
world and those of human civilization?
a. forest
b. environment
c. rainforest
d. earth
 QUESTIONS
14. What kind/type of human rights are included
in the Articles 22 to 28 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights?
a. Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
b. Civil and Political Rights
c. Bill of Rights
d. None of the above
 QUESTIONS
14. What kind/type of human rights are included
in the Articles 22 to 28 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights?
a. Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
b. Civil and Political Rights
c. Bill of Rights
d. None of the above
 QUESTIONS
15. What kind/type of human rights are included
in the Articles 1 to 21 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights?
a. Civil Rights
b. Political Rights
c. Both A and B
d. Economic Rights
 QUESTIONS
15. What kind/type of human rights are included
in the Articles 1 to 21 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights?
a. Civil Rights
b. Political Rights
c. Both A and B
d. Economic Rights
 I am
(state your name, LPT)
a
LICENSED PROFESSIONAL
TEACHER
and a catalyst of knowledge and change
in this CONTEMPORARY WORLD.